tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56175670554094618892024-03-12T21:56:32.078-07:00Ultimate EnergizerZero Point EnergyUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-26580582761115267242021-02-17T01:02:00.007-08:002021-02-17T06:22:37.460-08:00Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation<h1 style="text-align: left;">Causality between electric and magnetic fields in Maxwell's equations</h1><p>Maxwell's equation not only describes light as an electromagnetic wave, but it also describes electrical and magnetic phenomena in space, which underlie the fields of electronics (electrical engineering) and quantum physics. Also, Maxwell's equation is written by four equations that follow advanced mathematics (not elementary math).</p><p>Consider the electric and magnetic relationship in the simplest way, electromagnetic waves. It is depicted as in 3D below:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHXfW_HFkBxrZKx_jZEk3TzpI6O-KqQlsljjG31vK4fcIAnDNA7wz7PDwyofp7LAwHkY-3RGUeIm90LPALBlvGwimR_NCC-BGL0CxcZkAQbCMl-sC_SBP6FKSBGmnmc7qW3-Zlk5QzynW3/s301/Consider+the+electric+and+magnetic+relationship.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Consider the electric and magnetic relationship" border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHXfW_HFkBxrZKx_jZEk3TzpI6O-KqQlsljjG31vK4fcIAnDNA7wz7PDwyofp7LAwHkY-3RGUeIm90LPALBlvGwimR_NCC-BGL0CxcZkAQbCMl-sC_SBP6FKSBGmnmc7qW3-Zlk5QzynW3/s16000/Consider+the+electric+and+magnetic+relationship.gif" title="Consider the electric and magnetic relationship" /></a></div><br /><p>Maxwell's equation is a system of four equations:</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsJa0_jcE9kcRWAS_esQatd672aQpYcA329VCEOCaufbZoagSCj1QGRChAL9WfRw7HOXbn16lhLa-DAT9b1T2AYBo8wtNzsEI6hzWblNkPZjbNZyvIml0j2o034Z74VkoH4bkR0RBm-yT/s955/maxwell.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Maxwell's equation is a system of four equations" border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="955" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsJa0_jcE9kcRWAS_esQatd672aQpYcA329VCEOCaufbZoagSCj1QGRChAL9WfRw7HOXbn16lhLa-DAT9b1T2AYBo8wtNzsEI6hzWblNkPZjbNZyvIml0j2o034Z74VkoH4bkR0RBm-yT/w640-h196/maxwell.png" title="Maxwell's equation is a system of four equations:" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maxwell's equation</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Understand Maxwell's equations at a high school level: Variable electric fields produce magnetic fields, and variable magnetic fields produce electric fields. This is best demonstrated in equations 3 and 4 (in the image above). It is the <b>Causality between electric and magnetic fields</b>. And the best illustration is the electromagnetic wave in the 3D image above.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>In equation 3: the derivative of the magnetic field B over time is the electric field E</li><li>In equation 4: The derivative of the electric field E generates a magnetic field B on the wire with current density J. That means considering the electric current in the space</li></ul><p></p><p>The causal relationship between the electric field E and the magnetic field B is best shown in equations 3 and 4 - Maxwell – Faraday equation and Ampère's circuital law.</p><p>For a university degree, most don't fully understand it either. Most just give formulas and briefly talk about equations. Some theoretical specializations may present the full history of Maxwell's equations, along with its physical significance. But naturally the Maxwell equation does not accurately describe reality. So it is necessary to have professors who are also "masters" of science to interpret for a false description of reality. To learn more about Maxwell's equations, along with mathematical symbols, check out the Wikipedia article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations</a></p><p>The causal relationship between E and B has been shown to be inaccurate. A scholar named Oleg D. Jefimenko has proved that E and B are not causal. He used the mathematics of Maxwell's own equations, along with experiment, to prove it. The proof is in the book <i><b>"Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation: A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields"</b></i> by Oleg D. Jefimenko.</p><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><i><b>Causality, Electromagnetic Induction</b></i> by Oleg D. Jefimenko and <i><u>Gravitation</u></i></h1><p>Comment: The author resurrects some 1893 work by Heaviside to postulate that gravitational fields have more in common with electromagnetic law than the repulsion of static gravitation, and that both sciences can benefit from a time-dependent treatment that illustrates causality better than Maxwell's equations. Conclusions include a force of cogravitation analogous to the magnetic force, non-instantaneous propagation of gravitation, and the existence of five (5) gravitational forces. Rejecting the idea that E and B cause each other, Jefimenko shows that mass, change in mass density, and mass currents are the origin of both the gravitation and cogravitation vectors. Highly recommended for those who want to learn fields and waves by thinking. about them Urgently relevant because of the recent detection of gravity waves -- this book will give you a background even if you disagree with it.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTIHL_XhytpmykJ2MIDrFOxcVj1dPsUHFL07aDva_Au6z3-LBJNxZOwiXLgbV3V5oX3Ox1GWERR_w-dOSK7jqqjdGgxz10c4PQBeuZ2n2J_NJrQMcELidQdYZ-v5UwdZt1POlde_j0dmrI/s1440/Causality%252C+Electromagnetic+Induction%252C+and+Gravitation+A+Different+Approach+to+the+Theory+of+Electromagnetic+and+Gravitational+Fields+-+by+Oleg+D.+Jefimenko.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields" border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1072" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTIHL_XhytpmykJ2MIDrFOxcVj1dPsUHFL07aDva_Au6z3-LBJNxZOwiXLgbV3V5oX3Ox1GWERR_w-dOSK7jqqjdGgxz10c4PQBeuZ2n2J_NJrQMcELidQdYZ-v5UwdZt1POlde_j0dmrI/s16000/Causality%252C+Electromagnetic+Induction%252C+and+Gravitation+A+Different+Approach+to+the+Theory+of+Electromagnetic+and+Gravitational+Fields+-+by+Oleg+D.+Jefimenko.jpg" title="Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields - by Oleg D. Jefimenko</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0917406230/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0917406230&linkCode=as2&tag=b00smnlf4m-20&linkId=431ffb1a13e27036178e2c14b363e24b" target="_blank"><br /></a>Learn more: <a href="https://amzn.to/3s1MUDL" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation: A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, 2nd edition</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Highlights of the book:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>There is no causal relationship between electric and magnetic fields</li><li>The science community needs to reconsider gravity - they are indispensable in power generation and transmission</li><li>The clear, detailed derivative of all the basic formulas and equations, and many illustrative examples make this book not only suitable for independent research but also supplementary in courses in the theory of electromagnetism and gravity</li></ul></div></div><div>Oleg D. Jefimenko, the author of the book is a master of mathematics very knowledgeable about Maxwell, Heaviside. All the scholars knowledgeable about Maxwell, Heaviside, Nikola Tesla, Charles Proteus Steinmetz, all know that, those geniuses confirm that Ether exists. Thus, Oleg D. Jefimenko must know about Ether. But the author seems to be trying to avoid the word "Ether" in order for the book to become a publishing practice.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Gravity, electric fields and magnetic fields can all be solved by the Ether field theory. However, Ether technology will create free energy, while mainstream science does not accept free energy.</div><div><br /></div><div>Current Ether field theory has 2 types: real and fake. The Ether field theory truly reflects reality - Nature - thus creating Ether technology. Nikola Tesla created technology that follows the "real" Ether field theory - the real Tesla technology (the technology for which Elon Musk is the fake Tesla technology). Later, many researchers rediscovered the theory of real Ether fields, typically Ken Wheeller and Eric Dollard.</div></div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;">"Real" Electromagnetic, Ether, Gravity, and AC generators - Tesla technology</h1><div><div>Electric and magnetic fields are 2 fields of Ether, it is the equivalent of magnetism and dielectric, which in fact, magnetism is the dielectric is lost inertia in the flow of Ether. So what is dielectric? Dielectric is another method of Ether, when the Ether is stirred (high frequency stimulated) or need to reconcile pressure, the dielectric occurs.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>"Real" electromagnetic</b>: The dielectric and magnetism are just two sides of the same coin, they have the same nature as Ether. The same goes for electric and magnetic fields, they have the same nature as Ether fields. According to Ken Wheeller, they are the field in Ether field mechanics, a type of mechanics about pressure mediation in Ether.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>For a better understanding of field theory, I recommend you read Ken's book: <a href="http://www.emediapress.com/go.php?offer=h6823html&pid=118" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Uncovering the Missing Secrets of Magnetism</a></div><div><br /></div><div>AC generators: One consequence of Jefimenko's "<b><i><span style="text-align: center;">Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation: A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields</span></i></b><span style="text-align: center;">" </span>book is that there is no causal relationship between the kinetic energy supplied to the <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2020/07/tesla-free-energy-generator.html" target="_blank">AC generator</a> and the AC generator output power. Textbooks and technical books still say: The large rotor of an alternating current generator mounted on a rotating permanent magnet will create a voltage across the coil on the stator. However, there is no causal relationship between the kinetic energy supplied to the AC generator and the power of the generator.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>😨 Hidden Secret of POWER GENERATION 🤔 Why does NOBODY talk about this?</div></div><div><br /></div><div><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ovxls8oaECg" width="789"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Hence, the big power plants (BIG E) are still selling us free energy.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tesla Technology - Ether energy for AC power:</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="border: 2px dashed rgb(46, 46, 254); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="color: #494949;">Plan of Homemade AC Generator:</span><br />
<span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="color: #494949;"><br /></span>
<span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #494949;">✔ </span><span face="open sans, sans-serif" style="color: #494949;"><span>The Real <a href="https://nomad-power-system.blogspot.com/2020/08/nature-of-tesla-ac-generator.html" target="_blank">Nature of Tesla AC Generator</a></span></span><br />
</span><div>
<span face="open sans, sans-serif" style="color: #494949;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 6px double rgb(8, 138, 8); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
Generates Energy-On-Demand: <a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/p/energy.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
<span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #494949;">✔ </span><span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="color: #494949;">Combination of induction motor and alternator</span><br />
<span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #494949;">✔ </span><span face="open sans, sans-serif" style="color: #494949;"><span>Combination between generators</span></span><br />
<span face=""open sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #494949;">✔ </span><span face="open sans, sans-serif" style="color: #494949;"><span>Or maybe called Overunity for the system. Mother Nature doesn't care about people calling or naming phenomena. Overunity or Free Energy, or Zero Point Energy (ZPE) are just a few different words</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Lake Hwy, Des Moines, NM 88418, USA36.7576928 -103.30653365.9605529023804813 -138.46278360000002 67.554832697619517 -68.150283599999966tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-15677305221479936112020-07-12T21:55:00.001-07:002022-03-20T03:02:38.820-07:00Tesla's Free Energy Generator<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
Nikola Tesla generators are assigned to different names such as free energy, "zero point energy", etc. But in fact, <b>free energy</b> is different from <b>"free" energy</b>, which is essentially energy amount of Ether.<br />
<br />
Note: don't trust some news about Ether out there. Suppression or falsifying information about Ether is a lot.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtBMWLVWLJAfgkJTjWApPcAiQZmwftG827m_Ght9g6OFbc0BbI4tx6tFlJENoj6lhci1Mc7xnXte7ahOwF47zi_PQ5vKadx62I70VIboHWr4AE16eXdPokvpG9EqJ2EmOwa8IZ6rvjrYyU/s1600/Free+energy+generator+version+of+Tesla.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tesla Free Energy Generator" border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="1166" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtBMWLVWLJAfgkJTjWApPcAiQZmwftG827m_Ght9g6OFbc0BbI4tx6tFlJENoj6lhci1Mc7xnXte7ahOwF47zi_PQ5vKadx62I70VIboHWr4AE16eXdPokvpG9EqJ2EmOwa8IZ6rvjrYyU/s640/Free+energy+generator+version+of+Tesla.png" title="Tesla Free Energy Generator" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Free energy generator version of Tesla</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Design of the alternating current generator by Nikola Tesla</h2>
There are at least two types of Tesla alternator generators:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Alternator Generator System in 1888, sold to Westinghouse Corporation.</li>
<li>A small Tesla article published in 1889 revealed a bit of the 1888 AC technology sold to Westinghouse, but not exactly the same in form, so no copyright infringement.</li>
</ol>
<u>Note that</u>:<br />
In order for today's AC power system to function as Tesla's version (they still kept it secret), a lot of patents were needed, and at that time, only Tesla and Charles Proteus Steinmetz knew how to fine tune the AC system.<br />
Thomas Edison and the patent office suppressed all of Tesla's AC technology. In fact, Tesla wants its AC technology to be available to all of humanity, but this will collapse Edison's DC technology and many other industries. Wisely, Tesla moved AC technology to Westinghouse, hostility and struggle will be diverted to Westinghouse, and the world still has AC power.<br />
<br />
Tesla still wants to bring free energy generators to humanity. So, Tesla wrote the 1889 article as a clever way to avoid copyright law when it sold copyrights to George westinghouse. This is a small article that suggests AC power system - Free energy at Power Plant. Visually, it will be different from the invention sold to George westinghouse, but in essence, a little secret will be revealed.<br />
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Schematic diagram of the alternating current generator Tesla 1889 - revealing the nature of Electricity and Dynamics in Ether:</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/71GqwgjLMnU" title="YouTube video player" width="790"></iframe><br />
<br />
Other energy companies still not admit the advantages of free energy and even mislead people about it. They ignore the truth to protect their investment, profits and shareholders though they do know what it can bring to the world. It has affected people's attitude toward free energy, and created the obstruction which kept everyone away from the familiarization with it.<br />
<br />
Although the energy companies have provided us with their electricity for decades, we could not help wondering how we could continue to afford its price as it is becoming more and more expensive. Moreover, these kinds of energy are not friendly to our environment. Should we continue to use their electricity? Or is this just a part of their plan, which brings us long-term effects? May be in the future we still have to depend on them, generating their free and friendly to our environment energy.<br />
<br />
Learn more: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2020/07/tesla-self-starting-alternating-motor-system.html" target="_blank">The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System</a><br />
<div>
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<div>
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Tesla Free Energy Generator - how to build the old version and the new version</h2>
When we understood the article about alternating current generators without permanent magnets, in 1889, we could completely build a crazy generator for the family. But if we understand the nature of Electricity and Dynamics in Ether, then we have new versions.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Refining for Tesla's AC System - Tesla Free Energy Generator</h3>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UxWU7Y983Ws" title="YouTube video player" width="790"></iframe></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
<br />
Stator coils, Roto, include blue and red on it. The coil on the Stator will be connected to the rotor on the same color, through the brush.<br />
One thing is special: the generator on the left will have only one wire on the Stator connected to the Generator's rotor on the right. See the picture below:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvykTPjCIW3vSkKPs9k8BhZjG7s8qF3nOXsKb6uTERyEIVE1hwaZauBTldZr91536j5Abkv-AHegLeFj1dUN0gNDr3q7niXuWGUC5NUHzmkxVaECJCaurjMmJlSETmgrZyGbOAwmMFR4J5/s1600/Tesla+Free+Energy+Generator.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Connect two generators" border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvykTPjCIW3vSkKPs9k8BhZjG7s8qF3nOXsKb6uTERyEIVE1hwaZauBTldZr91536j5Abkv-AHegLeFj1dUN0gNDr3q7niXuWGUC5NUHzmkxVaECJCaurjMmJlSETmgrZyGbOAwmMFR4J5/s1600/Tesla+Free+Energy+Generator.png" title="Connect two generators" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Connect two generators</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<br />Build the Tesla Generator according to the new version</h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
Once we understand the nature of Electricity and Dynamics in Ether, we can build a new version of the generator, where there is no need for a brush.<br />
<br />
AC generators are a large system, they will not use "brush", but the system will include:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>3-phase star-shaped ac alternator generator - to create neutral wire, and the remaining 3 phases will do another task</li>
<li>Large flywheel, transmission system, etc.</li>
<li>Independent windings replace the capacitor</li>
<li>Some other secrets about AC power, only Tesla and Steinmetz know how to fine tune</li>
</ul>
<br />
A new, brushless version, created by Tesla research team - <span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative;">Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</span><br />
<br />
<u style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: text;">Generates Energy-On-Deman<span style="background-color: white;">d</span></u><span face=""roboto" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 20px;">: </span><a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00eaae; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; user-select: text;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">E</span>asy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a><br />
<br />
✰ Honestly, it’s like nothing you’ve ever seen and in a few minutes from now you’ll be outraged you ever paid a single cent to Big Electric…<br />
✰ So you absolutely need to watch this short presentation today, while it’s still up…<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1Co Rd 10, Pine Bluffs, NE 82082, USA41.445546626531957 -103.9937847317605119.098777126531957 -145.30237873176051 63.792316126531958 -62.685190731760514tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-43618137775845616122020-07-12T08:09:00.002-07:002022-03-20T03:03:27.623-07:00The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Learn the electrical circuit diagram of the alternating current generator Tesla</h2>
An 1889 Tesla article about an alternating current generator that does not need permanent magnets as a rotor. This is a generator that textbooks don't teach, or any university specializing in electrical engineering, they don't teach.<br />
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Tesla AC Generator - No permanent magnet - Diagram:<br />
<br /><iframe width="790" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kqS27viFngk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<div>
<br />
That's not quite the generator diagram that Tesla sold technology to Westinghouse Corporation, but it was enough to create free energy.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
How does Tesla's alternating current (AC) generator generate free energy?<br />
Here is the answer: <a href="https://homemade-generator-tao.blogspot.com/2020/07/generator-tesla.html" target="_blank">Generator Tesla</a><br />
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<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: rgb(206, 236, 245); border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 223); font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 4px; width: 555px;">
<span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wait... New version of the Tesla alternator generator!</span><br />
✔ Homemade generator!<br />
✔ You will be shocked by the easy way to build ...<br />
<br />
✔ <u style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">Generates Energy-On-Demand</u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00eaae; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text;" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a><br />
<span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;"><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;" /></span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰ </span>Honestly, it’s like nothing you’ve ever seen and in a few minutes from now you’ll be outraged you ever paid a single cent to Big Electric…<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰ </span>So you absolutely need to watch this short presentation today, while it’s still up…<br />
<span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span><span style="font-weight: 700; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text;">✰* </span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
ELECTRICAL WORLD: The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System</h2>
Information of the article:<br />
<br />
Name<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System"<br />
Publisher<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ELECTRICAL WORLD<br />
Date<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>July 6, 1889<br />
Author<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nikola Tesla<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCn5e6m_db5be3n9o_jGMBSH7xBhkIlE2rNlzm43hWqoCxs9kX-YoU4_rH2ifuV0gb8TR9PZGKxOu6UXlguMbwH6X7slrQzO767w5XnQV5IlkqVF64rxeYmZ_u4khu9gRxE0B-yjyB9tG/s1600/The+Tesla+Self-Starting+Alternating+Motor+System.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCn5e6m_db5be3n9o_jGMBSH7xBhkIlE2rNlzm43hWqoCxs9kX-YoU4_rH2ifuV0gb8TR9PZGKxOu6UXlguMbwH6X7slrQzO767w5XnQV5IlkqVF64rxeYmZ_u4khu9gRxE0B-yjyB9tG/s1600/The+Tesla+Self-Starting+Alternating+Motor+System.jpg" title="The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System" /></a></div>
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VOL- XIV~ NO- 1--JULY 0. 1989-J 9 THE -ELECTRICAL VVORLD. The Tesla Self-Starting Alternating Motor System. As is well known, certain forms of alternating current machines have the property, when connected in circuit with an alternating current generator, of running as a motor in synchronism therewith; but, while the alternat- ing current will run the motor after it has attained a rate of speed synchronous with that of the generator, it will not start it; hence, where these “ x-ynchronizing mo- tors,†as they are termed, have been run, some means have been employed to bring the motors up to synchronism with the generator before the alternating current of the generator isapplied to drive them. In some instances mechanical appliances have been utilized for this purpose. In others, special forms of motor have been constructed. With the object of eiiecting the starting of the alter- nating motor and bringing it to synchronism without ex- ternal aid, Mr. Nikola Tesla has devised a. simple system in which he employs an earth return during the period of starting only. For this purpose he constructs a generator with two coils or sets of coils and a motor with corres- ponding energizing coils or sets of coils. By means ot two linewires, one terminal _ of each generator coil is connected to one terminal of its corresponding motor-coil while the opposite terminals of the generator- coils are joined together, and likewise those of the motor. To start the motor an electrical connection is tempor- arily established between the points ol connection between the coils in the generator and those in the motor, so that the system becomes sn ordinary double-circuit system. \Vhen by this plan of connection the motor has attained the desired speed, the earth connection is severed, by which means the system becomes an ordinary single-cm cuit syixchronizing system. The accompanying diagram shows the manner in which this is accomplished, G repre- senting an ordinary alternating current generator ha , ing four held poles A; mngnetized by a continuous current, and an armature wound with two coils C connected toge- ther in series. M represents an alternating-current motor with, say, four poles D, the coils on which are connected in pairs and the pairs connected in series. The motor- armature should have polar projections and closed coils E. Froin the common joint or union between the two coils of both the generator and motor an earth-connection F is established, while the terminals or ends of the coils which they form are connected to the line-conductors. Assuming that the motor is a. synchronizing motor, or one that has the capability of running in synchronism with the generators, but not of starting, it may he started by the above~described plan by closing the ground-com nection from both generator and motor. The system thus becomes one with a two-circuit generator and motor, the ground forming a common return for the currents in the two line wires. When by this arrangement of circuits the motor is brought to speed, the ground connection is broken between the generatornr motor, or both, and ground switches K K being employed for this purpose. The motor then runs as a synchronizing motor. 1: -ff" H <’§\\ vi ii " hi ll] ` - ~ ‘Joni L54 ta g; iii #1 _ I P _ , TESLA SELF-STARTING ALTERNATINQ MOTOR<br />
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<b>Related</b>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2020/06/quantum-mechanics-cannot-explain-electricity-transmission.html" target="_blank">Quantum Mechanics Cannot Explain Electricity Transmission</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long Draw Rd, Bridger, MT 59014, USA45.080806114963643 -108.9310286423098523.022475114963644 -150.23962264230985 67.139137114963646 -67.622434642309855tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-26314714833186235822020-06-26T11:10:00.001-07:002020-06-27T05:21:09.461-07:00Quantum Mechanics Cannot Explain Electricity Transmission<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The Schrödinger equation is a fundamental equation of quantum physics that describes the quantum state change of a physical system over time, replacing Newton's laws and transforming Galileo in classical mechanics.<br />
<br />
This equation has been generalized into an axiom of quantum mechanics, meaning that it is considered to be true for all cases that cannot be proved by theory but can only be verified experimentally. The Schrödinger equation has given many predictions that are true to reality and tested to be true for countless different cases. But, with Schrodinger Model in particular and quantum mechanics in general, it will not be possible to explain the transmission of electricity on wires.<br />
<b></b><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Schrodinger model for conductive process</b></h2>
Schrodinger model for Electron includes:<br />
<ul>
<li>Schrodinger's cat</li>
<li>Schrodinger equation</li>
<li>"Standing wave" of Electron in atom</li>
</ul>
We can rely on the above suggestions to learn about the Schrodinger Model in quantum mechanics.<br />
Schrodinger model shows that Electron is both a wave and a particle over time, with a wave probability of X, the probability of the particle will be (1 - X) in time T.<br />
<br />
<u>The question naturally arises:</u> when the Electron is a wave, then what is spreading on the wire? And when the wave becomes an electron, what happens?<br />
<br />
Logic inference during a period of conductivity:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the Electron is a wave, the whole theory of conductivity by the Electron particle must collapse, within T1 time.</li>
<li>When the Electron is a particle, the whole theory of conductivity is based on the recognition that the Electron is a wave that must collapse, within the period of T2.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Looking at a time T large enough, we will see that both the theory of conductivity on the conductor existed in the time T, with T = T1 + T2.<br />
<br />
Because the transmission rate is constant, the transmission rates during T1 and T2 must be the same. This also means that the speed of propagation of the wave must be the same as that of the electric field. But in order to have the speed of wave transmission, there must be frequency of oscillation.<br />
The formula: f = V / λ, where f is frequency, V is velocity, λ is wavelength, it requires frequency source.<br />
<br />
But note: The conductivity on the wire is decided by the Electron. The electron has no frequency at all when pure DC power is supplied.<br />
Many people explain that the speed of transmission is due to the frequency of the AC source, but they cannot explain it with pure DC power, or assume that the wavelength must be very large to ensure that the transmission speed is approximately equal to at the speed of light.<br />
Note that:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>V = f.λ</li>
<li>Louis de Broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength λ, given by the following equation:</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArvrPAqbB72X2_Mlso8R5C9Od-4QhwbbwJGIUtRRaiqnAbZYKrhFtGZMTCWFUDCiyal_fREFeYluXnvfvF4zjENlFMiTPF4ardVQdw0V5IrKY6AhwRWNBPtgsMGdBJZOxWrGsQsmL3_l1/s1600/given+by+the+following+equation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="73" data-original-width="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgArvrPAqbB72X2_Mlso8R5C9Od-4QhwbbwJGIUtRRaiqnAbZYKrhFtGZMTCWFUDCiyal_fREFeYluXnvfvF4zjENlFMiTPF4ardVQdw0V5IrKY6AhwRWNBPtgsMGdBJZOxWrGsQsmL3_l1/s1600/given+by+the+following+equation.png" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The paradox of the Schrodinger model when explaining power transmission on wires</b></h2>
<i><b>Paradox 1:</b></i><br />
Suppose there is a conductive segment of AB, an M point between A and B, and a current going from A to B in time T.<br />
Follow the Schrodinger model, and assume that on the AM Electron segment is the wave on the AP segment, and is the particle on the PM segment<br />
On the MB segment, suppose that Electron is a wave on the MK segment, and is a particle on the KB segment<br />
See the picture below:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbjRI2g8S6oIwccHRFDNwJZ52gcu8bc-7RnoQR_fPOCfCSPBMmXVFHYoSp9OBqBCA64Z9kZA8KEjAcWoiHEfLiB7ppW06HMNr_T-M6LhoAgzZPAj5VIxgM16vHtua4J7mvMDtuIg3-pue/s1600/The+paradox+of+the+Schrodinger+model+when+explaining+power+transmission+on+wires.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="1128" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbjRI2g8S6oIwccHRFDNwJZ52gcu8bc-7RnoQR_fPOCfCSPBMmXVFHYoSp9OBqBCA64Z9kZA8KEjAcWoiHEfLiB7ppW06HMNr_T-M6LhoAgzZPAj5VIxgM16vHtua4J7mvMDtuIg3-pue/s640/The+paradox+of+the+Schrodinger+model+when+explaining+power+transmission+on+wires.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
The wave must have a conducting medium, and it must pass through the PM segment. If there is another energy that turns the wave into a particle, where does that energy come from? And why, when it came to point M, did that energy disappear?<br />
<br />
If there is an energy supply, then who is it? In an isolated system, this is against the law of conservation of energy!<br />
<br />
Remember: waves must have conduction medium and follow wave equations. Waves do not disappear on their own, which is a property of waves.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Paradox 2:</b></i><br />
The magnetic field around the conductor when an electric current is passed through the AB segment follows the rule of the right hand in the figure below:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguER8ff5qA9EP78mz97ljDm6w6N4LqMru_WTzGBKytUy_Sz6nyNjcSrPIIewWcgLAv1y6avOvNcEeY-udM_8S3evFFxEAcy3uNeJ9VBsNWIYnQK3sKXLwPMdecjTIIHbhZXbwOue1sTX9s/s1600/magnetic+field+around+the+conductor+when+an+electric+current.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="magnetic field around the conductor when an electric current " border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguER8ff5qA9EP78mz97ljDm6w6N4LqMru_WTzGBKytUy_Sz6nyNjcSrPIIewWcgLAv1y6avOvNcEeY-udM_8S3evFFxEAcy3uNeJ9VBsNWIYnQK3sKXLwPMdecjTIIHbhZXbwOue1sTX9s/s1600/magnetic+field+around+the+conductor+when+an+electric+current.jpg" title="magnetic field around the conductor when an electric current " /></a></div>
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<br />
So why is the magnetic field on the AP and PM strings the same?<br />
The magnetic field around the conductor is the same in every position, which indicates that there is only one electrical state that passes through the AB conductor. But according to the Schrodinger model, there are many states. Nonsense.<br />
Temporarily I present two paradoxes when using Schrodinger model for power transmission on the wire. To accurately understand power transmission, we need to review documents of C.P Steinmetz and Nikola Tesla. Specifically, to understand the electrical transmission on the conductor, we need to understand the dielectric in the Ether and the tension of the dielectric in the Ether. Documents for C.P Steinmetz's power transmission: <a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/dielectricity-capacitance-by-eric-dollard.html"><b>DIELECTRICITY & CAPACITANCE by Eric P. Dollard </b></a><br />
C.P Steinmetz wrote the theory and equations for today's AC transmission. Tesla relied on the shoulder of giant C.P Steinmetz to invent the AC generator today. There is a special thing that, in the theory of C.P Steinmetz, no Electron exists in the transmission of electricity. Two geniuses, C.P Steinmetz, Nikola Tesla, never said that Electrons existed.<br />
<br />
Learn about Electron and dielectric:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/simplest-experiment-see-electron-does-not-exist.html">The simplest experiment to see that Electron doesn't exist</a></li>
<li><a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/is-nature-of-dielectricity-conspiracy-or-human-ignorance.html">Is the nature of dielectricity a conspiracy or human ignorance</a></li>
</ul>
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<b>Maybe you like: </b><a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/06/free-energy-generator-homemade.html" target="_blank">Free Energy Generator Homemade: Easy Power Plan</a><br />
<b><br /></b><b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border: 6px double #088A08; padding: 8px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Generates Energy-On-Demand: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve <a href="https://overunity-generator-guide.blogspot.com/2019/08/zero-point-energy.html" target="_blank">Overunity</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: white;">✔ </span></span></span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Generate generators without rotating motion</b>, but based on the principle of rotating magnets. Because magnetism varies based on electronic circuit design: coils, capacitors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance" target="_blank">Negative resistance</a>, etc.The change of magnetism does not require the rotation of the magnet.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0K1400, Kanab, UT 84741, USA37.117413173510769 -112.774338419158614.598815173510769 -154.0829319191586 59.636011173510767 -71.4657449191586tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-20294472244219824982020-06-01T01:38:00.003-07:002022-03-20T03:09:04.837-07:00Tesla Coils: Unleash the Aether<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Free Energy from Tesla Coil is Radiant Energy</h2><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">In fact, this kind of method, unlike the belief that it has not been thought of until our time, was invented a century ago by Nikola Tesla. He dreamt to bring free energy to every country in the world, using radiant energy. However, he could not fulfill his dream, because of not only the lack of capital support but also of political factors. Though there were some scientists and inventors who followed this brilliant idea some years later, such as Dr. Henry Thomas Moray, who modified Tesla's method to create a kind of energy generator, the method was still forgotten also because of the aforementioned reason.</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><u>Free Energy from Tesla Coil is Radiant Energy</u>:</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="333" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K7tbMCNWgr0" title="YouTube video player" width="790"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Moray Generator - FREE Energy Systems - How Close Are We Into Generating Free and Cheap Electricity? Learn more: <a href="https://moray-generator-energy.blogspot.com/p/radiant-energy.html" target="_blank">Radiant Energy</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
If one wants to know how Tesla’s ‘free energy’ invention works; first, just like Tesla, where does this phenomenon get all this extra energy? This being a real event happening, therefore it needs to be a real science and technology behind it; tech besides just the knife-switch - which is definitely part of it. Tesla was on a mission to find where this energy came from, and develop the science and technology, if possible, for humanity’s benefit.<br />
<br />
Nikola Tesla's most significant contribution was not AC power, radio, or the induction motor but
what we call the Tesla Coil -- a tool which allows for the power of the aether to be unleashed and
harnessed. Now being launched through an open source project. - by Hank Mills<br />
<br />
"We've all heard of 'Tesla Coils'. But this outstanding report brings a level of
clarity and relevance hitherto unseen. We now call for a peaceful revolution to see this
technology finally implemented for (1) harnessing aetheric energy; (2) superluminal
communication; (3) wireless transmission of power through any barrier; (4) antigravity capabilities; and (5) creating defensive shields to make conventional war
obsolete. And we are pleased to announce an open source project to facilitate that." --
Sterling D. Allan<br />
<br />
The inventions of Nikola Tesla are numerous. He invented radio, teleautomatics (i.e., remote control
technology), poly-phase alternating current, the induction motor, and many other innovations that
established the foundation for our modern civilization. However, the true significance of his greatest
discovery -- the "<a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/real-tesla-coil.html" target="_blank">Tesla Coil</a>" -- goes mostly unrecognized. This tool provides a way for Humanity to
tap into the wheelwork (what many describe as the "aether") of our Universe.<br />
<br />
There are many misconceptions about Tesla coils and their intended use. The lightshows that can be
produced by them are spectacular. But these stunning visual displays have little to do with their true
function and capabilities. In addition, many people consider them as nothing more than high-voltage
transformers. But a Tesla coil is not a conventional transformer and does not utilize magnetic induction.<br />
<br />
Tesla coils have capabilities beyond even the highest voltage transformers of our day because they
are something far different. Their emissions of longitudinal impulses can exceed the speed-of-light;
penetrate all known materials (including Faraday cages); travel great distances without their intensity
diminishing; power remote devices; and allow for "overunity" gains of energy.<br />
<br />
When an electrical switch in an electrical circuit is opened or closed, a spark of high voltage can be
created. In Tesla's day, engineers and workmen had to be very careful of this phenomenon when
working with high-voltage DC generators. A sudden closure of a circuit being powered from a dynamo
capable of generating a few thousand watts could produce electrical discharges of several hundred
thousand volts. These discharges were often fatal to those who were exposed to them. This
phenomenon interested Tesla and he began to research what he called "disruptive discharges".<br />
<br />
In his lab, Tesla would utilize a dynamo to produce very quick pulses of high-voltage direct current.
He noticed these pulses could completely vaporize thin wires. In addition, these pulses could produce
what seemed like pressure waves that would induce stinging sensations. At first, he thought these blasts
waves were composed of tiny particles of the vaporized metal. But this possibility was ruled out when
he noticed nothing could shield them including glass or even copper sheets. If these were high-speed
particles of some sort, the glass should have shielded him from them. And if they were purely electrical,
the metal should have blocked them. However, they penetrated any barrier!<br />
<br />
He continued testing with larger wires, faster pulses, and with higher voltages. Before long, he
started to gain an understanding of the variables that controlled the intensity of these disruptive
discharges. Eventually, he did away with the wire and utilized a simple spark gap. By increasing the
voltage from the dynamo and shortening the length of the pulses, he could make these discharges much
more powerful.<br />
<br />
He could feel them from all the way across the room!
Many more variables came into play. By adding one or more capacitors (he called them condensers)
between the dynamo and spark gap, he could intensity the effect. Additionally, he was able to prevent a
"back rush" of current across the spark gap with a variety of techniques. This was important because
any flow of current reduced the maximum intensity of the disruptive discharge. As one example, he
used a magnet to rapidly quench or magnetically "blow out" the arc across the electrodes to prevent such
current flow. He could also use this system to increase the frequency of his discharges. In other setups,
he put the spark gap in oil with a high dielectric value or had heated air flow through the spark gap.
There were benefits and drawbacks to each method.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Decoupling Aether and Electron Current</h2>
A very interesting effect was creating these powerful discharges. When the high-voltage input
jumped across the spark gap, the conducting material's resistance created a delay that would prevent
current (i.e., electron flow) from instantly flowing. With sufficiently rapid pulses, current could be
completely prevented from flowing in the conductive material. This would produce a decoupling of the
current and voltage. The pure voltage potential became untangled or unbounded from the current and
would produce a shock wave that would move out in all directions nominally perpendicular to the spark
gap.<br />
<br />
It is theorized by many that electrical voltage is in fact a form of "aether" bonded to the current flow
in a conductive material. The aether was thought to be a gaseous atmosphere of tiny (potentially much
smaller and less massive than the electron), energetic (traveling at speeds faster than the speed-of-light),
and penetrating (capable of traveling through solid matter) that fills our Universe. Tesla and other men
of Science considered the aether to be the medium in which electromagnetic waves flow. Some
individuals theorized it could be the true source of gravity, what produces radioactive decay in elements,
and the fundamental "stuff" of which all matter in the Iniverse is composed.<br />
<br />
Tesla's disruptive discharges produced longitudinal waves in the aether. Unlike transverse waves
that vary in amplitude up and down, longitudinal waves only move in the direction of propagation.
They could be described as a series of compressions and rarefactions in the atmosphere of aether. These longitudinal waves are sometimes called "scalar waves". However, this is not a precisely correct
description. Technically, the term "scalar" describes a constant value that does not change. A
longitudinal wave is periodically expanding and contracting in the direction of propagation, so this term
does not fit. Despite the inconsistency, the terms "scalar wave" and "longitudinal wave" are used
interchangeably by many.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Safety Enhancements</h2>
Over the course of his investigations, Tesla realized that the duration and frequency of his pulses
were of tremendous importance in terms of safety. Slower rates of these discharges would produce
stinging and painful effects. Moderate rates of discharges eliminated the stinging but could produce a
thermal sensation. If properly controlled, this thermal sensation would not burn but could actually be
pleasant and therapeutic. At very high rates of discharges, the stinging and thermal effect vanished. A
physical "pressure" could still be felt from the area around the spark gap but sensations of needles or
heat were gone.<br />
<br />
At these high rates of pulsing, the visual arcs and streamers of pure voltage from his device were
actually safe to interact with (at least that is what he concluded). In many experiments and
demonstrations, he allowed these pulses of purified aether to flow across his body. No detectable harm
came to him when utilizing these high frequencies. This energy could flow through him and power
lightbulbs. If traditional current had been flowing, he would have been killed. But this flow of energy
was truly something unique.
Tesla was still utilizing high-voltage dynamos and spark gaps which were an obvious safety concern.<br />
<br />
The electrical energy running through them could easily electrocute a person. He took great care during
his testing and experiments to avoid accidents. Anyone trying to replicate Tesla's work or experiments
should be aware of the dangerous electrical forces involved. Although at certain high pulse rates the
radiant energy produced was relatively harmless, the setups to create the discharges were still potentially
lethal.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Continual Development</h2>
These disruptive discharges emitting longitudinal waves in the aether could produce many unique
effects. Tesla could power a lightbulb by connecting it to his device with a single thin wire or
sometimes in combination with a metal plate. In addition, when placing a plate of metal close to the
discharges from the spark gap, he could see electrical arcs and streamers dancing on it. He could also
hold a capacitor in proximity to the spark gap and charge it to a very high capacity. In fact, he could
charge them until their capacity was exceeded and an explosion would occur. Considering all of these
effects, he realized this technology would allow for the wireless transmission of power.<br />
<br />
By this time, Tesla had already succeeded in developing conventional poly-phase alternating current
transmission systems. They were being implemented in areas such as those near the Niagara Falls
power station where he designed the generators that converted the energy of the falling water into
electricity. He felt that a wireless transmission system could exceed his previous accomplishment.<br />
<br />
During interviews and in his writings, Tesla described how his new discoveries could be used to
power the entire world. To accomplish this, he would need to improve his technology even further.
There were still additional optimizations that could be made<br />
<br />
One of these improvements was the design of what we would today call a "Tesla Coil". He designed
and patented a setup in which the "disruptive discharges" flowed across the surface of 2 bars of a conductor. This was the "primary" of the setup. These bars would wrap loosely (i.e., only a few turns)
around a "secondary" coil that would be positioned inside the diameter of the primary. This "secondary"
was composed of a flat "pancake" style core of many more turns than the primary. The wire used in the
secondary was much thinner than in the primary. He matched the total weight of the primary and
secondary windings so the two would be in a state of resonance. One end of the secondary could be
grounded and the other end of the secondary would rise above the coil.<br />
<br />
The impulses from his spark gap would flow over the surface of the primary and then across the
windings of the secondary. In doing so, the voltage would climb tremendously. Huge discharges would
appear at the end of the secondary wire. The already-magnified voltage produced by the disruptive
discharge was being increased even more! Somehow the longitudinal waves or impulses of "aether"
were concentrating on the surface of the secondary windings and magnifying or focusing themselves.<br />
<br />
Gerry Vassilatos (author of Lost Science and <a href="https://tao-books-library.blogspot.com/2019/10/secrets-of-cold-war-technology-by-gerry.html" target="_blank">Secrets of Cold War Technology</a> [both of which are
excellent sources of information on Tesla's aether technology] ) stresses that although Tesla's system
increased the output voltage, it was not in any way a conventional transformer. He describes it as a
system using electrostatic induction. Gerry and other researchers have made many valid distinctions
between Tesla's system and a traditional transformer.<br />
<br />
There was no current flowing through his primary and secondary of his setup. Tesla made great
efforts to prevent such electron flow. Traditional transformers absolutely require electron
flow.<br />
● Due to the fact there was no electron flow, there was no magnetic induction (which is the principle
by which transformers operate).<br />
● The primary and secondary of his setup were loosely coupled, in that there was a significant space
filled with air between his primary and secondary coils. The primary and secondaries in
traditional transformers are usually tightly coupled for efficient operation.<br />
● Tesla coils can be made of non-conductive materials. This eliminates the possibility of any
conventional transformer effect utilizing magnetic induction.<br />
● The flow of voltage or aether would not follow the path of least electrical resistance. This should
be the case if current was actually in the circuit and electrons were moving. However, the
radiant impulses of Tesla's system would ignore almost zero resistance shorts to flow across
higher resistance paths across resistive elements such as lightbulbs. An example of this is
Tesla's "hairpin" circuit.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Getting Ready for Broadcasting</h2>
Tesla continued to prepare for his global power broadcasting system by further developing his
technology. For example, he discovered by placing a round conductive sphere on the elevated end of
the secondary winding, the impulses were magnified and more evenly broadcast. Another improvement
was made by adding additional coils to the secondary or changing the shape of the secondary coil. In
one setup, above the "pancake" portion of the secondary was an additional coil in the shape of a
solenoid. One of his most effective secondary shapes was that of the cone. It provided a tremendous
increase in voltage.<br />
<br />
The shapes of his coils were not the only improvements that he tested. He would place the
secondary of a system in liquified air which super-cooled the copper winding. For some reason, this amplified the voltage increasing effect without inducing an unwanted current (electron) flow. By
utilizing combinations of these methods, he was able to produce gigantic outputs of several million
volts.<br />
<br />
Of course, to broadcast power it had to be received. He designed a variety of receivers. Some of
these receivers were composed of metallic plates. When the longitudinal waves impacted them a current
would be induced that could power lights or motors. Tesla actually discovered that he could focus the
output of his device into a narrow beam utilizing a special tube. This allowed him to specifically direct
the longitudinal waves in the aether at target plates. Interestingly, after such a beam had been active for
an extended period of time, he could turn off his apparatus but the flow of aether would remain. He
could place another receiver in the path of the beam and power lightbulbs without the device being
turned on!<br />
<br />
Apparently, the aether has a property that allows for a sort of momentum to accumulate. Once the
aether is flowing or pulsing it starts to build up an inertia or a self-sustaining effect. In many tests, his
systems would continue transmitting power after his apparatus was cut off from input power.
Additionally, sometimes an illuminating glow around his setups would continually grow and expand.
This happened around his giant transmitter towers in Colorado and New York. The longer he left his
transmitters on, the further the column of light would expand. In one experiment, he connected his
transmitter to a balloon and allowed it to float in the sky. Over a period of time, the glow that originally
followed the line to the balloon expanded and illuminated the entire area.<br />
<br />
Tesla also realized if he built receivers composed of similarly designed coil setups, they could
resonate with the broadcasting unit. This condition resulted in more power being "received" by these
units from the transmitter and/or allowed them to collect the longitudinal waves and magnifying them
once again. Hence, a gain of energy from "aether" may be experienced both in the transmitter and
receiver coils. In the receiver, what would normally be the inner coil of thin wire becomes the primary.
The longitudinal waves then flow out to the thicker copper windings and then into loads connected
across them. They could then power lightbulbs, motors, or other devices.<br />
<br />
He was able to transmit large amounts of power to receiver units over many miles of distance. In
one experiment, he powered a small building full of 100-watt lightbulbs from a distance of over 27
miles! Motors and heating elements were also powered.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Tesla's Final Years</h2>
<div>
This technology was the focus of Tesla's final decades of life. He considered it his greatest
accomplishment. Everything before had been trivial compared to the potential of his new wireless
energy broadcasting system. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
As History records, the powers that be fought against his efforts to commercialize the technology.
His main laboratory in New York was burned down, and funding for the Wardenclyffe tower was cut.
Later, the Wardenclyffe tower was destroyed all together. The power barons of his day did not like the
idea of free energy being beamed across the World. They wanted to sell metered power to increase their
earnings and wealth. Tesla's system was a threat to their financial empires</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Tesla gradually moved away from large scale transmission systems and worked on smaller units.
Eventually, he designed a small device that he claimed collected energy from the "aether all around us".
He connected the small box to a Pierce Arrow modified to use an electric motor and announced "Now
we have power." The vehicle zipped around at high speeds of up to 90 miles-an-hour!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
For reasons not quite understood, the technology that powered the Pierce Arrow was never
commercialized. We do not know if it was directly suppressed, if he was simply not able to get the
funding to mass produce it, if he chose to keep the technology to himself, or if some other event
transpired. To this day, little is known about the small box other than a few brief words on the electrical
components it utilized. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Sadly, Tesla died alone and poverty stricken in a small hotel room in New York City. The mayor at
the time made a radio address in honor of his life, inventions, and contributions to modern civilization.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Wondrous Properties of Tesla Coils </h2>
<div>
Tesla demonstrated many amazing properties of his coil setups. But now others have done the same.
Numerous individuals have built and successfully replicated the effects he was able to produce. A few
of these individuals are Eric Dollard, Steve Jackson, and Konstantin Meyl. They have verified the
stunning effects and properties of these systems that Tesla demonstrated so long ago.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Let's review these stunning properties.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(1) The coils of a "Tesla coil" amplify the voltage from the "disruptive discharge". The final
voltage at the ends of the secondary can be thousands of times larger than the voltage of the
input (for example, from a dynamo). This takes place in a setup with loose coupling between
primary and secondary and without magnetic induction since no electron flow (at least in an
optimized system) is taking place. </div>
<div>
(2) The longitudinal waves of aether (voltage potential decoupled from electron flow) can be
broadcast to power devices such as motors, lights, and heaters over very large distances.
They can also remotely charge capacitors at a distance. </div>
<div>
(3) These longitudinal waves to not diminish exponentially with distance. They do not diminish in
strength according to the inverse square law that governs ordinary transverse waves. For
example, if the distance between a Tesla transmitter and receiver is doubled, the power
output of the receiver does not drop by a squared function. In the worst case, it will barely
drop at all. In the best case (if the transmitter and receiver are kept at resonance), the output
of the receiver can stay the same over extreme distances or increase. </div>
<div>
(4) These longitudinal waves can penetrate any barrier including insulators or conductors. They
can transmit information and power directly through Faraday cages and solid metal
containers. This is not possible with transverse waves. </div>
<div>
(5) Amazingly, longitudinal waves seem to have some sort of momentum. Once a flow of
longitudinal waves has been established, it seems like the same flow wants to continue.
Perhaps a good description would be that these waves are "self re-enforcing". These waves
of aether seem to collect energy from the surrounding aether. </div>
<div>
(6) Longitudinal waves can travel at superluminal speeds.
And perhaps most importantly, </div>
<div>
(7) Tesla coils produce overunity gains of energy in multiple ways! </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Related</b>: <a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/explanation-of-plasma-on-tesla-coil.html" target="_blank">Explanation of Plasma on the Tesla Coil</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Overunity Energy Gains</h2>
<div>
It is possible to obtain free energy (or actually energy extracted from the aether) with Tesla coils.
These gains of energy are fairly simple to reproduce and have been demonstrated repeatedly.
Konstantin Meyl has built and tested numerous such systems that demonstrate "overunity" gains of
energy. However, these gains of energy manifest in many ways. So let's explore them …
The first way a Tesla coil produces a gain of energy is the obvious increase in voltage produced by
the disruptive discharge. A certain quantity of voltage is pulsed across the spark gap. This produces a
blast of longitudinal waves that is far higher in voltage than what was capable of being produced by the
dynamo or capacitors that provided the input.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The second way a Tesla coil produces a gain of energy is the increase in voltage as the longitudinal
waves or "aether" flows across the secondary windings. As it flows across the secondary, voltage
increases to extremely high levels. In this step, the "gain" of the system is further increased. This
voltage increase is taking place without any magnetic induction or conventional transformer effec</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The third way a Tesla coil produces a gain of energy is during the broadcast of longitudinal waves.
As Tesla demonstrated, longitudinal waves have a self-sustaining or moment effect. Flows of aether
seem to gain strength as they travel and want to continue even when the input of a system is cut off. As
the waves travel between the transmitter and receiver they may increase in power.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The fourth way a Tesla coil can produce a gain of energy is when a receiver is in resonance with a
transmitter. In this situation, a receiver can collect longitudinal waves and allow them to magnify
themselves as they flow over the inner coil. In a sense, a receiver is not only "receiving" power from the
transmitter but is also amplifying that power. This produces an even larger gain of energy.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Many overunity technologies are emerging in our current age. But Tesla's technology represented a
simple and straightforward way to produce gains of energy over 100 years ago. Just imagine the
potential of his technology when combined with modern material science, electronic components, and
micro-processor controls. The potential of the technology is limitless!<br />
<br />
<br />
<article style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3976677304475054130" itemprop="articleBody" style="color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; width: 615px;">
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<div dir="ltr" style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: rgb(206, 236, 245); border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 223); outline: 0px; padding: 4px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; width: 555px;">
<a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/free-energy-tesla-coil.html" style="color: #0f3cf1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank"><b style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Tesla coil have free energy</b></a>:<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" />The secret radio technology doesn't want you to know: Tesla coil will generate longitudinal waves, transmitted without wasting energy.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" />Without using the Tesla coil to create longitudinal waves, we still have a huge electrical energy from the secondary coil. Then extract a small portion of the power back to the input. We only need a small battery to boot the system.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" />Moray knew that way. Moray was also the inventor of the same era as Tesla. How to generate electricity from people who understand electricity:<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /><ul style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Harnessing electricity from the Earth: Neither is Schumann Resonance, nor is it known by Electromagnetism. It's The Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Floats</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Extracted from ordinary electricity by the method called “fractionation.”</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Reverse Tesla coil - "Back to Back" mechanism</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Combination of radiant energy and negative resistance to amplify electricity </li>
</ul>
<div style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">
Revealed At Last: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/p/moray.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0f3cf1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</a></div>
<div style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">
<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div>
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</article><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Potential of Tesla Coils and Aetheric Technology </h2>
<div>
The potential capabilities of Tesla coils are almost limitless. They are a source of free energy; allow
for superluminal communication; allow for wireless transfer of power; and are speculated to be capable
of even more exotic feats. Nikola Tesla proposed using such systems to produce force fields to protect
cities from enemy attack. He even suggested medical applications for the technology. In fact, he
mentioned how if someone could manipulate the aether, gravity manipulation could be possible!
Mastering and cracking the mystery of the aether can substantially help us to understand how our
Universe truly works. When that is accomplished, our wildest dreams have the potential to become
reality. The stuff of science-fiction could become absolute reality.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Perhaps when other civilizations beyond our planet recognize we have mastered this technology,
open contact will be made. No wonder we appear to have <a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/569/797/Menacing_UFO_fleets_circumnavigating_globe.html" target="_blank">so many visitors </a>from other realms. Perhaps
the preferred method of communication across the vast distances of space is not via the transmission of
slow transverse waves but by faster than light longitudinal impulses in the aether. Maybe this
technology could give SETI (i.e., the Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) a new tool by which to
"tune in" to the universe (that is, if SETI isn't just a "window dressing" operation to make us feel like
we're at least trying when in fact government black-ops have had the real technology for decades)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Due to modern technology, building a Tesla coil is simpler, easier, and safer than ever before.
Instead of using potentially dangerous high-voltage dynamos and spark gaps, solid-state function
generators can be used. The same effects can be demonstrated with these lower power systems that use
a few volts instead of thousands to millions of volts. Advanced electronic tools such as oscilloscopes
can allow for more precise observations of the impulses generated and received. There is no excuse for
modern-day scientists, engineers, technology enthusiasts, and even garage tinkerers not to develop this
technology.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This field is wide open. Further development and enhancement of this technology (perhaps even
beyond the dreams of Tesla) is certainly possible. All it will take is for people to recognize its
significance and get to work producing replications, finding applications, and designing products. Tesla
spent most of the last half of his life working on perfecting this technology. With the wonderful
possibilities it has to offer, it is easy to understand his dedication and obsession. Who among us will
step up and continue the work he started?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Open Source</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Steve Jackson in coordination with PES Network is launching an open source project that will offer
plans, instructions, and kits to help with such replication efforts. This open source project will allow
anyone with even a modest degree of technical know-how (who can follow written instructions) to
reproduce Tesla's power broadcasting technology.
Let's get serious about developing the potential of Tesla Coils so we can harness the power of the
aether and all its auxiliary capabilities including harnessing of aetheric energy, superluminal
communication, wireless transmission of power through any barrier, anti-gravity capabilities, and
creating defensive shields to make conventional war obsolete! </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/Wireless_Transmission/Jackson/Jacksons_Tesla-wireless-coil_instructions_Apr-21-2011.pdf" target="_blank">Jacksons_Tesla-wireless-coil_instructions_Apr-21-2011.pdf (2 Mb)</a> - complete instructions with
appendices. (April 21, 2011) </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/OS:Tesla,_Meyl,_and_Jackson's_Wireless_Aetheric_Power_Transmission" target="_blank">OS: Tesla, Meyl, and Jackson's Wireless Aetheric Power Transmission</a> - open source project page
at PESWiki </div>
<div>
● http://groups.yahoo.com/group/jk_wireless - OS forum </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://pesn.com/2011/03/26/9501797_Teslas_Scalar_Waves_Replicated_by_Steve_Jackson/" target="_blank">Tesla's Scalar Field Still Beaming On!</a> IEEE engineer Steve Jackson discusses and demonstrates
how superluminal scalar or longitudinal waves can be utilized today. (PESN; March 26, 2011)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Contact</b> </div>
<div>
Steve can be reached by email at steve.jackson@ieee.org </div>
<div>
This story is also published at BeforeItsNews.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
A Few Comments from Jackson</h2>
<div>
On April 19, 2011 5:52 PM Mountain, Steve Jackson provided the following thoughts:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
● How does Mother Earth (the largest terrestrial consumer of energy) do her work? What powers
her wheel-works? Can we tap into the same energy source? Tesla knew how. </div>
<div>
● Hugo Gernsback published all sorts of novel physics in Radio Electronics in the 1960s. [Hank
Mills is] continuing a great tradition of American publishing. </div>
<div>
● [Hank] should read a bit of Meyl's Scalar Waves book. Meyl's concept of neutrinos heating the
core of the Earth and creating the new mass that forces apart the continents is a wonderful
model for the free energy researchers. </div>
<div>
● It's time to banish the "Action at a Distance" physics theories. Forces are transmitted via the
aether medium. Faraday, Maxwell, Tesla et al "knew" this to be true. </div>
<div>
● Speculation: This electrical physics is known to weapons designers but is not permitted for
civilian use? Is this why Academics do not go there? </div>
<div>
● Meyl is the Black Forest Copernicus! He deserves a Nobel! </div>
<div>
● Meyl has developed the necessary enhancement to Maxwell;s Equations. ( -v div B) </div>
<div>
● Meyl favors the "aether vortex" explanation as a physical model for these effects. I think he is
correct in this. </div>
<div>
● Magnets are said to be aether pumps</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b>What You Can Do </b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
1. Pass this on to your friends and favorite news sources. </div>
<div>
2. Replicate the wireless power transmission effect and explore new applications. </div>
<div>
3. Join the http://groups.yahoo.com/group/jk_wireless forum formed around this open source
project.
4. Start new industries based on this technology. </div>
<div>
5. Let professionals in the renewable energy sector know about the promise of this technology. </div>
<div>
6. We at PES Network are in a pinch right now. <a href="http://freeenergynews.com/donations/" target="_blank">Donations </a>would be greatly appreciated. </div>
<div>
7. Subscribe to our <a href="http://freeenergynews.com/newsletters/" target="_blank">newsletter</a> to stay abreast of the latest, greatest developments in the free energy
sector. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Other Relevant Coverage </b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
● <a href="http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Latest" target="_blank">Featured / OS: Wireless Transmission > Scalar > Tesla > Coils > Jackson >Tesla Coils for Dummies</a> -- Are you interested in building a Tesla Coil to produce stunning effects
that violate the "established" laws of Physics but are somewhat less than technically savvy than
a rocket scientist? Then you are in luck because this article is for you! (PESN; April 29, 2011) </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Latest" target="_blank">Featured / OS: Wireless Transmission / Electromagnetic > Scalar > Tesla > Coils > Jackson >Jackson's Wireless Aetheric Power Transmission Open Source Project </a>-- To facilitate the
replication of these plans as well as to characterize, optimize, improve, and come up with the
zillion applications that can come from it including: (1) harnessing aetheric energy, (2)
superluminal communication, (3) wireless transmission of power through any barrier, (4)
anti-gravity capabilities, and (5) creating defensive shields to make conventional war
obsolete. (PESWiki; April 21, 2011) </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Latest" target="_blank">Featured / OS: Wireless Transmission / Electromagnetic > Scalar > Tesla > Coils > Jackson >Tesla Coils: Unleash the Aether</a> -- Nikola Tesla's most significant contribution was not AC power,
radio, or the induction motor but what we call the Tesla Coil -- a tool which allows for the
power of the aether to be unleashed and harnessed. Now being launched through an open
source project. (PESN and BeforeItsNews; April 19, 2011) </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Wireless_Transmission_of_Electricity" target="_blank">Featured / OS: Wireless Transmission / Electromagnetic > Scalar > Solid-State >Tesla's Scalar Field Still Beaming On!</a> -- The superluminal (i.e., faster-than-light) scalar or
longitudinal waves that Nikola Tesla used to magnify and wirelessly transmit power are not
just a thing of the past. IEEE engineer Steve Jackson discusses and demonstrates how they
can be utilized today and he is open sourcing it here! (PESN; March 26, 2011) </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Learn more: <a href="https://easy-power-plan.blogspot.com/2020/05/tesla-secrets-of-wireless-efficient-high-power-transmission.html" target="_blank">TESLA Secrets of wireless & efficient high-power transmission</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>See also </b></div>
<div>
Resources at PESWiki.com </div>
<div>
● <a href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Wireless_Transmission_of_Electricity" target="_blank">Directory: Wireless_Transmission_of_Electricity </a></div>
<div>
● <a href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Wireless_transmission_of_electricity" target="_blank">PowerPedia: Wireless_transmission_of_electricity </a></div>
<div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0US Hwy Forest Service Rd 517, Red Feather Lakes, CO 80545, USA40.767781308526544 -105.64347232474883-34.163233691473458 89.122152675251186 90 59.590902675251172tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-38261802195036230412020-02-03T06:33:00.000-08:002020-05-11T09:04:52.453-07:00The Magnifying Transmitter by Nikola Tesla - Longitudinal Waves and Transverse Waves <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Nikola Tesla: The Magnifying Transmitter</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Magnifying Transmitter by Nikola Tesla </b>: "...It is a resonant transformer with a secondary in which the parts charged to a high potential, are of considerable area and arranged in space along ideal enveloping surfaces of very large radii of curvature, and at proper distances from one another thereby insuring a small electrical surface density everywhere so that no leak can occur even if the conductor is bare. It is suitable for any frequency,from a few to many thousands of cycles per second, and can be used in the production of currents of tremedous volume and moderate pressure, or of smaller amperage and immense electro-motive force. The maximum electric tension is merely dependant on the curvature of the surfaces on which the charged elements are situated and the area of the latter." (1)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the Tesla's Magnifying transmitter, the energy is countinuously bounced back and forth between the earth and the reflecting capacitance at a rate timed to a natural rate of the earth.....(5)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nikola Tesla has said in a patent about improvements relating to the Transmission of Electrical energy (4) : ".....Stated otherwise, the terrestrial conductor is thrown into resonance with the oscillations impressed upon it just like a wire. More than this, a number of facts ascertained by me clearly show, that the movement of electricity through it follows certain laws with nearly mathematical rigor. For the present it will be sufficient to state, that the earth behaves like a perfectly smooth or polished conductor of inappreciable resistance, with capacity and self-induction uniformly distributed along the axis of symmetry of waves propagation and transmitting slow electrical oscillations without sensible distortion and attenuation. Besides the above, three requirements seem to be essential to the establishment of the resonating condition.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The earth's diameter passing through the pole should be an odd multiple of the quarter wave-length, that is, of the ratio between the velocity of light and four times the frequency of the currents.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is necessary to employ oscillations, in which the rate of radiation of energy into space in the form of Hertzians or electromagnetic waves is very small. To give an idea I would say, that the frequency should be smaller than twenty thousand per second, through shorter waves might be practicable. The lowest frequency would appear to be six per second, in which case there will be but one node, at or near the ground plate, and, paradoxical as it may seem, the opposite the transmitter. With oscillations still slower the earth, strictly speaking, will not resonate, but simply act as capacity, and the variation of potential will be more or less uniform over its entire surface.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The most essential requirement is, however, that irrespective of frequency, the wave or wave train should continue for a certain interval of time, which I have estimated to be not less than one twelfth-or probably 0.08484-of a second, and which is taken in passing to, and returning from the region diametrically opposite the pole, over the earth's surface, with a mean velocity of about 471,240 kilometers per second......"</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">" To produce an electrical movement of the required magnitude it is desirable to charge the terminal as highly as possible, for while a great quantity of electricity may also be displaced by a large capacity charged to low pressure, there are disavantages met with in many cases when the former is made too large. The chief of theses are due to the fact that an increase of the capacity entails a lowering of the frequency impulses or discharges and diminution of energy of vibration....." (3)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"....If we could produce electric effects of the required quality, this whole planet and the conditions of existence on it could be transformed. The sun raises the water of the oceans and winds drive it to distant regions where it remains in state of most delicate balance. If it were in our power to upset it when and wherever desired, this mighty life-sustaining stream could be at will controlled. We could irrigate arid deserts, create lakes and rivers and provide motive power in unlimited amount. This would be the most efficient way of harsening the sun to the uses of man......" ( Nikola Tesla, June 1919 ) (1)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Note. Reference documents :</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1) "The Electrical Experimenter: My Invention by Nikola Tesla", June 1919</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2) Tesla: Man Out of Time, by Margaret Cheney - Prentice-Hall, Inc</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3) Tesla US Patent number 1,119,736 : "Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy" (issued Dec. 1, 1914)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4) Tesla US Patent number 8,200 : " Improvements relating to the transmission of Electrical Energy" (17th Apr.,1906)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5) Theory of Wireless Power, By Eric Dollard, B.S.R.A. 1986.</span><br />
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Longitudinal Waves and Transverse Waves tests</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3LEwc9KOnS3IqTMlggfJJ82gf7orPqAZSZDaoTmFvN7SLBoPl0Ofu7oSTS7GUxHJv9HpA1ZZiHg3ExJbiCffr0PyIHWAup64b9aSp-5M3VYy4jncf8J05cwruvaAPhKKO6BGdOEw7o3Bv/s1600/Longitudinal+Waves+and+Transverse+Waves+tests.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Longitudinal Waves and Transverse Waves tests" border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3LEwc9KOnS3IqTMlggfJJ82gf7orPqAZSZDaoTmFvN7SLBoPl0Ofu7oSTS7GUxHJv9HpA1ZZiHg3ExJbiCffr0PyIHWAup64b9aSp-5M3VYy4jncf8J05cwruvaAPhKKO6BGdOEw7o3Bv/s1600/Longitudinal+Waves+and+Transverse+Waves+tests.jpg" title="Longitudinal Waves and Transverse Waves tests" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The following is an electric wave experiment to demonstrate the inverse relationship between the coil, or magnetic inductor and the capacitor, or electrical inductor, and their usage in propagation of the electromagnetic field components.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An analog computer is used to study the space distribution of the electromagnetic field component of transverse and longitudinal waves along a transmission line in two different configurations (LMD/TEM).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This is the electricity Tesla was propagating from his Magnifying Transmitter. In the Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter, the energy is countinuously bounced back and forth between the earth and the reflecting capacitance at a rate timed to a natural rate of the earth.....</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Note. References</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Borderland Labs; Transverse & Longitudinal Electricity [video], BSRF, Bayside, California, 1988.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Borderland Labs; Tesla's Longitudinal Electricity [video], BSRF, Bayside, California, 1988.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>TEST N°1) The TEM Transmission Line</b>:</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The TEM (Transverse ElectroMagnetic) line is the analog simulation of transverse EM waves propagation in space coming from two parallel wires, this is the conventional flow of EM radiation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You may notice that the Magnetic energy is in Space OPPOSITION with the Dielectric energy</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>TEST N°2) LMD Transmission Line</b>:</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The LMD (Longitudinal Magneto-Dielectric) line is the analog simulation of longitudinal EM waves propagation in space coming from two parallel wires, this is the unconventional flow of the EM radiation.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitD6XklaOPsSCg86b5YTPqrpqVZuLQm_5afHWb1q5rEMhwrlCTynXNnd6Pvi0IGdCMgkNAQiPQfMmVOBHxzNx86pmBoRECfOV8SyLwW5176ydEe1LRXNKnqGtHwKP8IYKHd63ATSUKJO1m/s1600/The+LMD+Longitudinal+Magneto-Dielectric.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitD6XklaOPsSCg86b5YTPqrpqVZuLQm_5afHWb1q5rEMhwrlCTynXNnd6Pvi0IGdCMgkNAQiPQfMmVOBHxzNx86pmBoRECfOV8SyLwW5176ydEe1LRXNKnqGtHwKP8IYKHd63ATSUKJO1m/s1600/The+LMD+Longitudinal+Magneto-Dielectric.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFHAMXRiz2pY_KdJQutfmm_FncBxQ0AgNmYFdWsBD4c6kN2cxafkpP5KkwGCtH2tr_mRLNTpdCPe1BfbVDkHcNmxnMbj2vnDtgwiOmdwrJ88ICLVt9f87GXqkrfctPyQ7wVQnzVbuCmOM1/s1600/longitudinal+EM+waves+propagation.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="784" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFHAMXRiz2pY_KdJQutfmm_FncBxQ0AgNmYFdWsBD4c6kN2cxafkpP5KkwGCtH2tr_mRLNTpdCPe1BfbVDkHcNmxnMbj2vnDtgwiOmdwrJ88ICLVt9f87GXqkrfctPyQ7wVQnzVbuCmOM1/s1600/longitudinal+EM+waves+propagation.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn4AS6HXILgyoSdLGu4wqSGSXaaxY9RfmjXxgGfi9T3XX7mCCZGfW1nQo3i1t4EqsgXW049iCTa7wMs6gRN4ECLmzpHZmdogOp-XfjR33Ay7pCdIQhBAyChf4kZ8KHkmD92nHbmcqEooif/s1600/Magneto-Dielectric.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn4AS6HXILgyoSdLGu4wqSGSXaaxY9RfmjXxgGfi9T3XX7mCCZGfW1nQo3i1t4EqsgXW049iCTa7wMs6gRN4ECLmzpHZmdogOp-XfjR33Ay7pCdIQhBAyChf4kZ8KHkmD92nHbmcqEooif/s1600/Magneto-Dielectric.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You may notice that the Magnetic energy is in Space CONJUCTION with the Dielectric energy</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqobJBzaZaf-gyupyOCd6HokEys2HjNXtbLUdQaulpJlPzy1WwoWqcDDi-j_CGO5YFaiGQM3WIIKSh4KJtkKEoSuSDur0Mtj7Eiit40e9YKxVl5081HeK3PhzpOwLc1-tSwfKvtQfF2Eyf/s1600/Magnetic+energy+is+in+Space+CONJUCTION.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="708" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqobJBzaZaf-gyupyOCd6HokEys2HjNXtbLUdQaulpJlPzy1WwoWqcDDi-j_CGO5YFaiGQM3WIIKSh4KJtkKEoSuSDur0Mtj7Eiit40e9YKxVl5081HeK3PhzpOwLc1-tSwfKvtQfF2Eyf/s1600/Magnetic+energy+is+in+Space+CONJUCTION.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiSeJRzSeQNaYyg3XHGUfJ7GDwx4q_LyO9e-ytnvZ8atZmRIBPkyw_MCMCCjaR-BTsBNxSMV_0Mx34DNQKOFY7NPrzWyYTCurJvITE1bWxFluJTcxbm4L1LpGKS-cn6XIKGvhDgltJyspt/s1600/Space+CONJUCTION+with+the+Dielectric+energy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="708" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiSeJRzSeQNaYyg3XHGUfJ7GDwx4q_LyO9e-ytnvZ8atZmRIBPkyw_MCMCCjaR-BTsBNxSMV_0Mx34DNQKOFY7NPrzWyYTCurJvITE1bWxFluJTcxbm4L1LpGKS-cn6XIKGvhDgltJyspt/s1600/Space+CONJUCTION+with+the+Dielectric+energy.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC3zI1G96HgCTEPNS_rDEgpA8vBAJWr9sZiL9TsHfy__e_ua5p8eLa5Kpncic0lEGz-ZMmPCpQs084Tc0h9mvWY0r259skPF65SJ8zxtzBsl0o9_Q0_dx82IqUhCSRI2OYkeK7a5MFkNk_/s1600/Magnetic+energy+em.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="708" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC3zI1G96HgCTEPNS_rDEgpA8vBAJWr9sZiL9TsHfy__e_ua5p8eLa5Kpncic0lEGz-ZMmPCpQs084Tc0h9mvWY0r259skPF65SJ8zxtzBsl0o9_Q0_dx82IqUhCSRI2OYkeK7a5MFkNk_/s1600/Magnetic+energy+em.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If you transform AC or DC Electric Current to Tesla's Longitudinal Electric Current, you should be able to get more Watts out than you put in.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVcnQoQuO00jhfC4USUytj-3K-DobkMG9UCLJoyqSuDrmJBnAySqJ3zf6WB4-_9LiPZ8LMdqonY9XQk-Qh1a9gN0lC8a-k_H1ecHS_2REQVVsZ8op4lJ5equmE77qprSbKano3qXVxJ4H1/s1600/get+more+Watts+out+than+you+put+in.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="708" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVcnQoQuO00jhfC4USUytj-3K-DobkMG9UCLJoyqSuDrmJBnAySqJ3zf6WB4-_9LiPZ8LMdqonY9XQk-Qh1a9gN0lC8a-k_H1ecHS_2REQVVsZ8op4lJ5equmE77qprSbKano3qXVxJ4H1/s1600/get+more+Watts+out+than+you+put+in.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The method used for measuring the magnetic induction:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQU8oFqgaVRoEOMJOuZAeUK16ASRlwcHHHuKvUNGGnzaX3U9CzZ_QI3lfGyfg4JzgIFT6_hR_9asEghKhzEeAsB7P00zz0rW5oP4wMaelw7ZRPNK4doHanpHN5mWDBO4W4V4YWG9yfMDO/s1600/The+method+used+for+measuring+the+magnetic+induction.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="The method used for measuring the magnetic induction" border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQU8oFqgaVRoEOMJOuZAeUK16ASRlwcHHHuKvUNGGnzaX3U9CzZ_QI3lfGyfg4JzgIFT6_hR_9asEghKhzEeAsB7P00zz0rW5oP4wMaelw7ZRPNK4doHanpHN5mWDBO4W4V4YWG9yfMDO/s1600/The+method+used+for+measuring+the+magnetic+induction.jpg" title="The method used for measuring the magnetic induction" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Additional notes :</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Each coil has been checked (with an LC oscillator circuit) so as to obtain the same inductance ( L=1.58 mH).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Coils specs (L1 to L8) : about 150 turns (l=85mm) of 4/10 mm on a ferrite rod ( l=120 mm, 9 mm diam)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All voltages measurements have been done with an oscilloscope.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVw5KVnZbA2kxtRv435Lw8LIP0ryCkEQo7GnmiveGO8NsQ9C72x-ENJwQWZ56eHTOvJaWSKHFx6KnJgYPklmfBNECGX50Ji_FPobi_Yw4qcLPVJDtane0-CI_doNg8jUqG7psSxmqIoy41/s1600/coil+has+been+checked.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVw5KVnZbA2kxtRv435Lw8LIP0ryCkEQo7GnmiveGO8NsQ9C72x-ENJwQWZ56eHTOvJaWSKHFx6KnJgYPklmfBNECGX50Ji_FPobi_Yw4qcLPVJDtane0-CI_doNg8jUqG7psSxmqIoy41/s1600/coil+has+been+checked.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Note. Some interesting book references:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Introduction to Dielectric & Magnetic Discharges in Electrical Windings, B.S.R.A. No TE-2, 1982</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Electric Discharges, Waves, and Impulses. Chapter II, by Charles P. Steinmetz, McGraw Hill, N.Y. 1914, 2nd Ed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Symbolic Representation of the Generalized Electric Wave, by Eric Dollard, B.S.R.A. No TE-4, 1985.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4. Symbolic Representation of Alternating Electric Waves, by Eric Dollard, B.S.R.A. No TE-3, 1985.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena, Chpt.V, by C.P. Steinmetz, McGraw Hill N.Y. 1900, Third Edition</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6. The Imaginary of Algebra, pages 33-35, by Alex McFarlane, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol XLI (1891-1894)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">7. The Principles of the Algebra of Physics, A.McFarlane, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol XL (1891-1894) page 77.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">8. Condensed Intro to Tesla Transformers, by Eric Dollard, B.S.R.A. 1986.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">9. Theory of Wireless Power, By Eric Dollard, B.S.R.A. 1986.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">10. Electromagnetic Theory, Oliver Heavyside, Chelsea Press.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">11. Theory and Calculation of Transient Waves and Electric Oscillations, "Transients in Time & Space." C.P. Steinmetz, McGraw Hill, 1910 Third Edition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">12. Impedance, Angular Velocities & Frequencies of Oscillating Currents, by A.E. Kennelly, Institute of Radio Engineers, Nov. 3, 1913.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">13. Vector Power in A.C. Circuits, A.E. Kennelly, Proc. A.I.E.E., June 29, 1910.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-------------------------</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-438225286747760742019-10-16T04:12:00.003-07:002020-05-11T09:03:54.884-07:00Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vacuum Tube</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or valve (British usage) or, colloquially, a tube (North America), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode and is used for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLjvnOJJ5En9Eobrll0SqiQWXzx03XZ1CMsGuq4TuzqghEsmit-7MlLl0PRMUnTixrPKFlJPnVtBnyU9-I2tTf45yPyNxWLa2gC7OT9GLHz_aZdfxbZLCSaPWS5RYUVu0FW8Wwrd9ZjfiH/s1600/Vacuum+Tube.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Vacuum Tube " border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLjvnOJJ5En9Eobrll0SqiQWXzx03XZ1CMsGuq4TuzqghEsmit-7MlLl0PRMUnTixrPKFlJPnVtBnyU9-I2tTf45yPyNxWLa2gC7OT9GLHz_aZdfxbZLCSaPWS5RYUVu0FW8Wwrd9ZjfiH/s640/Vacuum+Tube.jpg" title="Vacuum Tube " width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vacuum Tube 6sn7 and a 5u4gb </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the early 21st century, many of us have never even heard of vacuum tubes, and the few who have only know that they were used in old electronics. Therefore, before I begin this project, I feel the need to explain how they work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Picture 1:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjm-t_UMBwaYMdz-WWUe662f0PGE0D2UcExSVnyWA0S0OgmNLt-it7URQRBRMgrSOYvkwRMVklfLIRFHAE0aFFg-AhO0wuTOb028N2SL3fSo_40cgg8E-xuoeVTQoSz5p5HxtTFQsZWiix/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="640" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjm-t_UMBwaYMdz-WWUe662f0PGE0D2UcExSVnyWA0S0OgmNLt-it7URQRBRMgrSOYvkwRMVklfLIRFHAE0aFFg-AhO0wuTOb028N2SL3fSo_40cgg8E-xuoeVTQoSz5p5HxtTFQsZWiix/s320/Vacuum+Tube+map.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Picture 2:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil-BNAcKEWBDzl74fkFCLJ4Go9cGvd89QU4s_gtzREB2CMnsh2V6noJnPj7r5bKySbhebrrIAGBngafMRr_5mF-uO0UNbhb1S0wU2siSVE0OywkWOB9sAKh3YvA6EGryY995rHZ1jumbqU/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil-BNAcKEWBDzl74fkFCLJ4Go9cGvd89QU4s_gtzREB2CMnsh2V6noJnPj7r5bKySbhebrrIAGBngafMRr_5mF-uO0UNbhb1S0wU2siSVE0OywkWOB9sAKh3YvA6EGryY995rHZ1jumbqU/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Picture 3:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXe_7UHGDyCaZDu3B-GTamOsc4eLTjlS0QUDLrwS5c5MKtHmHrTe60oxKkhfrLli3XmV6TPRRMVYghQ4IftagQLY_8xng4VYlpYQ_zlXsA_gWUtK5NNXZigJyd3AKKP4t-MBWU9HdgIXa/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXe_7UHGDyCaZDu3B-GTamOsc4eLTjlS0QUDLrwS5c5MKtHmHrTe60oxKkhfrLli3XmV6TPRRMVYghQ4IftagQLY_8xng4VYlpYQ_zlXsA_gWUtK5NNXZigJyd3AKKP4t-MBWU9HdgIXa/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+3.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Picture 4:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb2xallARmlS2KHcUPUFGczSt56vxJGt-gopV1gDcbK6-JY-TvcoiI2_r-H8zkr57kWtcwUlD4jnoaZKbdZkFiaofxCrXEnRuvOBBz7SHYhRLcNxt0DWckz3KBx0gT_39-SOw13w4fALTU/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb2xallARmlS2KHcUPUFGczSt56vxJGt-gopV1gDcbK6-JY-TvcoiI2_r-H8zkr57kWtcwUlD4jnoaZKbdZkFiaofxCrXEnRuvOBBz7SHYhRLcNxt0DWckz3KBx0gT_39-SOw13w4fALTU/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+4.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lets take a look at picture 1. This is the standard symbol for a vacuum tube diode. A diode only conducts electricity in one direction. They can be used to turn an alternating current into a direct current. In the diagram, the bottom half hexagon is the filament. It is just like the filament inside of an incandescent lightbulb. The line above it is called the plate. The circle around the filament and plate represents the (usually glass, sometimes metal) envelope of the tube. Almost all of the air inside of this envelope has been evacuated, there is a vacuum. This will become important later.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Now, lets take a look at picture 2. Here we have applied a voltage between the filament and the plate. The filament is negatively charged, and the plate is positively charged. While the electrons in the filament are attracted to the plate, there is not enough voltage for them to do so on their own. So how can we get them to jump? Take a look at picture 3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In picture 3, a few new things have appeared.First, we have a 10 volt power supply connected to each side of the filament. Just as in an incandescent lightbulb, this heats the filament up. The negative side of the power supply is still connected to the filament, but the positive side is not. Notice that now, the negatively charged electrons are stil flowing into the filament from the 100 volt power supply, but something is different. Why are they floating around the filament? As the filament heats up, thermionic emissions occur. Essentially, the electrons are shaken off of the filament by its thermal energy. This can happen because there is a vacuum. So now, the question is: What happens when we connect the positive side of the 100 volt power supply to the plate? Take a look at picture 4 to find out.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In picture 4, the positive side of the 100 volt power supply is connected to the plate. We have zoomed back towards the tube. In the picture, the electrons floating around the filament are moving towards the plate! There are no air particles to hinder their passage, so after the thermionic emission occurs, the positively charged plate attracts them, and they accelerate towards it, hit it, and move along the wire back into the power supply. That's how a vacuum tube diode works.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The principle of operation is relatively simple, but a Tesla Coil such as the one that we are building is an oscillator. That means that there is a feedback system that turns the diode on and off, to accomplish this, we use a triode. </span></div>
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Triode</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvBek1a8adc-4_z-WRFAk-G8s13tUgCIiTxI4f0Ox1a3mAjOOQMev7N8uaO-ztXrSkcRtgD9k3fFUg7_LjojdnlulWIpPEarzDltRRE5zYoWeQ8aQwnEDmlGi7adCl5HRaXIK70K48eAKR/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+-+UX245.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvBek1a8adc-4_z-WRFAk-G8s13tUgCIiTxI4f0Ox1a3mAjOOQMev7N8uaO-ztXrSkcRtgD9k3fFUg7_LjojdnlulWIpPEarzDltRRE5zYoWeQ8aQwnEDmlGi7adCl5HRaXIK70K48eAKR/s640/Vacuum+Tube+-+UX245.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vacuum Tube - UX245</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh77uMBnPzbSIL79iqghbxm-pM5pcr-RzuS8IglSo9k8thYUZ2vnGzUIBovfQgBvKgHfTQ9yIywh1UbDhLVuP1f2eA6jVyd5cmwNr71CFhwcA6z4fYISz5Guk0xg9ibZwt-KakJ4rBMdQRO/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+trioe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh77uMBnPzbSIL79iqghbxm-pM5pcr-RzuS8IglSo9k8thYUZ2vnGzUIBovfQgBvKgHfTQ9yIywh1UbDhLVuP1f2eA6jVyd5cmwNr71CFhwcA6z4fYISz5Guk0xg9ibZwt-KakJ4rBMdQRO/s400/Vacuum+Tube+trioe.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The first true electronic amplifier was the vacuum tube triode. It works because like charges (in this case, electrons) repel each other. Take a look at picture 1. It looks similar to the symbol for a vacuum tube diode, but it has an extra part that looks like a grid between the plate and filament.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This grid normally allows electrons to pass through itself for diode operation, but as it grows more and more negatively charged, it allows less and less electrons to travel from the filament to the plate due to electrostatic repulsion. In this way, you can regulate the flow of a relatively large current by using a relatively small one.</span></div>
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Tesla Coil</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tesla coils produce dramatic high-frequency, high-voltage electric sparks. They utilize the principles of transformers, ac driven circuits, and RLC transients.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdoytCAiWUP25s02WosWladA05c9KNRA7kOQQiG7ZP94NpYVwAd-OydS-1Kw0hicGi52SHXzErNHIVGo2dshTiOzsfw9B8cjUedBLUwB49b1TlEb6TfUXDynv1CS_TY5bK4AVoSkNG44f-/s1600/Tesla+Coil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Tesla Coil" border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="542" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdoytCAiWUP25s02WosWladA05c9KNRA7kOQQiG7ZP94NpYVwAd-OydS-1Kw0hicGi52SHXzErNHIVGo2dshTiOzsfw9B8cjUedBLUwB49b1TlEb6TfUXDynv1CS_TY5bK4AVoSkNG44f-/s640/Tesla+Coil.jpg" title="Tesla Coil" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Photo - Tesla coil. The 60 Hz power source on the left drives an LC circuit that, when the voltage is high enough, causes sparking across the spark gap. This drives the primary on the right into oscillation at its high resonance frequency (on the order of a MHz). The Tesla coil, coupled weakly to this oscillation, draws off energy, at a high voltage and at the frequency of the resonance.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Tesla coil circuit uses two transformers. The first consists of a step-up iron core transformer at 120 V and 60 Hz, which drives the secondary to 25 KV and 60 Hz. This charges up a low C capacitor and a spark gap (which, when it is not sparking, may be thought of as a capacitor), in series with an inductorL. Including the resistance in the wires, this is an RLC circuit. Because 60 Hz is a relatively low frequency, the voltage associated with the inductor L is not very high, so the voltages across the capacitor and the spark gap are both nearly 25 KV. A glass sheath keeps the capacitor from sparking when subjected to such high voltage, but nothing prevents the spark gap from sparking. When that occurs, charge rushes across the spark gap, thus taking this RLC circuit out of equilibrium. It then undergoes transients, which consist of a damped RLC resonance at a frequency on the order of a MHz. In contrast to what happens for the low-frequency 60Hz voltage from the power transformer, for the high-frequency voltage associated with the LC circuit, the inductor couples to the step-up air transformer. This raises the high-frequency voltage of the latter to on the order of a MV. The many-turn secondary coil of this second transformer, which can be thought of as a parasite off the main RLC circuit, is what is meant by the Tesla coil.</span></div>
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The Vacuum Tube Oscillator</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizgEQjxY8mhe0vvecSXdhbpXsZF-CzchGuD4VH8bd4FGE7TA2GSxbuoewPrKHoSvY1dekOfNtPgXGp-T1riGfM6P4STPk_RSjl7MCSEw5mYboVshd979BfbHNWoD_bvx2cFhGOa4SgKPQO/s1600/The+Vacuum+Tube+Oscillator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="The Vacuum Tube Oscillator" border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="382" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizgEQjxY8mhe0vvecSXdhbpXsZF-CzchGuD4VH8bd4FGE7TA2GSxbuoewPrKHoSvY1dekOfNtPgXGp-T1riGfM6P4STPk_RSjl7MCSEw5mYboVshd979BfbHNWoD_bvx2cFhGOa4SgKPQO/s400/The+Vacuum+Tube+Oscillator.jpg" title="The Vacuum Tube Oscillator" width="382" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Tesla Coil is essentially a very large oscillator. When the primary side of the coil oscillates at the natural frequency of the secondary side, resonance is achieved. This is a fundamental concept that is used in all Tesla Coils and other resonant transformers (such as the ones found in many switch-mode power supplies, and CRT television sets). The Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil that I detail here uses a configuration known as an Armstrong Oscillator.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the standard model of a transformer, there are two coils, a primary and a secondary coil. Currents are usually induced from the primary coil to the secondary coil (although the opposite sometimes happens, usually with destructive results), this is a concept that we will not go over now, if you are unfamiliar with it, then this is a good place to become acquainted: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer</a>. However, an Armstrong Oscillator works by introducing a third coil, called the feedback, or sometimes "tickler" coil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Currents are not only induced from the primary coil into the secondary coil, but also into the feedback coil. This feedback is then used to turn off the oscillator by blocking current from flowing into the primary coil. However, when the primary coil is turned off, current is no longer induced into the feedback coil, and it no longer blocks current from flowing through the primary coil. In this way, the cycle repeats indefinitely, until it is interrupted, or the power is switched off.</span></div>
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Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here is the particular schematic for the Tesla Coil that we will be building:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfUw_tMOdrhz-FUDbU5WCy4JgWyb8KJ_ACoMg0FeFn2hJzS_jU5PnFYz4skKPDqk52eKFPeZdkHqhJAYoy7av7ew8cdhcStjlvubWXLs2LE2QwXB6ZRo8hJZxh9_n93Srelgmt7iav4npw/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+Tesla+Coil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil" border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="911" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfUw_tMOdrhz-FUDbU5WCy4JgWyb8KJ_ACoMg0FeFn2hJzS_jU5PnFYz4skKPDqk52eKFPeZdkHqhJAYoy7av7ew8cdhcStjlvubWXLs2LE2QwXB6ZRo8hJZxh9_n93Srelgmt7iav4npw/s1600/Vacuum+Tube+Tesla+Coil.jpg" title="Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A few things that you should note are that I have found that you should make the primary coil (L1) slightly larger but allow for it to be tapped every other turn. Also, I've noticed that a slightly larger (~2nF) tank capacitor (C1) works better for my coil, but this could vary. Also, if you are adventurous enough, you might consider using a level shifter to double the voltage to the 811A tubes to 4000VAC RMS and then use a staccato circuit (something you should consider even without the level shifter) to keep the tubes running cool. However, since this is a slightly more advanced project I will not cover it here (yet!)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tesla's Radiant Energy - Cold Electricity from Tesla Coils - Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By replacing the Spark Gap in the Tesla Coil Circuit with a Vacuum Tube, we still generate Cold Electricity!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Special for you! How to build a homemade generator - <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/10/tesla-radiant-energy.html" target="_blank">radiant energy</a></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Glenwood Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, Hoa Kỳ41.5002489 -81.60416270000001841.499505400000004 -81.605423200000018 41.5009924 -81.602902200000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-25428251114844816392019-10-10T01:37:00.000-07:002020-05-11T09:01:07.281-07:00Tesla's Radiant Energy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
"We are on the threshold of a gigantic revolution, based on the wireless transmission of power", wrote the Croatian electrical pioneer Nikola Tesla, then in his 70s, in the 1930s. "We will be enabled to illuminate the whole sky at night _ eventually we will flash power in virtually unlimited amounts to (other) planets."<br />
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The modern world owes a great deal to Tesla's vision: alternating current, radio (he pipped Marconi to the post by at least three years), radio-controlled vehicles and fluorescent lighting are among his more mundane creations. Others remain highly esoteric, perhaps none more so than universal energy, in which power would be drawn from the air itself and supplied to homes, machinery and vehicles, without wires or cables.<br />
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The trick, Tesla thought, was to use the air of the upper atmosphere to transmit energy - over any distance, above or through the Earth, even to other planets. Power would be beamed to a terminal in the upper atmosphere, then transmitted to receivers on the ground or in the air. The risks were potentially high - "So strangely do such powerful discharges behave," he wrote in 1899, "that I have often experienced a fear that the atmosphere might be ignited."<br />
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Nikola Tesla and universal energy:</b></div>
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Despite his reputation as a visionary and genius, Tesla's refusal to compromise his ideas saw a steady decline in his fortunes. His pronouncements about the future of radio communications, universal energy and robot technologies commanded front page news but with successive wars and the Great Depression his utopian dreams drew ever further from reality.</div>
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With his lonely death in 1943, many of the secretive inventor's papers were lost, leaving only speculation and mystery behind. Although his more fanciful notions, such as <b>universal energy</b>, seem unlikely to have succeeded, Tesla's legacy surrounds us, and he lives on as an avatar of far out science.</div>
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Tesla's radiant energy</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLZ_o1ZJ9uc2HKSEEqI-Gnih6nf1SuWMNJf-y6ngwi2Qa5JqXr-Pu152CSZipfz-TIBXXQFroaxebfYYj4JeEiW7EPenyXLYl0685eao2R4OnIAsQidUH43JqDaU6xGZ0SY8Ad8tBNUEJT/s1600/Tesla+Coil+top.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A kind of Roentgen tube" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="667" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLZ_o1ZJ9uc2HKSEEqI-Gnih6nf1SuWMNJf-y6ngwi2Qa5JqXr-Pu152CSZipfz-TIBXXQFroaxebfYYj4JeEiW7EPenyXLYl0685eao2R4OnIAsQidUH43JqDaU6xGZ0SY8Ad8tBNUEJT/s1600/Tesla+Coil+top.gif" title="A kind of Roentgen tube" /></a></div>
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- "A kind of Roentgen tube" on Tesla Coil top, conductive path sensed by distant receiver</div>
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The patent refers to "the sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy, like cosmic rays," that the device works at night is explained in terms of the night-time availability of cosmic rays. Tesla also refers to the ground as "a vast reservoir of electricity of negative charge". Tesla was fascinated by radiant energy and its free-energy possibilities. He called the Crooke's radiometer, a device which has vanes that spin in a vacuum when exposed to radiant energy "a beautiful invention." He believed that it would become possible to harness energy directly by "connecting to the very wheel-work of nature."</div>
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On his 76th birthday at his yearly ritual press conference, Tesla announced a "cosmic-ray motor" when asked if it was more powerful than the Crooke's radiometer, he answered, "thousands of times more powerful."</div>
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In 1901 Nikola Tesla was one the first to identify "radiant energy." Tesla says that the source of this energy is our Sun. He concluded that the Sun emits small particles, each carrying so small of a charge, that they move with great velocity, exceeding that of light. Tesla further states that these particles are the neutron particles. Tesla believed that these neutron particles were responsible for all radioactive reactions. Radiant matter is in tune with these neutron particles. Radiant matter is simply a re-transmitter of energy from one state to another. </div>
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Stick an antenna up in the air, the higher the better, and wire it to one side of a capacitor, the other going to a good earth ground, and the potential difference will then charge the capacitor.</div>
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Connect across the capacitor some sort of switching device so that it can be discharged at rhythmic intervals, and you have an oscillating electric output.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhobvIzZVt1axkR8tpjG0wRfXYx_XmpXAAN8GXC84q5M7qsuxxpP04ktU2kMLPWVJDMPDueX_hkIsV5l1NrxBabnt3nch6e9663j5zTwHKF-ZFN7G8E2790KGKwpYPUaPWPoCtaQiUQeuWj/s1600/oscillating+electric+output.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tesla Radiant Energy" border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="670" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhobvIzZVt1axkR8tpjG0wRfXYx_XmpXAAN8GXC84q5M7qsuxxpP04ktU2kMLPWVJDMPDueX_hkIsV5l1NrxBabnt3nch6e9663j5zTwHKF-ZFN7G8E2790KGKwpYPUaPWPoCtaQiUQeuWj/s1600/oscillating+electric+output.jpg" title="Tesla Radiant Energy" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qq-sQotGMqGBWSEr0EyHCV5cnBt8jK_dDCqf_EHE54lla5IJghk6HLCQfJZfytd_NF59056P1q6V8k_0GH9V4fXvhqlH-2C8UdzX1dxfeiZTIJFrDsWCCplAs87v8abt-2zuhPFQkrIe/s1600/Tesla+Radiant+Energy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tesla Radiant Energy" border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qq-sQotGMqGBWSEr0EyHCV5cnBt8jK_dDCqf_EHE54lla5IJghk6HLCQfJZfytd_NF59056P1q6V8k_0GH9V4fXvhqlH-2C8UdzX1dxfeiZTIJFrDsWCCplAs87v8abt-2zuhPFQkrIe/s1600/Tesla+Radiant+Energy.gif" title="Tesla Radiant Energy" /></a></div>
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<b>Tesla’s unlimited Radiant Energy</b><br />
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Tesla’s Radiant Energy was not thermionic emission, i.e. electrons escaping a heated metal as in cathodes of tubes, which many believing was the released energy. Tesla’s energy could pass through all matter; these electrons don’t. Tesla Radiant Energy was unlike any light (photons) seen since his work was concluded; it could not be compared to any existing physical item today, <b>nothing exists</b>!<br />
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Tesla’s Radiant Energy contains qualities unknown to any light which caveman science has learned to generate. It requires Tesla Technology which is <b>Impulse Technology</b>; without the disruptive, unidirectional IMPULSE, there is no Radiant Energy properties. Tesla created long vacuum tubes with light metals and heavy-walled glass for beaming aetheric streams. When the disrupter was triggered, an intense focused aetheric steam was realized from the tube this beam took the shape of a tightly threaded ray. This is Tesla’s Radiant Energy, he devised technology to both distribute and convert it into electrical energy for both industry and households needs.<br />
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This energy is encased in everything, the Sun, Moon, planets, empty space, etc. Tesla’s Impulse Technology released this energy for a capability to generate electricity. Just as the DC knife switch releases the same energy killing operators, Tesla engineered it for safely creating electricity for industry & household purposes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisdaAku4IAyS_tKEngixGVolHYMikosb7cm5QIBWfoHhS_eHRQGpa29sjb_QHvELyOlJqkA5tRicCJJIPwmJgLDMT2crDcrrJkQHbB34WYJB8qt7dLvmEigamWqsQ2bs7nT3uVno0Qty8a/s1600/Patent+685%252C958.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tesla's Radiant Energy" border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisdaAku4IAyS_tKEngixGVolHYMikosb7cm5QIBWfoHhS_eHRQGpa29sjb_QHvELyOlJqkA5tRicCJJIPwmJgLDMT2crDcrrJkQHbB34WYJB8qt7dLvmEigamWqsQ2bs7nT3uVno0Qty8a/s1600/Patent+685%252C958.png" title="Tesla's Radiant Energy" /></a></div>
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In viewing Fig. 1 the Tesla’s Radiant Energy is captured on plate P, transferred to a condenser C which is also connected to the ground, T’ it is negative to T. Also connected in parallel is the receiver R, which has a circuit controlling technology d of two thin metal plates swing t & t’; electromagnet M, armature a. When any Tesla’s Radiant Energy from the sun, or anything, detected at the P, an accumulation of electrical energy is charging the condenser by minute positive charged particles. This charging can be indefinite; even to the point of destroying the condenser. This being the purpose of controlling-circuit d to short out the condenser, discharging it through the receiver R. In Fig. 2 Tesla is illustrating his glass tube S emitting an Aether stream into the system and using a similar control-circuit t & t’ with a transformer P & s feeding a receiver R with electricity. The condenser plays a vital role, however, it merely is used as a temporary storage area for the electrical charge - a huge electrical charge!<br />
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Learn more: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/10/radiant-energy-definition.html" target="_blank">What Exactly Is Radiant Energy?</a><br />
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US685,958 - Method of Utilizing Radiant Energy - November 5, 1901: </h3>
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"It is well known that certain radiations - such as those of ultra-violet light, cathodic, Roentgen rays, or the like - possess the property of charging and discharging conductors of electricity, the discharge being particularly noticeable when the conductor upon which the rays impinge is negatively electrified.</div>
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"My own experiments and observations, however, lead me to conclusions more in accord with the theory heretofore advanced by me that sourced of such radiant energy throw off with great velocity minute particles of matter which are strongly electrified, and therefore capable of charging an electrical conductor, or even if not so may at any rate discharge an electrified conductor either by carrying off bodily its charge or otherwise".</div>
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"When rays or radiations of the above kind are permitted to fall upon an insulated conducting body connected to one of the terminals of a condenser, while the other terminal of the same is made by independant means to receive or to carry away electricity, a current flows into the condenser so long as the insulated body is exposed to the rays, and under the conditions hereinafter specified an indefinite accumulation of electrical energy in the condenser takes place. This energy after a suitable time interval, during which the rays are allowed to act, may manifest itself in a powerful discharge, which may be utilized for the operation or control of mechanical or electrical devices or rendered useful in many other ways.</div>
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"In applying my discovery I provide a condenser, preferably of consederableelectrostatic capacity, and connect one of its termansl to an insulated metal plate or other conducting body exposed to the rays or streams of radiant matter (Tesla makes a note about the construction of the condenser). The insulated plate or conducting body should present as large a surface as practicle to the rays or streams of matter, I having ascertained that the amount of energy conveyed to it per unit of time is under otherwise identical conditions proporionate to the area exposed, or nearly so. Furthermore, the surface should be clean and preferably highly polished or amalgamated. The second terminal or armature of the condenser may be connected to one of the poles of a battery or other source of electricity or to any conducting body or object whatever of such properties or so conditioned that by its means electricity of the required sign will be supplied to the terminal. (Tesla notes using a grounded conductor for supplying electricity of negative charge) As the rays or supposed streams of matter generally convey a positive charge to the first condenser-terminal, which is connected to the plate or conductor above mentioned, I usually connect the second terminal of the condenser to the ground, this being the most convenient way of obtaining negative electricity, dispensing with the necessity of providing an artificial source. In order to utilize for any useful purpose the energy accumulated in the condenser, I furthermore connect to the terminals of the same a circuit including an instrument or apparatus which it is desired to operate and another instrument or device for alternately closing and opening the circuit".</div>
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"The rays or radiations which are to be utilized for the operation of the apparatus above is described in general terms may be delivered from a natural source, as the sun, or may be artificially produced by such means, for example, as an arc-lamp, a Roentgen tube, and the like, and they may be employed for a great variety of useful purposes."</div>
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Hermann Plauson, a director of the Fischer-Tropsch "Otto Traun Research Laboratories" in Hamburg, Germany, during the 1920s, worked largely on radiant energy and even made a few patents of his own.</div>
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Patent US1540998 - Conversion of atmospheric electric energy - 9 Jun 1925, describes methods for capturing and converting this energy into usable currents</div>
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Mr Hermann Plauson advanced upon Mr Tesla's basic design and it would at least appear that he conducted extensive research into the field of radiant energy, Mr Plauson however termed it "atmospheric electric energy" () and noted it's similarity to static electricity but weather he actually knew of Mr Tesla's work or not, is unclear.</div>
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His systems mainly involved needle & radium- coated electricity conducting balloons or aerostats which were connected to complex converting systems consisting of coils, capacitors, spark gaps etc. He developed an electrostatic generator called Plauson's converter. In 1920, Plauson published a research journal on the subject, titled "Production and Utilization of the Atmospheric Electricity" (Gr., Gewinnung und Verwertung der Atmosphärischen Elektrizität). A second, expanded edition of his journal was published later the same year.</div>
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The following list of quotes are related with the production and projection of X ray and the utilization of radiant energy:</h3>
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The Problem of Increasing Human Energy: With Special Reference to the Harnessing of the Sun’s Energy - The Century Magazine - June, 1900:</h4>
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"In recent experiments I have discovered two novel facts of importance in this connection. One of these facts is that an electric current is generated in a wire extending from the ground to a great height by the axial, and probably also by the translatory, movement of the earth. No appreciable current, however, will flow continuously in the wire unless the electricity is allowed to leak out into the air. Its escape is greatly facilitated by providing at the elevated end of the wire a conducting terminal of great surface, with many sharp edges or points. We are thus enabled to get a continuous supply of electrical energy by merely supporting a wire at a height, but, unfortunately, the amount of electricity which can be so obtained is small.</div>
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The second fact which I have ascertained is that the upper air strata are permanently charged with electricity opposite to that of the earth. So, at least, I have interpreted my observations, from which it appears that the earth, with its adjacent insulating and outer conducting envelope, constitutes a highly charged electrical condenser containing, in all probability, a great amount of electrical energy which might be turned to the uses of man, if it were possible to reach with a wire to great altitudes."</div>
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Tesla, 75, Predicts New Power Source - New York Times - July 5th, 1931</h4>
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"When and where do you expect to make the official announcement of your new discoveries?" the inventor was asked.</div>
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These discoveries," he replied, "did not come to me over night, but as the result of intense study and experimentation for nearly thirty-six years. I am naturally anxious to give the facts to the world as soon as possible, but I also wish to present them in a finished form. That may take a few months or a few years.</div>
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The idea of atomic energy is illusionary but it has taken so powerful a hold on the minds, that although I have preached against it for twenty-five years, there are still some who believe it to be realizable.</div>
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I have disintegrated atoms in my experiments with a high potential vacuum tube I brought out in 1896, which I consider one of my best inventions. I have operated it with pressures ranging from 4,000,000 to 18,000,000 volts. More recently I have designed an apparatus for 50,000,000 volts which should produce many results of great scientific importance.</div>
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But as to atomic energy, my experimental observations have shown that the process of disintegration is not accompanied by a liberation of such energy as might be expected from the present theories.</div>
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But as to atomic energy, my experimental observations have shown that the process of disintegration is not accompanied by a liberation of such energy as might be expected from the present theories.</div>
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And as for the cosmic ray: I called attention to this radiation while investigating Roentgen rays and radioactivity. In 1899 I erected a broadcasting plant at Colorado Springs, the first and only wireless plant in existence at that time, and there confirmed my theory by actual observation. My findings are in disagreement with the theories more recently advanced.</div>
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I have satisfied myself that the rays are not generated by the formation of new matter in space, a process which would be like water running up hill. According to my observations, they come from all the suns of the universe and in such abundance that the part contributed by our own sun is very insignificant by percentage. Some of these rays are of such terrific power that they can traverse through thousands of miles of solid matter".</div>
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Tesla Cosmic Ray Motor May Transmit Power 'Round Earth - Brooklyn Eagle - July 10, 1932, John J. A. O'Neill:</h4>
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"The attractive features of the Cosmic rays is their constancy. They shower down on us throughout the whole 24 hours, and if a plant is developed to use their power it will not require devices for storing energy as would be necessary with devices using wind, tide or sunlight."</div>
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"All of my investigations seem to point to the conclusion that they are small particles, each carrying so small a charge that we are justified in calling them neutrons. They move with great velocity, exceeding that of light.</div>
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"More than 25 years ago I began my efforts to harness the cosmic rays and I can now state that I have succeeded in operating a motive device by means of them."</div>
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"I will tell you in the most general way," he said. "The cosmic ray ionizes the air, setting free many charges—ions and electrons. These charges are captured in a condenser which is made to discharge through the circuit of the motor."</div>
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"I have hopes of building my motor on a large scale, but circumstances have not been favorable to carrying out my plan."</div>
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Uknown (seeking the source):</div>
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“This new power for the driving of the world’s machinery will be derived from the energy which operates the universe, the cosmic energy, whose central source for the earth is the sun and which is everywhere present in unlimited quantities.”</div>
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Tesla Cosmic Ray Motor May Transmit Power 'Round Earth - Brooklyn Eagle - July 10, 1932, John J. A. O'Neill:</h4>
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"I will tell you in the most general way," he said. "The cosmic ray ionizes the air, setting free many charges—ions and electrons. These charges are captured in a condenser which is made to discharge through the circuit of the motor."</div>
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Tesla Cosmic Ray Motor May Transmit Power 'Round Earth - Brooklyn Eagle - July 10, 1932, John J. A. O'Neill:</h4>
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"I can now state that I have succeeded in operating a motive device by means of (cosmic rays). I will tell you in the most general way, the cosmic ray ionizes the air, setting free many charges (ions and electrons). These charges are captured in a condenser which is made to discharge through the circuit of the motor."</div>
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Device to Harness Cosmic Energy Claimed - by Nikola Tesla - New York American - November 1st, 1933:</div>
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"This new power for the driving of the world's machinery will be derived from the energy which operates the universe, the cosmic energy, whose central source for the earth is the sun and which is everywhere present in unlimited quantities."</div>
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Prepared Statement of Tesla (For interview with press on 81st birthday observance):</h4>
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There is one more discovery which I want to announce at this time, consisting of a new method and apparatus for the obtainment of vacua exceeding many times the highest heretofore realized. I think that as much as one-billionth of a micron can be attained. What may be accomplished by means of such vacua is a matter of conjecture, but it is obvious that they will make possible the production of much more intense effects in electron tubes. My ideas regarding the electron are at variance with those generally entertained. I hold that it is a relatively large body carrying a surface charge and not an elementary unit. When such an electron leaves an electrode of extremely high potential and in very high vacuum, it carries an electrostatic charge many times greater than the normal. This may astonish some of those who think that the particle has the same charge in the tube and outside of it in the air. A beautiful and instructive experiment has been contrived by me showing that such is not the case, for as soon as the particle gets out into the atmosphere it becomes a blazing star owing to the escape of the excess charge. The great quantity of electricity stored on the particle is responsible for the difficulties encountered in the operation of certain tubes and the rapid deterioration of the same.</div>
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One way of generating generators by Tesla's radiant energy</h2>
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Radiation energy according to mainstream science is lacking in the Aether doctrine. Although, the Aether doctrine can solve many problems of quantum physics on the verge of bleeding.<br />
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Although we do not fully understand the Aether and the radiation energy in it, we can follow the Tesla documents left:</div>
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/U_6VGP-gGeY" width="789"></ifra666me></div>
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The design in the video is the result of a lot of research on the <b>Tesla Coil and hairpin circuit</b>.<br />
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The Radiant Energy generator - <b>cold electricity </b>- above is found in two books as shown below:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinzxoBiQf6Tpflpy4ROoDjyY0iqC7B61_chXF5y-9YCQQQGNAtY2ShpLqMAqYl20EiQkbdTOixu1-TkNdvbyhaSnLMElaAAK2adNspMm3jcyzz_EbvKc57BwdZaNm5lLcAwJoe0f5Yeb5O/s1600/Two+books+on+Tesla%2527s+radiation+energy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Two books on Tesla's radiation energy" border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1156" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinzxoBiQf6Tpflpy4ROoDjyY0iqC7B61_chXF5y-9YCQQQGNAtY2ShpLqMAqYl20EiQkbdTOixu1-TkNdvbyhaSnLMElaAAK2adNspMm3jcyzz_EbvKc57BwdZaNm5lLcAwJoe0f5Yeb5O/s640/Two+books+on+Tesla%2527s+radiation+energy.png" title="Two books on Tesla's radiation energy" width="640" /></a></div>
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Learn more: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/10/radiant-energy-examples.html" target="_blank">Radiant Energy Examples - Cold Electricity</a><br />
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<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/earth-battery-detailed-plan.html" target="_blank">Earth Battery - Detailed plan</a></div>
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<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7Glenwood Rd, Cleveland, OH 44121, Hoa Kỳ41.523273 -81.54413799999997541.517329000000004 -81.554222999999979 41.529217 -81.534052999999972tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-43071772036412391782019-10-09T07:29:00.000-07:002020-05-11T08:58:31.700-07:00Radiant Energy Examples - Cold Electricity <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
What are some radiant energy examples? These can be useful for visualizing the potential of radiant energy which is a type of energy that is all around us, that we cannot usually see, but that we can tap into. In this article, I will give you some very easy to visualize examples (no pun intended!) that will give you a better understanding of this scientific reality.<br />
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<b>Read more</b>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/10/radiant-energy-definition.html" target="_blank">What Exactly Is Radiant Energy?</a><br />
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Examples of radiant energy according to mainstream science</h2>
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There are many examples for radiant energy, and most of them are a very important to us, and basically, they are all around us:<br />
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<li>Radio waves</li>
<li>Electricity</li>
<li>Gamma rays</li>
<li>Home heating units</li>
<li>Light from the Sun</li>
<li>Heat from an overused computer</li>
<li>Visible light</li>
<li>lighting fixtures</li>
<li>Emission of heat from a hot sidewalk</li>
<li>Microwaves utilize radiant energy</li>
<li>X-rays give off radiant energy</li>
<li>Water is reflecting or absorbing radiant energy</li>
<li>The light produced by a light bulb</li>
<li>Ultraviolet light</li>
<li>Heat created by the body can be radiant energy</li>
<li>Cell phones utilize radiant energy to function</li>
<li>Magnetic motor generators that utilize neodymium magnets create radiant energy</li>
<li>The heat emitted from a campfire</li>
<li>Heat caused by friction</li>
<li>Heat emitted from a dryer</li>
<li>A window reflects radiant energy</li>
<li>Fixtures that convert solar energy to heat</li>
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Examples of radiant energy follow unorthodox science - cold electricity</h2>
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Radiant energy by Nikola Tesla</h3>
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Radiant energy system was first developed by Nikola Tesla, in the 1930’s. Tesla used an antenna, stuck it up in the air to form a potential change in electrical current.Tesla used an antenna, stuck it up in the air to form a potential change in electrical current. Transmission of radiant energy is produced by a warm surface that gives its heat to a cooler surface. If there is a difference in temperature between two surfaces, both of them would try to equalize the temperatures.If there is a difference in temperature between two surfaces, both of them would try to equalize the temperatures.</div>
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Radiant energy is traveling through space without heating it. It only turns to heat when it is in contact with a cooler surface.It only turns to heat when it is in contact with a cooler surface. Radiant energy is produced naturally. It is used mostly in the fields of solar energy, radiometry, heating and lighting, telecommunication.It is used mostly in the fields of solar energy, radiometry, heating and lighting, telecommunication. Electromagnetic waves are traveling through outer space, moving at the speed of light. That is happening because of the radiant energy.That is happening because of the radiant energy. Electromagnetic waves as the radiant energy come into contact with particles and make them move.</div>
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Tesla made another remarkable discovery. He connected a very heavy U-shaped copper bar directly across the primary of his disrupter, forming a dead short-circuit. He then connected several ordinary incandescent filament bulbs between the legs of the U-shaped bar. When the equipment was powered up, the lamps lit with a brilliant cold white light. This is quite impossible with conventional electricity, and it shows clearly that what Tesla was dealing with was something new. This new energy is sometimes called “<b>cold electricity</b>” and Edwin Gray snr. demonstrated how different it is by lighting incandescent-filament bulbs directly from his power tube, submerging them in water and putting his hand in the water. <br />
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Experiment: <b>Cold electricity in hairpin circuit</b></div>
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/czYQraJRIWM" width="789"></iframe></div>
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<b>Cold electricity</b> is generally considered to be harmless to humans. Ed Gray’s power tube operates by generating radiant electricity waves by using a spark gap, and collecting the energy using three encasing copper cylinders surrounding the spark gap. The cylinders are drilled with many holes as that enhances the pick-up and the load is driven directly from the current in the cylinders. When lighting bulbs, Ed used an air-cored transformer made of just a few turns of very heavy wire. I, personally, am aware of two people who have independently reproduced Ed’s power tube.<br />
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<b>Cold electricity </b>is a form of Tesla's <b>radiant energy</b>. In addition, <b>cold electricity </b>is closely related to the Aether doctrine and <a href="https://overunity-generator-guide.blogspot.com/2019/08/zero-point-energy.html" target="_blank">zero point energy</a>.<br />
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An example of practice generating radiant energy - <b>cold electricity</b></h3>
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/U_6VGP-gGeY" width="789"></iframe><br />
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Actually, the principle behind radiant energy is similar to tuning a radio station and a television channel. It has something to do also with resonant frequency. The radiant energy circuitry receives energy waves from the atomic ions in the skies and are then converted into electricity.<br />
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I strongly believe that the principle behind a radiant energy generation is true. There are many inventors who had duplicated Nicola Tesla's invention. But we still need to improve this new technology. The energy crisis is still there and the danger of depleting our non-renewable energy resources has to be resolved. We must find a cheaper and cleaner fuel and I think radiant energy is our energy of the future.<br />
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<li><a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/09/zero-point-energy-of-permanent-magnet.html" target="_blank">Zero Point Energy Of The Permanent Magnet</a></li>
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<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Glenwood Rd, Cleveland, OH 44121, Hoa Kỳ41.523273 -81.54413799999997541.517329000000004 -81.554222999999979 41.529217 -81.534052999999972tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-90538935244517318822019-10-08T04:49:00.002-07:002020-05-11T08:56:26.149-07:00Radiant Energy Definition - What Exactly Is Radiant Energy? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The term "<b>radiant energy</b>" is most commonly used in the fields of radiometry, solar energy, heating and lighting, but is also sometimes used in other fields (such as telecommunications). In modern applications involving transmission of power from one location to another, "radiant energy" is sometimes used to refer to the electromagnetic waves themselves, rather than their energy (a property of the waves). In the past, the term "electro-radiant energy" has also been used.<br />
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The term "<b>radiant energy</b>" also applies to gravitational radiation. For example, the first gravitational waves ever observed were produced by a black hole collision that emitted about 5.3×1047 joules of gravitational-wave energy.<br />
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What Exactly Is Radiant Energy? </h2>
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Radiant Energy by mainstream science</h3>
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<b>Mainstream science:</b></div>
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In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. As energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time. The symbol Qe is often used throughout literature to denote radiant energy ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities). In branches of physics other than radiometry, electromagnetic energy is referred to using E or W. The term is used particularly when electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a source into the surrounding environment. This radiation may be visible or invisible to the human eye.</div>
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<u>Analysis:</u></div>
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Because electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be conceptualized as a stream of photons, radiant energy can be viewed as photon energy – the energy carried by these photons. Alternatively, EM radiation can be viewed as an electromagnetic wave, which carries energy in its oscillating electric and magnetic fields. These two views are completely equivalent and are reconciled to one another in quantum field theory - see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-particle_duality" target="_blank">wave-particle duality</a>.</div>
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EM radiation can have various frequencies. The bands of frequency present in a given EM signal may be sharply defined, as is seen in atomic spectra, or may be broad, as in blackbody radiation. In the photon picture, the energy carried by each photon is proportional to its frequency. In the wave picture, the energy of a monochromatic wave is proportional to its intensity. This implies that if two EM waves have the same intensity, but different frequencies, the one with the higher frequency "contains" fewer photons, since each photon is more energetic.</div>
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When EM waves are absorbed by an object, the energy of the waves is converted to heat (or converted to electricity in case of a photoelectric material). This is a very familiar effect, since sunlight warms surfaces that it irradiates. Often this phenomenon is associated particularly with infrared radiation, but any kind of electromagnetic radiation will warm an object that absorbs it. EM waves can also be reflected or scattered, in which case their energy is redirected or redistributed as well.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyBPZX8pNQfFCQ8-dWu2yCMhDfl1ifHk82eFGrUv5uMrkrWx-3Uviy-C2nlDEDhUG5TwOleJypu61I_U2-aN6VbTS3vjPAzVj-DPSTb23Ow-OKLlUYuKXYQg1dgbNglqrC7HdjKXSlnXh0/s1600/Radiant+Energy+Definition.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Radiant Energy Definition" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="550" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyBPZX8pNQfFCQ8-dWu2yCMhDfl1ifHk82eFGrUv5uMrkrWx-3Uviy-C2nlDEDhUG5TwOleJypu61I_U2-aN6VbTS3vjPAzVj-DPSTb23Ow-OKLlUYuKXYQg1dgbNglqrC7HdjKXSlnXh0/s640/Radiant+Energy+Definition.jpeg" title="Radiant Energy Definition" width="640" /></a></div>
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<u>Open systems:</u></div>
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Radiant energy is one of the mechanisms by which energy can enter or leave an open system. Such a system can be man-made, such as a solar energy collector, or natural, such as the Earth's atmosphere. In geophysics, most atmospheric gases, including the greenhouse gases, allow the Sun's short-wavelength radiant energy to pass through to the Earth's surface, heating the ground and oceans. The absorbed solar energy is partly re-emitted as longer wavelength radiation (chiefly infrared radiation), some of which is absorbed by the atmospheric greenhouse gases. Radiant energy is produced in the sun as a result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" target="_blank">nuclear fusion</a>.</div>
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Radiant Energy by People outside of mainstream science</h3>
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In 1875, Sir <b>William Crookes</b> discovered the properties of <b>Radiant Matter</b>. His invention of the Radiometer was proof that Radiant Matter was a constituent of sunlight. <b>Nikola Tesla</b>, following up on these discoveries, found that electrostatic charges could also be conveyed by Radiant Matter. He called it <b>Radiant Energy</b>. When Radiant Energy was transmitted from place to place, it behaved like “sound waves of electrified air.” By 1900, Tesla had developed lighting systems and electric motors that ran on Radiant Energy. By 1934, Thomas Henry Moray had demonstrated a small box that produced 50,000 watts, running on Radiant Energy. In 1973, Edwin V. Gray started demonstrating his EMA motor, an 80hp electric motor capable of keeping its own batteries charged while delivering surplus mechanical energy. And Paul Baumann built numerous models of an astonishing self-running machine called “Testatika” in Switzerland in the 1980’s. Much of John Bedini‘s work also falls into the field of Radiant Energy. These developments are only the tip of the iceberg in our knowledge of what is mistakenly referred to as “static electricity” but is really something much more astonishing.</div>
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<b>Abnormal DC phenomena are clues to harness Radiant Energy:</b></div>
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Before Tesla's invention of the Polyphase AC generator became the industry standard and overtook Thomas Edison's use of DC generators, the DC electrical system was the only system available to deliver electricity to America's homes and factories. </div>
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Due to the resistance offered by long transmission lines, Edison had to produce very high DC voltages from his generators in order to deliver enough voltage and current to its final destination. He also had to provide additional 'pumping' stations along the way to boost the sagging voltage which dwindled from line losses. </div>
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A curious anomaly occurred in the very first instant of throwing the power switch at the generating station: Purple/blue colored spikes radiated in all directions along the axis of the power lines for just a moment. In addition, a stinging, ray-like shocking sensation was felt by those who stood near the transmission lines. </div>
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In some cases, when very large DC voltages surged from the generators, the "stinging" sensation was so great that occasionally a blue spike jumped from the line and grounded itself through a workman, killing him in the process.</div>
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Tesla realized almost immediately that electrons were not responsible for such a phenomena because The blue spike phenomena ceased as soon as the current stated flowing in the lines. Something else was happening just before the electrons had a chance to move along the wire.</div>
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At the time, no one seemed to be very interested in discovering why these dramatic elevations in static electrical potential were taking place, but rather, engineering design efforts were focused on eliminating and quenching this strange anomaly which was considered by everyone to be a nuisance-except Tesla. </div>
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Tesla viewed it as a powerful, yet unknown form of energy which needed to be understood and harnessed if possible. The phenomena only exhibited itself in the first moment of switch closure, before the electrons could begin moving. </div>
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There seemed to be a "bunching" or "choking" effect at play, but only briefly. Once the electrons began their movement within the wire, all would return to normal. What was this strange energy that was trying to liberate itself so forcefully at the moment of switch closure?</div>
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Learn more: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/self-powered-electrical-generator-generate-radiant-energy.html" target="_blank">Self-powered electrical generator: The nature of electrical impulses to generate radiant energy</a><br />
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<b>Radiant Energy and Cold Electricity</b></div>
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Later, the abnormal DC phenomenon was developed by Tesla into a spark gap in the Tesla coil. With circuits that have a spark gap (similar to anomalous DC), Tesla has created a technology to transmit electricity wirelessly and harness energy from the sky (from nothingness). The intention to develop Radiant Energy to provide electricity to all mankind cheap (or free) has been suppressed by "energy monopoly".</div>
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The smallest scale of Radiant Energy is Cold Electricity. Experiments on refrigeration show that electricity can be transmitted without elets. This is a Radiant Energy.</div>
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See the transmission of Radiant Energy (Cold Electricity form):<br />
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C0siPuJQ5wM" width="789"></iframe></div>
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Up to now, official science has not been funded to study Radiant <b>Energy - Cold Electricity</b>. Here is a comment and explanation in the theory of Electric Universe:</div>
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<i>I'm definitely not an expert but I'm at least pretty sure... But not 100% sure... That in order to have a dielectric discharge there must be a insulating dielectric barrier ....which is why high voltage is required to do it....and dielectric discharge produces ozone....and since the earth has a ozone layer... You must conclude that the universe is electrical and not gravitational which is quite obvious to people outside of mainstream science... They will never admit that the universe and sun are in fact electric... And they will never get rid of Einsteins obviously incorrect theory because of 1 reason...if they do admit it then they will be admitting that they have been fear mongering citizens of the World with nuclear weapons and that nuclear weapons are fake....because they are based on Einsteins incorrect gravitational sun model were explosives are placed around a core and detonated squeezing the core... Just like how they claimed the sun worked... The electric universe theory explains the universe very easily unlike the standard model...its no comparison... The electric universe theory blows the standard model away in terms of simplicity and explanation of the universe... (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0siPuJQ5wM" target="_blank">Source</a>)</i></div>
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What are the Applications of radiant energy?</h2>
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Applications of radiant energy by mainstream science</h3>
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Radiant energy is used for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heating" target="_blank">radiant heating</a>. It can be generated electrically by infrared lamps, or can be absorbed from sunlight and used to heat water. The heat energy is emitted from a warm element (floor, wall, overhead panel) and warms people and other objects in rooms rather than directly heating the air. Because of this, the air temperature may be lower than in a conventionally heated building, even though the room appears just as comfortable.</div>
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Various other applications of radiant energy have been devised. These include treatment and inspection, separating and sorting, medium of control, and medium of communication. Many of these applications involve a source of radiant energy and a detector that responds to that radiation and provides a signal representing some characteristic of the radiation. Radiant energy detectors produce responses to incident radiant energy either as an increase or decrease in electric potential or current flow or some other perceivable change, such as exposure of photographic film</div>
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Applications of Radiant energy by People outside of mainstream science</h3>
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Application in Medicine</h3>
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The Tesla coil produces Radiant Energy, and it has been used in physiotherapy. Electric current can be transmitted through the human body, but the patient does not feel the electric shock.</div>
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Application in exploiting electricity</h3>
Tesla's intention is to develop Radiant Energy to provide cheap electricity to mankind on a large scale. However, the work was suppressed.<br />
See more details here: <a href="https://freedomnewstrend.blogspot.com/2019/08/unraveling-nikola-teslas-greatest-radiant-energy.html" target="_blank">Unraveling Nikola Tesla's Greatest Secret: Radiant Energy</a><br />
On a small scale, the exploitation of radiant energy in the form of cold electricity - Tesla was successful.<br />
This is a video about the construction of a generator - <b>radiant energy - cold electricity</b><br />
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/U_6VGP-gGeY" width="789"></ifra6me><br />
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Build a Free Energy Generator based on the Diagram - Radiant Energy
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>Maybe you like:</u> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/09/zero-point-energy-of-permanent-magnet.html" target="_blank">Zero Point Energy Of The Permanent Magnet</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1Glenwood Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, Hoa Kỳ41.5002489 -81.60416270000001841.499505400000004 -81.605423200000018 41.5009924 -81.602902200000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-13068753808767601802019-09-14T03:16:00.003-07:002020-05-11T08:53:49.625-07:00Zero Point Energy Of The Permanent Magnet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Joseph has been granted a patent and he has written a book. I would recommend that you buy a copy of his book and help support his work by doing that, but unfortunately, as I understand it, the printing plates for the book were destroyed in a fire and printed copies of his book are effectively unobtainable. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE5xiOg0ueES5KZOuAiT3jXCNSDU-nfMhyQkXG35sFC7K2grhTEIxrVcRv9XR-PXPwTENhe6gGTLNxJKMPJ7GqgtsqyOetNG9qCDsuiBUBSJ_3h-4tx8BaHQqqrKmcwhIe_FPV1u2fuW5b/s1600/Joseph+Newman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Joseph Newman " border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE5xiOg0ueES5KZOuAiT3jXCNSDU-nfMhyQkXG35sFC7K2grhTEIxrVcRv9XR-PXPwTENhe6gGTLNxJKMPJ7GqgtsqyOetNG9qCDsuiBUBSJ_3h-4tx8BaHQqqrKmcwhIe_FPV1u2fuW5b/s1600/Joseph+Newman.jpg" title="Joseph Newman " /></a></div>
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In very brief outline, Joseph has built a motor which can access free energy. He has a theory about where the excess energy is coming from and how it is acquired by his designs. He has also built a large stationary motor to demonstrate his theory and he has built a motor into a car. </div>
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With the kind permission of the Joseph Newman organisation, I am going to attempt to introduce you to the important scientific conclusions reached by Joseph and the Energy Machine which he designed and which is based on those conclusions. Joseph has a keen enquiring mind and thinks things through for himself rather than blindly accepting everything he is told. This description contains illustrations and wording taken from parts of Joseph’s book published in 1984, and I should like to express my thanks for being given permission to use this material.</div>
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Introducing the magnetic generator of Joseph Newman</h2>
<b>The Joseph Newman Motor - magnetic generator</b>. Joseph Newman is a man who impresses me. He performs experiments, reports the results and then bases theoretical conclusions on the results of his own experiments. This is the true scientific method.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6HBYqGieV7FlxynmxX1Z5cVHljkLEn9xBQbCmTIf8VsDD-V1wtHjP2wV4xiV2SbTYGp6VGq9hbnlgmWTwdUbXlfcfBNd2HWHkKtYBcP7g2enJOsNiHeeLMUsdEQ-gXeqOFMPzvLZ8Q2r/s1600/The+Joseph+Newman+Motor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Introducing the magnetic generator of Joseph Newman" border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="383" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6HBYqGieV7FlxynmxX1Z5cVHljkLEn9xBQbCmTIf8VsDD-V1wtHjP2wV4xiV2SbTYGp6VGq9hbnlgmWTwdUbXlfcfBNd2HWHkKtYBcP7g2enJOsNiHeeLMUsdEQ-gXeqOFMPzvLZ8Q2r/s320/The+Joseph+Newman+Motor.jpg" title="Introducing the magnetic generator of Joseph Newman" width="320" /></a></div>
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Joseph Newman’s motors all consist of a very powerful permanent magnet which rotates or oscillates in or near a coil with a very large number of turns of copper wire. The coil is energised by a battery pack, and the magnetic field produced by the coil provides the force needed to move the permanent magnet. A mechanical switching device or “commutator” reverses the direction of current flow through the coil every half cycle, and in some models, it also cuts off the current input between the current reversals.</div>
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The main difference between Joseph’s designs and previous motors is one of scale as Joseph uses very large coils and very large ceramic magnets weighing up to 700 pounds. His smaller motors use powerful rare earth magnets and the coils are wound with 100,000 turns of copper wire. This creates a very high coil resistance and the battery pack voltages are correspondingly high, being in the hundreds to thousands of volts range.</div>
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The torque or turning power applied to the magnet in these motors is proportional to the magnet strength, the number of turns in the coil and the current flowing in the coil. In Joseph’s motors, very large torques can be developed by very small currents. In one demonstration, a motor running on 3,000 volts at 0.8 milliamps has such power that it is not possible to stop the motor by holding its two-inch (50 mm) diameter shaft, though the current can be raised by trying to stop it, to 3 milliamps, or nine watts of power.</div>
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Joseph’s motors are different in other ways. If fluorescent tubes are connected across the motor coil, they light up due to the coil’s collapsing magnetic field each time the current direction is switched. These fluorescent tubes are used to protect the mechanical switch from arcing damage. The additional power produced in these tubes is at a very high frequency of 10 to 20 MHz. This radio-frequency current has been accurately measured and it exceeds the battery input current by a factor of five to ten times in the different motors. The measured current and voltage were in phase, indicating a real power output.</div>
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Permanent Magnets and Zero Point Energy</h2>
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How is a magnet able to generate force continuously?</h3>
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It appears that Maxwell and Faraday were the only people who considered that “lines” of magnetic force are actual physical entities and not just a method of representing notional forces and those “lines of force” are actually streams of matter in motion.</div>
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Maxwell says: “In speaking of the Energy of the field, however, I wish to be understood literally. All energy is the same as mechanical energy, whether it exists in the form of motion or in that of elasticity, or in any other form. The energy in electromagnetic phenomena is mechanical energy”.</div>
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Joseph then considered Michael Faraday’s Electrical Generator and the implications of the way in which it operated:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhC9Vuz34LiWDF984CEtXlx-AEGHARRTlqNZMoDIZjzRbCXSvn-VPyq4hgGVQr1P6Oy9wsjLm5Gmokse2Gf2bRxAyrgYVg4KklSVnMOZt8-o-guM3ugmwCkgLqT8PSoUq-HaDv_oceiKWE/s1600/Michael+Faraday%25E2%2580%2599s+Electrical+Generator1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="349" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhC9Vuz34LiWDF984CEtXlx-AEGHARRTlqNZMoDIZjzRbCXSvn-VPyq4hgGVQr1P6Oy9wsjLm5Gmokse2Gf2bRxAyrgYVg4KklSVnMOZt8-o-guM3ugmwCkgLqT8PSoUq-HaDv_oceiKWE/s320/Michael+Faraday%25E2%2580%2599s+Electrical+Generator1.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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Here, a loop of wire is moved downwards from level “A” to level “B”. This movement causes an electrical current to flow leftwards along the wire as shown by the red arrows. Joseph’s question was “why does it go in that direction every time the wire is moved in that way?”</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3uERJ8hvA4d36UBWOFwRhFeBxFjf-BClccWwrMJkRN8pY-tbICh7bUK2RxuMsusivgn5twS-WhrN4WaWWQVlAqBR_c0gHVSFuVWqrVVxocF-kdaJCoV2JHW5-npXPgOd7AGpA6boSlw9n/s1600/movement+causes+an+electrical+current.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="349" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3uERJ8hvA4d36UBWOFwRhFeBxFjf-BClccWwrMJkRN8pY-tbICh7bUK2RxuMsusivgn5twS-WhrN4WaWWQVlAqBR_c0gHVSFuVWqrVVxocF-kdaJCoV2JHW5-npXPgOd7AGpA6boSlw9n/s320/movement+causes+an+electrical+current.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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If the wire is moved upwards through the same magnetic field, then the current flowing in the wire moves in the opposite direction. Why? How does the current “know” which way to go?</div>
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If you turn the magnetic field round by reversing the position of the magnetic fields and then move the wire loop in the same way as before, the current flows in the opposite direction. How does the current “know” which way to flow, or which way round the magnets are turned as it does not touch them?</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIutOl29GRzmzhyphenhyphenpKj9jHnMoIu0Q0bwloCXRG-taWss8CGDKM6MgXWDzCIdPu2UuPfp9nONhqpexEkVwe2qYYg-TwtifPRzfU90QY9LPjYlIeXVJDheuBg28UBZThgGvEg44tN7og4Khoe/s1600/which+way+round+the+magnets.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIutOl29GRzmzhyphenhyphenpKj9jHnMoIu0Q0bwloCXRG-taWss8CGDKM6MgXWDzCIdPu2UuPfp9nONhqpexEkVwe2qYYg-TwtifPRzfU90QY9LPjYlIeXVJDheuBg28UBZThgGvEg44tN7og4Khoe/s1600/which+way+round+the+magnets.gif" /></a></div>
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The next interesting point is that if the wire loop is moved up and down between the magnets, but turned to be parallel to the flux flowing between the poles, then no current flows in the wire, no matter how quickly the wire is moved up and down.</div>
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Another point is that if the wire loop is moved slowly up through the magnetic flux, the electric current which flows as a result of that slow movement, moves at the speed of light, flowing from “A” towards “B”.</div>
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Now, if the wire loop is disconnected and turned over, the part which was at “A” now moved to “B”, and the same movement of the wire carried out - the current flow is in exactly the same direction although its path along the wire is reversed (because the wire has been reversed). This shows that the direction of current flow is not affected by the wire itself.</div>
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According to conventional teachings, this electric current flow was not a result of the magnetic field as the magnetic lines of force were supposed to be imaginary, consisting of Potential Energy and no Kinetic Energy. It became clear to Joseph that this conventional teaching was wrong. Instead, it seemed clear that the magnetic field consists of particles which have mechanical characteristics, and those particles must be moving at the speed of light within the magnetic field.</div>
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A key question seemed to be: “how does the current ‘know’ which direction to flow?” as the direction was always consistent. After careful consideration, it occurred to Joseph that the answer was provided by the actions of a gyroscope:</div>
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Here, if the axle of the spinning flywheel, or gyroscope, is pressed downwards it moves off in the direction shown by the red arrows. However, if the axle is pressed upwards:</div>
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then the axle moves in the opposite direction as shown by the red arrows. This effect is, of course, reversed if the direction of rotation of the gyroscope is reversed (as it will be if viewed from the other side, in the same way as the current flow direction in the wire is reversed if the magnetic poles are swapped over).</div>
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Now, if the gyroscope axle is moved up and down equally on both sides, there is no resulting sideways force:</div>
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The action of the gyroscope axle matched the current flow in the wire in every respect, so it became clear to Joseph that the particles flowing between the poles of the magnet were spinning as well as moving at the speed of light. This gyroscopic mechanical motion of the particles accounts for all of the characteristics of the current flow in a wire which is being moved through a magnetic field. This is a major insight on the part of Joseph.</div>
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May I remark that these particles are not coming from the magnet itself, but are flowing in from the zero-point energy field, that flow being caused by the broken symmetry of the <b>zero-point energy field </b>generated by the dipole effect of the poles of the magnet. That is why energy can (appear to) be drawn from magnets for years on end. And, this explains the <b>magnet able to generate force continuously.</b></div>
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Joseph then went on to consider the physical aspects of permanent magnets. There were two very significant facts which had to be considered. The first of these is that different materials have markedly different magnetic characteristics:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVU4pBXKg3QdzLs1yIyjKANmtMYGRlCjbTgUqh8wXXoq8bXu2BJ-UnzDVOHbMIP0Gq8b5eZ7H2Dpryk_3LoL_Sew2GKBUjrwQrbXDoy3LKsKRCkNIQ7AYj_DS-Jpk679DDDkumDt_z-UpJ/s1600/physical+aspects+of+permanent+magnets.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="magnet able to generate force continuously" border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVU4pBXKg3QdzLs1yIyjKANmtMYGRlCjbTgUqh8wXXoq8bXu2BJ-UnzDVOHbMIP0Gq8b5eZ7H2Dpryk_3LoL_Sew2GKBUjrwQrbXDoy3LKsKRCkNIQ7AYj_DS-Jpk679DDDkumDt_z-UpJ/s1600/physical+aspects+of+permanent+magnets.gif" title="magnet able to generate force continuously" /></a></div>
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A bar of soft iron does become a permanent magnet when pulsed briefly with a strong magnetic field, but if exactly the same level of magnetic pulsing is applied to a similar bar of an alloy of iron, nickel and cobalt, a permanent magnet is also produced, but the magnetic field of the alloy is very much stronger than that of the soft iron bar. This shows that the molecular structure of the bar has a major effect on the resulting magnet.</div>
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In passing, please be aware that the more powerful magnets available nowadays are so strong that they can easily injure you. If you pick up a magnet and inadvertently get close to a second one, the loose magnet will jump some inches and try to connect to the one in your hand, crushing your fingers in the process and proving very hard indeed to shift in order to deal with the injury. I have also seen it alleged that US ‘AlNiCo’ (Aluminium / Nickel / Cobalt alloy) magnets are deliberately doped with K40 isotope which renders them useless fairly quickly. The source of this information is highly dubious, but the extra sales advantages to the magnet manufacturers would be significant. Also, the advantages for the people wanting to suppress the creation of free-energy magnet motors would be major as many talented US inventors are likely to think that their successful magnet motors were failures because the magnets appeared to be “drained of power” by being used in their design, when in fact, the design is perfectly good. So I will leave you to make up your own mind about the matter and remark that Bill Muller found that his powerful Chinese-manufactured magnets were in perfect condition after eleven years of use.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The power of magnets - Zero Point Energy</h3>
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Another point which Joseph considered was the fact that when successive magnetic pulses are applied to a ferromagnetic metal bar, the resulting magnetic field strength reaches a definite maximum value, and further pulsing has no further beneficial effect:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmSNzzQGgQTGjWcg7HUoiY695t3Zm3U5ae_Zca2ahZmB54zVX31LBlJPcp25V7llCWFVyxoC1_kGYJEG6BSSiw1SxWaRsGF59cQ1QZJqbKIB5twEQ5K2q2lIUHgTy20ZqR5jfblLAMTQBj/s1600/further+beneficial+effect.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The power of magnets" border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmSNzzQGgQTGjWcg7HUoiY695t3Zm3U5ae_Zca2ahZmB54zVX31LBlJPcp25V7llCWFVyxoC1_kGYJEG6BSSiw1SxWaRsGF59cQ1QZJqbKIB5twEQ5K2q2lIUHgTy20ZqR5jfblLAMTQBj/s1600/further+beneficial+effect.gif" title="The power of magnets" /></a></div>
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This is considered to be the magnetic pulse aligning atoms in the metal. Eventually, all of the atoms are aligned and so not further effect can be produced by further pulsing. This alignment can be destroyed if the metal bar is heated to a sufficiently high temperature, forcing the atoms into such an energetic state that the alignment is lost.</div>
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<b>The power of magnets by zero-point energy field:</b></div>
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It should perhaps, be stressed here, that the <b>magnet </b>itself does not have any <b>power</b>, in spite of seeming to have. Tom Bearden explains this clearly by pointing out that what happens is that the opposite poles of the magnet created a “dipole” which unbalances the random ‘quantum foam’ nature of the local environment (the zero-point energy field) and that causes continuous energy flows from the environment. The “magnet” power is coming from the environment and not from the magnet itself.</div>
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If you find this hard to believe and think that you are just getting back the electromagnetic energy which you pumped into the metal when creating the magnet in the first place, then apply simple arithmetic. Assume that you get back exactly 100% of the original power and calculate how long that amount of power would allow the magnet support its own weight against gravity, when attached to a vertical metal surface. Then ask yourself how come the magnet can do it for years and years on end. Point proved conclusively?</div>
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Joseph concluded that the attraction of “unlike” magnetic poles and the repulsion of “like” poles is caused by the gyroscopic spin direction of the actual physical streams of the “lines of force”, which he has shown that both of the scientific giants, Maxwell and Faraday were convinced were actual physical entities. The intuitive genius Nikola Tesla described the zero-point energy field as having the physical characteristics of a gas, capable of having motion, exerting pressure, and yet having particle size so small that it can flow through any physical material. Joseph has concluded that this field flow has a specific spin direction as it flows, certainly for flows caused by the magnetic dipole of a magnet. It should be remembered that the scientific teaching of present day educational institutions is at least fifty years out of date. We have the most unusual situation where the scientific literature of a hundred years ago is actually of better quality than that of today which does not describe the actual world at all well. Currently, misconception is alive and very well.</div>
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For example, Maxwell produced equations describing how the world works. Admittedly, these equations are very difficult for people to understand. H. A. Lorentz simplified these equations and his results are mistakenly described as Maxwell’s which they most certainly are not. Tom Beardon illustrates it this way; consider a sailing boat being driven along by the force of the wind against the sails:</div>
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Maxwell says that there is a vast swathe of wind blowing across the ocean, capable of powering a long row of a thousand sailing boats side by side. This is the actual physical case. Lorentz has ‘simplified’ things by saying “we will consider one boat and only one boat. As the rest of the wind does not touch any part of the boat we can ignore it”. While that is true for that one boat, what science teaching now says is that the wind can only power a single boat. This is not the actual case, as the environmental wind is not limited to powering just one boat (sailing regattas would not be much fun if that were the case!). This, of course, is just an illustration. Maxwell’s equations cover energy and power for the whole universe, and deal with all cases. Lorentz has taken a sub-set of the conditions described by Maxwell’s equations, just the group which apply to “closed systems” – just one boat on the ocean. Science has latched on to this and now confidently states that everything is a “closed” system, when in fact, as the <b>zero-point energy field</b> flows through everything, everywhere at all times, and is capable of supplying unlimited additional energy anywhere at any time, there is probably not a single instance of a “closed” system anywhere in the universe.</div>
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Joseph Newman, and all other serious inventors, have to fight against this “conventional” science teaching, which is now so entrenched that it has become the equivalent of religious dogma, and ‘scientists’ are unwilling to consider valid observations which do not fit in with the very limited Lorentz concept of the environment. They say “perpetual motion is impossible” which means that Newton was wrong when he said that a moving body will keep on moving indefinitely unless some force acts on it to stop it.</div>
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You can see then, that when Joseph performs tests and then bases his conclusions on the results of those tests, that he is applying the true scientific method, and people who say that his verified results are impossible because Lorentz says so, are not being scientifically honest. No honest person can ignore genuine scientific observations.</div>
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Joseph’s deduction that magnetic lines of force are formed of actual physical particles spinning in gyroscopic motion as they move along their magnetic path at the speed of light, was not something which was obvious to scientists, in spite of the fact that both Maxwell and Faraday had both explicitly described these lines of force as being ‘kinetic magnetic energy’:</div>
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As a wire passes in front of and across the end of a bar magnet, the current flows in one direction, pauses, and then flows in the opposite direction. This occurs due to the gyroscopic flow direction of the particles. For instance, on one side of the South end of the magnet, the lines of force spin “up” while on the other side of that same South end, they spin “down”. A spinning gyroscope will move at right angles to the force acting on it, so as the gyroscopically spinning particles encounter the particles of the wire, they move “up” or “down” the wire at right angles to the direction in which they first encounter the wire. Please note that it is the gyroscopic spin direction of the particles which determines magnetic ‘attraction’ or ‘repulsion’ and not the direction of flow of those particles along their line of force:</div>
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It should also be realised that although we draw ‘lines’ of force around a magnetic device, the reality is that these are really shells of force and the magnetic flow is really like water flowing in a river. While we may draw arrows to indicate direction and strength of currents in a diagram of the river, the reality is, of course, that there is water flowing at all points in the river and not just along the lines which we decide to draw. The same applies to the magnetic flow around a magnet, it exists like a solid mass flowing through and around the magnet. You don’t see it or feel it because the particles are so small.</div>
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Now to the details of how to construct a device to take advantage of this magnetic movement and output more power than is required to make it operate. Let me remind you again that we are talking here of a Coefficient of Performance (COP) which is greater than 1 in a system which has an overall power efficiency of less than 100%. This is, of course, due to the additional energy flowing in from the <b>zero-point energy</b> field. Joseph visualises the apparent energy gain as being conversion of a small amount of matter into its energy form (E = mC2), and while this is probably correct, it will be particles of the <b>zero-point energy</b> field which are being converted into their energy form and not particles from the metal of the magnet. It must be remembered that the particles of the <b>zero-point energy</b> field keep swapping over from energy to physical form all the time anyway. Energy is never “used up” but merely converted from one form to another and the <b>zero-point energy</b> field contains such a staggering amount of energy that all of the visible matter in the whole of the universe could be created from the energy in a single cc of the <b>zero-point energy</b> field. So, if a few sub-sub-sub-microscopic particles of the <b>zero-point energy</b> field switch into their energy form to produce what looks like excess power to us, that is an item so trivial to the field that it is not even worth mentioning – less than the effect of taking one grain of sand off a beach one hundred miles long. The conventional conception of the way things are is so far away from reality that it is ridiculous, (and that is even without saying anything about the effect that the time axis dimension has on the energy balance and flow of energy).</div>
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But back to Joseph’s design. Firstly, he points out that it is generally agreed (courtesy of Gustav Kirchhoff) that in the situation shown here:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC91dXcdVz3w3JksI3kUk2-u9uSEZLpx3PWuhtu2DgtnI-h1xzB932TUV0ziL9m1BjuPVLaZevq_Q-NojYyVRfw0p359AouaifBtDzFfQ3yHSDIJV1-NS6B6e5eJ7FvZz1q7sgYI440SNj/s1600/courtesy+of+Gustav+Kirchhoff.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC91dXcdVz3w3JksI3kUk2-u9uSEZLpx3PWuhtu2DgtnI-h1xzB932TUV0ziL9m1BjuPVLaZevq_Q-NojYyVRfw0p359AouaifBtDzFfQ3yHSDIJV1-NS6B6e5eJ7FvZz1q7sgYI440SNj/s1600/courtesy+of+Gustav+Kirchhoff.gif" /></a></div>
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in any given instant of time, the amount of current flowing into the system (“X”) is exactly matched by the amount of current flowing out of the system (“X”). But, if measuring equipment is attached across the coil at the moment of switch-off, an additional amount of current (“X”) flows out of the coil. This is generally agreed, and it suggests that a quantity of current “X” flows into the coil and yet a quantity of “2X” flows out of it (COP=2).</div>
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Joseph examines this situation in practical detail as follows:</div>
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Consider an air-cored coil with an interior diameter of 10 feet, a height of 8.32 feet and would with 1,000 feet of 40-gauge copper wire. That length of wire has a resistance of 1,049 ohms and weighs 0.02993 pounds. If 100 volts DC is connected across it, then a current of about 95 milliamps will flow, which is a power input of 9.5 watts. With just 31.8 turns, it will produce a weak magnetic field of 0,012 Gauss, with a mere 0.000014 Joules of energy stored in it. With a tiny inductance of just 0.003 Henries, if the current is stopped and the ends of the coil shorted together, only an insignificant current would flow.</div>
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Now, repeat the experiment, but this time, use 5-gauge copper wire. As it has a resistance of 0.3133 ohms per 1,000 foot length. To equal the same resistance and match the previous current flow, a massive length of 3,348,000 feet needs to be used. This length of wire will weigh 335,469.6 pounds which is 16.77 tons. The 10-foot interior diameter coil, 8.32 feet tall, wound with this wire will have about 90,000 turns. If 100 volts DC is now connected across the coil, the same 95 milliamp current will flow with an input power of 9.5 watts, the same as before. But due to the massively larger coil, it has a magnetic field of 23.7 Gauss, which is 1,905 times larger than the previous coil, and with 116 Joules of energy stored in the magnetic field. This is a phenomenal 8,000,000 times more energy than in the 40-gauge coil of the previous example. A phenomenally larger current flow would now occur if the current input was stopped and the coil shorted out, as that would generate an inductance of 25,700 Henries which is more than eight million times the inductance of the previous coil:</div>
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Everybody who was it was asked: “Based on your expertise, how much power would be necessary to simply operate this device mechanically?”. Answers ranged from 200 watts to 1,000 watts. On learning that it had an air-cored coil, other skilled individuals stated that in their expert opinion, the unit would be highly inefficient since it contained no iron core. However, from the design information already presented here, it can be shown that the actual necessary power input is less than 1.5 watts providing a power output far in excess of 100%.</div>
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Dr. Roger Hastings, Principle Physicist at Sperry Univac Corporation and former Associate Professor of Physics at North Dakota State University, tested this prototype and showed that it had an 800% efficiency – that is a Coefficient of Performance of 8.0 which is impressive. In addition, Dr Hastings estimated that with a 1.5 watt power input, the back emf exceeded 80,000 watts. In operation, the 600-pound, hand-made magnet rotates at just 200 rpm.</div>
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Joseph’s patent which is in the Appendix of the eBook, indicates four different ways of implementing his design principles. It is very clear that Joseph has proved his point by producing and constructing a device which Lorentz considered to be impossible, thanks to his throwing out the free-energy sections of Maxwell’s equations. Joseph Newman has clearly earned our respect.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Plan for Magnetic Generators - zero-point energy extraction</h3>
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In many ways of harnessing zero energy of Nikola Tesla, using permanent magnets to generate kinetic energy is an effective method to generate electricity. This type of generator is called a Magnetic Generators</div>
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<b>Plan for the construction of a magnetic generator</b>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The 100-year Power Monopoly Plan - Ultimate Energizer Guide</a></div>
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In addition to exploiting <b>zero point energy</b> without relying on permanent magnets:<br />
<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></u>
<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practical guide:</span></u><br />
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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These are two ways of harnessing electrical energy, without the need for intense mechanical motion (rotary motion). </div>
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The way of exploiting energy is different, but the nature is still <b>zero point energy extraction</b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2Glenwood Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, Hoa Kỳ41.500254 -81.60344229999998341.4995105 -81.604702799999984 41.5009975 -81.602181799999983tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-87504887747874179722019-09-09T06:50:00.004-07:002020-05-11T08:52:35.119-07:00Magnet Generators: Pulse-Charging Battery Systems<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Main content:</span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">1. Pulse-Charging Battery </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">2. Magnet Generators by Pulse-Charging Battery Systems</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Pulse-Charging Battery Systems - Ron Pugh’s Charger</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Dơnload Magnet Generators by Pulse-Charging Battery Systems - Ultimate Energizer</span></li>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Pulse-Charging Battery </h2>
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It is possible to draw substantial amounts of energy from the local environment and use that energy to charge batteries. Not only that, but when this method of charging is used, the batteries gradually get conditioned to this form of non-conventional energy and their capacity for doing work increases. In addition, about 50% of vehicle batteries abandoned as being incapable of holding their charge any longer, will respond to this type of charging and revive fully. This means that a battery bank can be created at very low cost.</div>
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However, while this economic angle is very attractive, using batteries for any significant home application is just not practical. If you set up a new bank account and deposit £1000 in it, and when you come back to check on it some days later, you discover that there is only £500 in it. You ask the bank to check this error and they inform you that there is no error, all banks only return half of what is deposited in any account. What would you think of that? But, that is exactly what a lead-acid battery does for you – it only returns half of the current which you feed into it when charging it. In other words, you waste half of the power which you feed into a car battery. NiCad and the more popular NiMh batteries return two thirds of what is fed into them. Capacitors and banks of super-capacitors are 100% efficient and lose nothing as unlike batteries, they are not a chemical process.</div>
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It is recommended that batteries are not discharged more rapidly than a twenty hour period. This means that a battery rated at a capacity of 80 Amp-hours (80 AHr) should not be required to supply a current of more than 4 amps. If you exceed that discharge rate, then the number of times that the battery can be charged and discharged is cut back severely – something which you do not realise at the time, but discover later when the battery needs to be replaced as it no longer holds a charge. This is a devastating restriction which pushes battery operation into the non-practical category, except for very minor loads like lights, TVs, DVD recorders and similar equipment with minimal power requirements.</div>
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The main costs of running a home are those of heating/cooling the premises and operating equipment like a washing machine. These items have a minimum load capacity of just over 2 kW. It makes no difference to the power requirement if you use a 12-volt, 24-volt or 48-volt battery bank. No matter which arrangement is chosen, the number of batteries needed to provide any given power requirement is the same. The higher voltage banks can have smaller diameter wiring as the current is lower, but the power requirement remains the same.</div>
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So, to provide a 2 kW load with power, requires a total current from 12-volt batteries of 2000 / 12 = 167 amps. Using 80 AHr batteries this is 42 batteries. Unfortunately, the charging circuits described below, will not charge a battery which is powering a load. This means that for a requirement like heating, which is a day and night requirement, there needs to be two of these battery banks, which takes us to 84 batteries. This is only for a minimal 2 kW loading, which means that if this is being used for heating, it is not possible to operate the washing machine unless the heating is turned off. So, allowing for some extra loading like this, the battery count reaches, perhaps, 126. Ignoring the cost, and assuming that you can find some way to get over the acid problem, the sheer physical volume of this number of batteries is just not realistic for domestic installation and use. In passing, you would also need two inverters with a 2,500 watt capability</div>
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The recent charging system shown by ‘UFOpolitics’ in chapter 3, provides a very good and simple charging method which uses cold electricity. This can overcome the previous constraints imposed by using batteries, probably both with regards to current draw and with regards to recharging time. The Electrodyne Corp. staff who experimented extensively with the Tesla Switch circuitry, found that when a battery was fully conditioned to used cold electricity, that a battery could be disconnected, discharged independently to it’s full capacity, and then re-charged completely in under one minute. That style of operation completely overcomes the objections to using battery banks to power household equipment of any power.</div>
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Battery banks are used to power standard inverters which can look like this:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEx6GBMAT_9PCSqXr9Dw0_fRj5r_zrkabkkBpGRbC33S9f0S5aGoyMBtY3ipZyGBnOQUdDlcdzyE78ozHafKzP7prGezhYMrU7FJ_VW_3d4mrdjqrKhced0jzBZC-VgAwRh9fy4tSgW8mK/s1600/Battery+banks.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pulse-Charging Battery - Battery banks" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="525" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEx6GBMAT_9PCSqXr9Dw0_fRj5r_zrkabkkBpGRbC33S9f0S5aGoyMBtY3ipZyGBnOQUdDlcdzyE78ozHafKzP7prGezhYMrU7FJ_VW_3d4mrdjqrKhced0jzBZC-VgAwRh9fy4tSgW8mK/s320/Battery+banks.gif" title="Pulse-Charging Battery - Battery banks" width="320" /></a></div>
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The battery connects at the back, using very thick wires, and one or more mains sockets on the front provide a power supply similar to the mains, matching it in both voltage and frequency. There is one variety of inverter called a “True Sine-Wave” inverter and costing much more than the ordinary non-sinewave inverters. Most equipment works well on the ordinary variety. It is usually the power available from the battery bank which is the limiting factor, combined with the long time taken to recharge the battery bank after use.</div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Magnet Generators by Pulse-Charging Battery Systems</h2>
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John Bedini has designed a whole series of pulse-generator circuits, all based on the 1:1 multi-strand choke coil component disclosed in his patent US 6,545,444</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Pulse-Charging Battery Systems - Ron Pugh’s Charger</h3>
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John Bedini’s designs have been experimented with and developed by a number of enthusiasts. This in no way detracts from fact that the whole system and concepts come from John and I should like to express my sincere thanks to John for his most generous sharing of his systems. Thanks is also due to Ron Pugh who has kindly agreed for the details of one of his Bedini generators to be presented here. Let me stress again, that if you decide to build and use one of these devices, you do so entirely at your own risk and no responsibility for your actions rests with John Bedini, Ron Pugh or anyone else. Let me stress again that this document is provided for information purposes only and is not a recommendation or encouragement for you to build a similar device.</div>
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Ron’s device is much more powerful than the average system, having fifteen coil windings and it performs most impressively. Here is a picture of it rotating at high speed:</div>
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John Bedini’s designs have been experimented with and developed by a number of enthusiasts. This in no way detracts from fact that the whole system and concepts come from John and I should like to express my sincere thanks to John for his most generous sharing of his systems. Thanks is also due to Ron Pugh who has kindly agreed for the details of one of his Bedini generators to be presented here. Let me stress again, that if you decide to build and use one of these devices, you do so entirely at your own risk and no responsibility for your actions rests with John Bedini, Ron Pugh or anyone else. Let me stress again that this document is provided for information purposes only and is not a recommendation or encouragement for you to build a similar device.</div>
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Ron’s device is much more powerful than the average system, having fifteen coil windings and it performs most impressively. Here is a picture of it rotating at high speed:</div>
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This is not a toy. It draws significant current and produces substantial charging rates. This is how Ron chose to build his device. The rotor is constructed from aluminium discs which were to hand but he would have chosen aluminium for the rotor if starting from scratch as his experience indicates that it is a very suitable material for the rotor. The rotor has six magnets inserted in it. These are evenly spaced 60 degrees apart with the North poles all facing outwards.</div>
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The magnets are normal ceramic types about 22 mm wide, 47 mm long and 10 mm high. Ron uses two of these in each of his six rotor slots. He bought several spare ones and then graded all of them in order of their magnetic strength, which varies a bit from magnet to magnet. Ron did this grading using a gauss meter. An alternative method would have been to use a paper clip about 30 mm in size and measure the distance at which one end of the clip just starts to rise up off the table as the magnet is moved towards it:</div>
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Having graded the magnets in order of strength, Ron then took the best twelve and paired them off, placing the weakest and strongest together, the second weakest and the second strongest, and so on. This produced six pairs which have fairly closely matching magnetic strengths. The pairs of magnets were then glued in place in the rotor using super glue:</div>
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It is not desirable to recess the magnets though it is possible to place a restraining layer around the circumference of the rotor as the clearance between the magnet faces and the coils is about a quarter of an inch (6 mm) when adjusted for optimum performance. The North poles of the magnets face outwards as shown in the diagram above. If desired, the attachment of the magnets can be strengthened by the addition of blank side plates to the rotor which allows the magnet gluing to be implemented on five of the six faces of the magnet pairs:</div>
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The magnets embedded in the outer edge of the rotor are acted on by wound “coils” which act as 1:1 transformers, electromagnets, and pickup coils. There are three of these “coils”, each being about 3 inches long and wound with five strands of #19 AWG (20 SWG) wire. The coil formers were made from plastic pipe of 7/8 inch (22 mm) outer diameter which Ron drilled out to an inner diameter of 3/4 inch (19 mm) which gives a wall thickness of 1/16 inch (1.5 mm). The end pieces for the coil formers were made from 1/8 inch (3 mm) PVC which was fixed to the plastic tube using plumbers PVC glue. The coil winding was with the five wires twisted around each other. This was done by clamping the ends of the five wires together at each end to form one 120 foot long bundle.</div>
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The bundle of wires was then stretched out and kept clear of the ground by passing it through openings in a set of patio chairs. A battery-powered drill was attached to one end and operated until the wires were loosely twisted together. This tends to twist the ends of the wires together to a greater extent near the end of the bundle rather than the middle. So the procedure was repeated, twisting the other end of the bundle. It is worth remarking in passing, that the drill turns in the same direction at each end in order to keep the twists all in the same direction. The twisted bundle of wires is collected on a large-diameter reel and then used to wind one of the “coils”.</div>
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The coils are wound with the end plates attached and drilled ready to screw to their 1/4 inch (6 mm) PVC bases, which are the bolted to the 3/4 inch (18 mm) MDF supporting structure. To help the winding to remain completely even, a piece of paper is placed over each layer of the winding:</div>
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The three coils produced in this way were then attached to the main surface of the device. There could just as easily have been six coils. The positioning is made so as to create an adjustable gap of about 1/4 inch (6 mm) between the coils and the rotor magnets in order to find the optimum position for magnetic interaction. The magnetic effects are magnified by the core material of the coils. This is made from lengths of oxyacetylene welding wire which is copper coated. The wire is cut to size and coated with clear shellac to prevent energy loss through eddy currents circulating inside the core.</div>
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The coils are positioned at equal intervals around the rotor and so are 120 degrees apart. The end pieces of the coil formers are bolted to a 1/4 inch (6 mm) PVC base plate which has slotted mounting holes which allow the magnetic gap to be adjusted as shown here:</div>
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The three coils have a total of fifteen identical windings. One winding is used to sense when a rotor magnet reaches the coils during its rotation. This will, of course happen six times for each revolution of the rotor as there are six magnets in the rotor. When the trigger winding is activated by the magnet, the electronics powers up all of the remaining fourteen coils with a very sharp, pulse which has a very short rise time and a very short fall time. The sharpness and brevity of this pulse is a critical factor in drawing excess energy in from the environment and will be explained in greater detail later on. The electronic circuitry is mounted on three aluminium heat sinks, each about 100 mm square. Two of these have five BD243C NPN transistors bolted to them and the third one has four BD243C transistors mounted on it.</div>
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The metal mounting plate of the BD243 transistors acts as its heat sink, which is why they are all bolted to the large aluminium plate. BD243C transistors look like this:</div>
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The circuit has been built on the aluminium panels so that the transistors can be bolted directly on to it, and provided with insulating strips mounted on top of it to avoid short circuits to the other components. Standard strip connector blocks have been used to inter-connect the boards which look like this:</div>
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The circuit used with this device is simple but as there are so many components involved, the diagram is split into parts to fit on the page. These diagrams are usually drawn with a common charging wire going to the top of the battery which is being charged. However, it needs to be understood that drawing it that way is just for convenience and better performance is achieved if each charging circuit has its own separate wire going to the charging battery as shown in Section 1 here:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixeoqNJXNewy0Km2l7ajySXfzvFaqVfwoT_tbH4O88Em_MFdPGmsKWJo25L8qHxzZgddFDc2phM5tJQwYjfzsM2XrrrEeUM85Y0eDgdksH1WRqslC-GiYf5jaS896rJNlzxM47qxIsNQtd/s1600/The+circuit+used+with+this+device3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="597" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixeoqNJXNewy0Km2l7ajySXfzvFaqVfwoT_tbH4O88Em_MFdPGmsKWJo25L8qHxzZgddFDc2phM5tJQwYjfzsM2XrrrEeUM85Y0eDgdksH1WRqslC-GiYf5jaS896rJNlzxM47qxIsNQtd/s1600/The+circuit+used+with+this+device3.gif" /></a></div>
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While this looks like a fairly large and complicated circuit, it actually is not. You will notice that there are fourteen identical circuit sections. Each of these is quite simple:</div>
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This is a very simple transistor circuit. When the trigger line goes positive (driven by the magnet passing the coil) the transistor is switched on hard, powering the coil which is then effectively connected across the driving battery. The trigger pulse is quite short, so the transistor switches off almost immediately. This is the point at which the circuit operation gets subtle. The coil characteristics are such that this sharp powering pulse and sudden cut-off cause the voltage across the coil to rise very rapidly, dragging the voltage on the collector of the transistor up to several hundred volts. Fortunately, this effect is energy drawn from the environment which is quite unlike conventional electricity, and thankfully, a good deal less damaging to the transistor. This rise in voltage, effectively “turns over” the set of three 1N4007 diodes which then conducts strongly, feeding this excess free-energy into the charging battery. Ron uses three diodes in parallel as they have a better current-carrying capacity and thermal characteristics than a single diode. This is a common practice and any number of diodes can be placed in parallel, with sometimes as many as ten being used.</div>
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The only other part of the circuit is the section which generates the trigger signal:</div>
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When a magnet passes the coil containing the trigger winding, it generates a voltage in the winding. The intensity of the trigger signal is controlled by passing it through an ordinary vehicle 6 watt, 12 volt bulb and then further limiting the current by making it pass through a resistor. To allow some manual control of the level of the trigger signal, the resistor is divided into a fixed resistor and a variable resistor (which many people like to call a “pot”). This variable resistor and the adjustment of the gap between the coils and the rotor are the only adjustments of the device. The bulb has more than one function. When the tuning is correct, the bulb will glow dimly which is a very useful indication of the operation. The trigger circuit then feeds each of the transistor bases via their 470 ohm resistors.</div>
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John Bedini aims for an even more powerful implementation, wiring his circuit with AWG #18 (19 SWG) heavy-duty copper wire and using MJL21194 transistors and 1N5408 diodes. He increases the trigger drive by dropping the variable resistor and reducing fixed resistor to just 22 ohms. The MJL21194 transistor has the same pin connections as the BD243C transistor. This is the starting section of John’s circuit:</div>
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There are various ways of constructing this circuit. Ron shows two different methods. The first is shown above and uses paxolin strips (printed-circuit board material) above the aluminium heat sink to mount the components. Another method which is easy to see, uses thick copper wires held clear of the aluminium, to provide a clean and secure mounting for the components as shown here:</div>
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It is important to realise that the collector of a BD243C transistor is internally connected to the heat-sink plate used for the physical mounting of the transistor. As the circuit does not have the collectors of these transistors connected together electrically, they cannot just be bolted to a single heat-sink plate. The above picture might give the wrong impression as it does not show clearly that the metal bolts fastening the transistors in place do not go directly into the aluminium plate, but instead, they fasten into plastic tee-nuts.</div>
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An alternative, frequently used by the builders of high-powered electronic circuits, is to use mica washers between the transistor and the common heatsink plate, and use plastic fastening bolts or metal bolts with a plastic insulating collar between the fastening and the plate. Mica has the very useful property of conducting heat very well but not conducting electricity. Mica “washers” shaped to the transistor package are available from the suppliers of the transistors. In this instance, it seems clear that heat dissipation is not a problem in this circuit, which in a way is to be expected as the energy being drawn from the environment is frequently called “cold” electricity as it cools components down with increasing current as opposed to heating them up as conventional electricity does.</div>
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This particular circuit board is mounted at the rear of the unit:</div>
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Although the circuit diagram shows a twelve volt drive supply, which is a very common supply voltage, Ron sometimes powers his device with a mains operated Power Supply Unit which shows a power input of a pretty trivial 43 watts. It should be noted that this device operates by pulling in extra power from the environment. That drawing in of power gets disrupted if any attempt is made to loop that environmental power back on itself or driving the unit directly from another battery charged by the unit itself. It may be just possible to power the unit successfully from a previously charged battery if an inverted is used to convert the power to AC and then a step-down transformer and regulated power rectification circuit is used. As the power input is so very low, off-grid operation should be easily possible with a battery and a solar panel.</div>
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It is not possible to operate a load off the battery under charge during the charging process as this disrupts the energy flow. Some of these circuits recommend that a separate 4 foot long earthing rod be used to earth the negative side of the driving battery, but to date, Ron has not experimented with this. In passing, it is good practice to enclose any lead-acid battery in a battery box. Marine chandlers can supply these as they are used extensively in boating activities.</div>
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When cutting the wire lengths for coating and pushing into the coil formers, Ron uses a jig to ensure that all of the lengths are identical. This arrangement is shown here:</div>
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The distance between the shears and the metal angle clamped to the workbench makes each cut length of wire exactly the required size while the plastic container collects the cut pieces ready for coating with clear shellac or clear polyurethane varnish before use in the coil cores.</div>
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Experience is particularly important when operating a device of this kind. The 100 ohm variable resistor should be a wire-wound type as it has to carry significant current. Initially the variable resistor is set to its minimum value and the power applied. This causes the rotor to start moving. As the rate of spin increases, the variable resistor is gradually increased and a maximum speed will be found with the variable resistor around the middle of its range, i.e. about 50 ohm resistance. Increasing the resistance further causes the speed to reduce.</div>
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The next step is to turn the variable resistor to its minimum resistance position again. This causes the rotor to leave its previous maximum speed (about 1,700 rpm) and increase the speed again. As the speed starts increasing again, the variable resistor is once again gradually turned, increasing its resistance. This raises the rotor speed to about 3,800 rpm when the variable resistor reaches mid point again. This is probably fast enough for all practical purposes, and at this speed, even the slightest imbalance of the rotor shows up quite markedly. To go any faster than this requires an exceptionally high standard of constructional accuracy. Please remember that the rotor has a large amount of energy stored in it at this speed and so is potentially very dangerous. If the rotor breaks or a magnet comes off it, that stored energy will produce a highly dangerous projectile. That is why it is advisable, although not shown in the above photographs, to construct an enclosure for the rotor. That could be a U-shaped channel between the coils. The channel would then catch and restrain any fragments should anything break loose.</div>
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If you were to measure the current during this adjustment process, it would be seen to reduce as the rotor speeds up. This looks as if the efficiency of the device is rising. That may be so, but it is not necessarily a good thing in this case where the objective is to produce radiant energy charging of the battery bank. John Bedini has shown that serious charging takes place when the current draw of the device is 3 to 5+ amps at maximum rotor speed and not a miserly 50 mA draw, which can be achieved but which will not produce good charging. The power can be increased by raising the input voltage to 24 volts or even higher - John Bedini operates at 48 volts rather than 12 volts</div>
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The device can be further tuned by stopping it and adjusting the gap between the coils and the rotor and then repeating the start-up procedure. The optimum adjustment is where the final rotor speed is the highest.</div>
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The above text is intended to give a practical introduction to one of John Bedini’s inventions. It seems appropriate that some attempt at an explanation of what is happening, should be advanced at this point. In the most informative book “Energy From The Vacuum - Concepts and Principles” by Tom Bearden (ISBN 0-9725146-0-0) an explanation of this type of system is put forward. While the description appears to be aimed mainly at John’s motor system which ran continuously for three years, powering a load and recharging it’s own battery, the description would appear to apply to this system as well. I will attempt to summarise it here:</div>
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Conventional electrical theory does not go far enough when dealing with lead/acid batteries in electronic circuits. Lead/acid batteries are extremely non-linear devices and there is a wide range of manufacturing methods which make it difficult to present a comprehensive statement covering every type in detail. However, contrary to popular belief, there are actually at least three separate currents flowing in a battery-operated circuit:</div>
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1. Ion current flowing in the electrolyte between the plates inside the battery. This current does not leave the battery and enter the external electronic circuit.</div>
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2. Electron current flowing from the plates out into the external circuit.</div>
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3. Current flow from the environment which passes along the external circuitry and into the battery.</div>
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The exact chemical processes inside the battery are quite complex and involve additional currents which are not relevant here. The current flow from the environment follows the electron flow around the external circuit and on into the battery. This is “cold” electricity which is quite different to conventional electricity and it can be very much larger than the standard electrical current described in conventional textbooks. A battery has unlimited capacity for this kind of energy and when it has a substantial “cold” electricity charge, it can soak up the conventional energy from a standard battery charger for a week or more, without raising the battery voltage at all.</div>
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An important point to understand is that the ions in the lead plates of the battery have much greater inertia than electrons do (several hundred thousand times in fact). Consequently, if an electron and an ion are both suddenly given an identical push, the electron will achieve rapid movement much more quickly than the ion will. It is assumed that the external electron current is in phase with the ion current in the plates of the battery, but this need not be so. John Bedini deliberately exploits the difference of momentum by applying a very sharply rising potential to the plates of the battery.</div>
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In the first instant, this causes electrons to pile up on the plates while they are waiting for the much heavier ions to get moving. This pile up of electrons pushes the voltage on the terminal of the battery to rise to as much as 100 volts. This in turn, causes the energy to flow back out into the circuit as well as into the battery, giving simultaneously, both circuit power and serious levels of battery charging. This over potential also causes much increased power flow from the environment into the circuit, giving augmented power both for driving the external circuit and for increasing the rate of battery charge. The battery half of the circuit is now 180 degrees out of phase with the circuit-powering half of the circuit.</div>
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It is important to understand that the circuit-driving energy and the battery-charging energy do not come from the sharp pulses applied to the battery. Instead, the additional energy flows in from the environment, triggered by the pulses generated by the Bedini circuit. In other words, the Bedini pulses act as a tap on the external energy source and are not themselves the source of the extra power.</div>
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If the Bedini circuit is adjusted correctly, the pulse is cut off very sharply just before the tapped energy inflow is about to end. This has a further enhancing effect due to the Lenz law reaction which causes an induced voltage surge which can take the over-voltage potential to as much as 400 volts. This has a further effect on the local environment, drawing in an even higher level of additional power and extending the period of time during which that extra power flows into both the circuit and the battery. This is why the exact adjustment of a Bedini pulsing system is so important.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Pulse-Charging Battery Systems - Ultimate Energizer</h3>
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<div>
<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practical guide</span></u><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></u>
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-43556981385773648992019-08-25T19:01:00.002-07:002020-05-11T08:51:25.329-07:00Self-powered electrical generator: The nature of electrical impulses to generate radiant energy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Alberto Molina-Martinez Generator - The nature of electrical impulses to generate radiant energy</h2>
<b>US patent application US 20020125774 of 6th March 2002</b>, shows a self-powered electrical generator. Like that used by Bob Boyce, this is a toroidal (ring-shaped) frame with several windings on it, as shown in the diagram below. Once it has been powered up with AC mains frequency voltage, it produces so much power that it can supply it’s own input power requirement as well as powering other loads such as lightbulbs. This patent application is shown in full in the Appendix.<br />
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It is said that the Toroid device built by Stephen Mark and shown in web videos, is a replication of this generator design. This forum is dedicated to replicating Stephen Mark’s device and considerable progress has been made. This group is operating on the basis that instead of a metallic toroid core as shown here, that a Mobius-loop toroidal wire core is used. At this point in time, their efforts have not yet produced a circuit which exhibits a COP>1 performance<br />
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You will notice that very many different devices, aimed at doing different things, all operate by generating very sharp DC pulses<br />
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So, a wide range of different devices have the same background technique for making them work. Meyer used the pulsing for water-splitting in a hydroxy gas cell. Bedini uses the pulsing to charge batteries with cold electricity. <b> Tesla </b>used the pulsing to charge batteries, provide heating, cooling and lighting. Boyce uses pulsing to obtain electrolysis at 1,200% of Faraday’s stated maximum rate of electrolysis. Gray used the pulsing to capture cold electricity to drive a powerful electric motor. Many different applications all based on using very short, very sharp, high-voltage pulses.<br />
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<b>Radiant Energy wave:</b><br />
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This was disclosed by Tesla in his ‘Philadelphia and St Louis’ lecture in 1893 and shows how loads can be powered when a high voltage source is pulsed by a magnetically-quenched sparks - this creates DC pulses of very short duration.<br />
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The diagram above, illustrates the difference between the Magnetic field generated around a conductor fed with a pulse of Direct Current and the Radiant Energy waves created by that pulse. If a sharp current pulse is driven down a vertical wire, it causes two different types of field. The first field is magnetic, where the lines of magnetic force rotate around the wire. These lines are horizontal, and rotate clockwise when viewed from above. The magnetic field remains as long as the current flows down the wire. </div>
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<b>The second field is the Radiant Energy wave</b>. This wave will only occur if the current pulse is in one direction, i.e. it will not occur if the wire is fed with alternating current. The wave radiates out horizontally from the vertical wire in every direction in the form of a shock wave. It is a one-off event and does not repeat if the current in the wire is maintained. The Radiant Energy briefly unbalances the zero-point energy field and that causes an energy flow as the field moves back into equilibrium again. A tiny fraction of this massive, brief energy flow can be picked up and that collected energy is more than 100 times greater than the energy needed to generate the spark which triggered the energy flow in the first place. This is the energy which the tube was designed to collect. Consequently, the tubes are fed with a train of high-intensity, short-duration, DC pulses to generate repeated waves of Radiant Energy. It is the pick-up of the resulting excess energy which allows the motors run without the need for the batteries to be charged by any conventional source of current. </div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Free Energy Generator</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">: </span><a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/p/moray.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #0f3cf1; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</a></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Self-powered electrical generator by Alfred Hubbard</h2>
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At Portage Bay on Lake Union, Seattle, Washington in America, Alfred Hubbard, an acquaintance of <b>Nikola Tesla</b>, demonstrated in 1919 a self-powered electricity generator design. The generator was about 14 inches (350 mm) tall and 11 inches (280 mm) in diameter. It powered a 35 H.P. electric motor, which pushed an 18-foot boat which contained no batteries, continuously around the bay for several hours. This demonstration was witnessed by thousands and ended because the wiring was beginning to overheat. It was said that the cable used contained seven strands of 0.09-inch (2.286 mm) diameter. Each of those strands would be able to carry 12 amps and so if this is correct, the cable had a current-carrying capacity of about 84 amps. The diameter of the wire including the insulation was said to be 0.34 inches (8.5 mm). The inner core was said to be made of a pipe containing 16 iron rods with 43 turns of wire around it, which if correct, would suggest 43 turns in 14 inches or 3 turns per inch, implying a cylindrical coil with the turns side by side, touching each other. </div>
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However, a great deal of misleading information, not to mention a good deal of speculation has been spread around concerning the Hubbard design, which Alfred took three years to develop. Several years after the demonstration, when Hubbard was employed by the Radium Company, he said that radium was used in the device, which is something which I personally, find very hard to believe, and strongly suspect that Hubbard was persuaded to say that by his employers who were selling radium at that time. </div>
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Hubbard made a sketch of one of his smaller generators which was used for ordinary household electrical appliances and that showed a very simple design which had eight cylindrical primary coils each of which was wound on a solid iron bar and connected in series. These primary coils surrounded a slightly larger secondary coil of some 35 turns wound around a hollow tube filled with metal bars or wires (presumably of soft iron). This smaller device was about six inches (150 mm) tall (maximum wire diameter 4 mm including the insulation) and about five inches (125 mm) in diameter. Each core had only one layer of thick insulated wire and not many turns were used. </div>
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I understand that when a patent was applied for, the patent application was seized and a spurious “Of National Security Importance” order slapped on it, acting as an unlawful gag order on Hubbard, prohibiting him from ever developing, using, showing or selling it or anything akin to it. The US Patent Office is a privately owned commercial company, and while they will probably be using the design themselves, they certainly have no intention of ever allowing the public to have access to it as energy freedom is a major step towards complete freedom. Consequently, we know next to nothing about Hubbard’s successful design. </div>
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The general arrangement might have been something vaguely like this: </div>
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In Joseph Cater’s book “The Awesome Life Force” he attempts to explain the theory of its operation, but it must be clearly understood that what Cater says is just speculation on his part as Hubbard’s actual design was never disclosed publicly. </div>
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What Cater says is certainly plausible, and even if it is not Hubbard’s design, it is worth investigating and experimenting with. The mechanism put forward by Cater is based on the well-known and widely accepted graph of the magnetisation of soft iron versus applied levels of magnetic force. This graph is highly non-linear and the central section of the graph rises steeply, indicating that there is a considerable increase in the magnetisation of the iron for relatively little increase in energy input. </div>
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Cater stresses that the input waveform should be pulsating DC. The method of applying pulsing DC is then, almost the same as for the Clemente Figuera design shown in chapter 3, with an offset base level of DC current flow which needs to be maintained at all times. </div>
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Here is the magnetisation graph for soft iron: </div>
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Fig. 29 shows a graph of the magnetisation of an iron core plotted against ampere turns per unit length. The term “ampere turns” is the number of turns of the coil per unit length of the coil multiplied by the number of amps of current flowing through the coil. </div>
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The steep section of the curve appears to start at around 3.5 Tesla, and so, a constant DC current in the magnetising (Hubbard primary) coil needs to provide that level of magnetisation at all times, and the applied pulsing DC half-sinewave waveform applied on top of that and since the induced EMF in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux, it follows that the higher the frequency of this sine wave supply, the better. Using a ramp waveform might well be more effective. </div>
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Normal working transformers have ampere-turns which are well below this critical point. The additional EMF induced in the coils by the magnetisation of the iron offsets the natural inductive impedance of the coils. This is why transformers have such a high degree of efficiency. If any material other than iron or special steel were used for the core, the efficiency would drop significantly. Hubbard used part of the output power to provide the input power, and so he only needed to provide input power for less than a second to get the device running. The power supply might well be of this nature: </div>
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Here, instead of letting the high frequency rectified sine wave (or ramp generator signal) reach zero volts, and additional DC current supply is maintained, and while the signal generator pulses add to the overall voltage applied to the device, the voltage is never allowed to reach zero. </div>
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There is possibly another factor which could contribute to the success of the Hubbard device. At that time, the only insulated wire available had thick and heavy insulation. This means that adjacent turns of wire in the coil were separated by a distance equal to twice the thickness of the insulation. Consequently, the gap resulted in a cancellation of magnetic effects produced by electrons flowing in the wire. Since inertia is dependent on the ability to generate a magnetic field, the inertial properties of the electrons would be almost nullified. </div>
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There is an optimum distance between the wires which would produce the maximum effect. It seems likely that the thick insulation on Hubbard’s wire produced this optimum distance. Most of the resultant magnetic field was that which encircled both wires and that would be the weaker part of the field. This means that a relatively low EMF could accelerate a larger number of electrons to a high velocity during a very short period of time. As the electrons leave the coil, inertia returns. This would result in a backup of a high concentration of electrons in the coil. Since electrostatic repulsion is not affected, electrons would be ejected from the coil at a high velocity despite their increased inertia. This would produce an output of both high voltage and high amperage:<br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Free Energy Generator</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">: </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Joseph Cater’s Version of the Hubbard Generator.</h2>
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Although containing conflicting information, there is what appears to be an implementation of the Hubbard coil system, or perhaps a very closely related device from Joseph H. Cater. As usual, information on it is limited and not particularly clear, so the following is just my attempt to piece together some information from different sources. Much of this information comes from a document which has Geoff Egel’s name on it and although it seems likely that Geoff is quoting some other source, my thanks goes to him for sharing what we have here. The diagrams give the names of various minor websites none of which exist any longer and so these have been removed as they have no useful purpose any longer. Here is an original diagram from this information: </div>
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As it seems to me that there are many conflicting details in this information, I am presenting it here in pretty much the same form in which it reached me. You will notice that the composite central coil is now presented as the secondary rather than the primary. It should be stressed that Hubbard never disclosed his design publicly and so this, and similar information elsewhere, has to be considered to be guesswork. </div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
The Self-powered Generator of André Coutier</h2>
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Some twelve years after Hubbard’s public demonstration, on 12th January 1933, André Coutier was awarded patent FR739458 which is entitled Self-generating Electrical Generator. This design is so similar to the Hubbard device that it seems very likely that it IS the Hubbard device under a different name. </div>
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<b>Description</b></div>
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The apparatus is composed of a closed magnetic circuit (Fig.1) </div>
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consisting of one soft iron central core coil, surrounded by a number of smaller diameter soft-iron cored coils. While the diagram shows six coils, that is not a fixed number. The smaller diameter coils have the same number of wire turns wound around them and so each of those small coils produces the same current as that which flows in the coil wound around the large inner coil. The cross-sectional core areas of the satellite coils is set to be the same as the cross-sectional area of the central coil core. </div>
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The overall design is very simple as shown here: </div>
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According to the patent, each of the surrounding coils has an output current equal to that of the central coil. So, if a current of say, 1 amp, is fed to the central coil, then each of the six surrounding coils will have an output current of 1 amp. As the six output coils are wired in parallel, the output current should be 6 amps, giving a COP value of 6 or if you prefer, an electrical efficiency of 600%. </div>
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No system is 100% efficient as there are some losses from the wire resistance, the heating of the wire, eddy currents flowing sideways in the iron cores, etc. in each coil. So, the overall efficiency will be less than 600% but the overall energy gain will still be substantial. The voltage remains essentially unchanged but please remember that as the current increases, so must the wire diameter in order to carry that increased current. </div>
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Coutier uses three of these coil sets as part of his arrangement and he then takes off a controlled amount from the output to provide the needed input for the system: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5q35fjDCUkjP1_XBVvLyVgiUhb-_NJJ-ctS1VJ4rO1C4TSXSmcz88Mpd7QOFkpe2swvwZN2-5htpxWHcuatDIx8QeZqUjjRmg3iDjeydG5DqSakGafxImG3HmA6KbwY4C9IVa99yaZ_bj/s1600/provide+the+needed+input+for+the+system.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5q35fjDCUkjP1_XBVvLyVgiUhb-_NJJ-ctS1VJ4rO1C4TSXSmcz88Mpd7QOFkpe2swvwZN2-5htpxWHcuatDIx8QeZqUjjRmg3iDjeydG5DqSakGafxImG3HmA6KbwY4C9IVa99yaZ_bj/s1600/provide+the+needed+input+for+the+system.gif" /></a></div>
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The output is alternating current. Coutier chooses to use an isolating transformer in his feedback control which feeds the necessary input current to his oscillator circuit. He also uses a mechanical vibrator as his oscillator as way back in 1933 there were no readily available semiconductors. His overall circuit diagram uses infinity symbols to indicate Alternating Current and it looks like this: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBsgjt4sbGn4GfLmeOLK4Ze6Jf-caHBQBMqiY8V-1mLfFCjp8YgxCPOUyfr09nNcKbaVjxaTUc2q02uJqnQ4dD80cLh7GF8NxdoCEDqGGukY0JtWOoG0Mkh26kN76f7Qfee-PwN8jngITA/s1600/circuit+diagram+uses+infinity+symbols+to+indicate+Alternating+Current.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="591" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBsgjt4sbGn4GfLmeOLK4Ze6Jf-caHBQBMqiY8V-1mLfFCjp8YgxCPOUyfr09nNcKbaVjxaTUc2q02uJqnQ4dD80cLh7GF8NxdoCEDqGGukY0JtWOoG0Mkh26kN76f7Qfee-PwN8jngITA/s1600/circuit+diagram+uses+infinity+symbols+to+indicate+Alternating+Current.gif" /></a></div>
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<b>An attempted translation of the patent text is: </b></div>
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The device consists of a closed magnetic circuit (fig. 1) consisting of one central core of soft iron, in the shape of a cylinder. There are N similar satellite cores, set parallel to the central core and placed in a circle around the central core. The central core is an inductive coil with the number of turns required to achieve saturation of the magnetic circuit with the chosen inductive current. Each of the satellites coils has the same number of turns as there are in the central core coil. </div>
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Given the particular provision of the magnetic circuit, each of the satellite coils is an isolated transformer and so the current induced in each of the satellite windings has the same power as the central coil current. Thus, the unit produces a multiplication of electrical energy. As the output energy exceeds the initial input energy, we see immediately the opportunity to use some of the output energy to provide the necessary input energy on a continuous basis. </div>
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The device used for the industrial model of the perpetual self-powered electricity generator, established for use in industry, maritime and river navigation, and traction on railways, is shown schematically in Fig.2. </div>
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Three multiplier devices (there can be any number of these devices) are combined in series, so that the core e of one circuit is powered by electricity from the combined satellite circuits f, of the previous device. The satellite coils of set 1 feed the central coil of set 2. Similarly, the set 2 satellite circuits feed the central coil of set 3. </div>
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Each unit with 6 satellites (there can be any number of satellites) determine the factor of power amplification of each set, and in this case it is 6. With the three coil sets shown, the power amplification is 6 x 6 x 6 = 216 times the input power. </div>
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It is easy, using an output power tap and the rheostat h, to provide the energy required as the input current. The coil i is magnetically linked to coil j, as they are mounted on the same core and they form a 1-to-1 ratio transformer. The output of coil j is used to operate a buzzer k whose AC coil output is used to feed the central coil e of the first power multiplier circuit. </div>
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The device also includes two batteries l and m - which are intended to deal with any eventuality. One battery can be charged while the other is available for use if there is an accidental stop of the generator. </div>
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<b>Claims</b></div>
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Multiplication of electrical energy carried out by induction of satellite windings, grouped in a circle around an inductive central winding. The sum of the cross-sectional areas of the satellite cores is equal to the cross-sectional area of the central core. Self-generating perpetual electrical energy is achieved by taking energy from the last multiplier and using it to provide the input current. </div>
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<u>You may not know</u>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/solves-teslas-secret-to-energy-amplifying.html" target="_blank">Solves Tesla's Secret to Amplifying Power by Nearly 5000% - Groundbreaking Discovery</a></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practical guide</span></u><br />
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
<br />
<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-54092519281461532932019-08-24T20:20:00.001-07:002020-05-11T08:50:06.367-07:00Self-Powered Electrical Generator: Forever Lead-out Existing Energy Transformer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The "FLEET" ("<b>Forever Lead-out Existing Energy Transformer</b>") device is a self-powered <b>electrical generator</b> which has no moving parts and which can be constructed cheaply. It has been developed by a Hong Kong based team of people: Mr Lawrence Tseung, Dr. Raymond Ting, Miss Forever Yuen, Mr Miller Tong and Mr Chung Yi Ching. It is the result of some years of thought, research and testing and it has now reached an advanced stage of testing and demonstration and is nearly ready for commercial production.<br />
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Mt Tseung has applied his "Lead-out" theory to the category of low-power circuits known as the "<b>Joule Thief</b>" circuits. These circuits originated with an article by Mr Z. Kaparnik, in the "Ingenuity Unlimited" section of the November 1999 edition of the "Everyday Practical Electronics" magazine.<br />
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The initial circuit allowed the very last energy to be drawn from any ordinary dry-cell battery, and used to light a white Light-Emitting Diode ("LED") for use as a small torch. It allows a battery which is considered to be fully discharged, to drive the circuit until the battery voltage drops right down to 0.35 volts. The initial circuit uses a bi-filar coil wound on a ferrite ring or "toroid". Bi-filar means that the coil is wound with two separate strands of wire side by side, so that each adjacent turn is part of the other coil. A coil of that type has unusual magnetic properties. <b>The Joule Thief circuit</b> is like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWALrvjn6ZyiP4HSxU7yDWYTCV5NB7-3Y7fmKmIqemPbBqmKq82LGpNsCgcGUG8fB9yV0umIH945OeAawqD3zbAhOghklgnKR7rCSb8TO0cik7jklIu3wpqnpei7jLxy7o4c7mmZhtWHfa/s1600/Joule+Thief+circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Self-Powered Electrical Generator - The Joule Thief circuit" border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="613" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWALrvjn6ZyiP4HSxU7yDWYTCV5NB7-3Y7fmKmIqemPbBqmKq82LGpNsCgcGUG8fB9yV0umIH945OeAawqD3zbAhOghklgnKR7rCSb8TO0cik7jklIu3wpqnpei7jLxy7o4c7mmZhtWHfa/s640/Joule+Thief+circuit.gif" title="Self-Powered Electrical Generator - The Joule Thief circuit" width="640" /></a></div>
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It is important to notice how the coil is wound and how it is connected. It is called a "toroid" because it is wound on a ring. The ring is made of ferrite because that material can operate at high frequencies and the circuit switches On and Off about 50,000 times per second ("50 kHz"). Notice that while the wires are wound side by side, the start of the red wire is connected to the end of the green wire. It is that connection which makes it a "bi-filar" coil instead of just a two-strand coil.<br />
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This "<b>Joule Thief</b>" circuit was then adapted by Bill Sherman and used to charge a second battery as well as lighting the Light-Emitting Diode. This was achieved by adding just one more component - a diode. The diode used was a 1N4005 type because that was to hand at the time, but Bill suggests that the circuit would work better with a very fast-acting Schottky-type diode, perhaps a 1N5819G type.<br />
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The circuit produced by Bill is:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjasnp5p9HfRGFTtf1X6GSf9LKjyHIqYhMJVOwcA-fvqLNSLNRdwS7giWiv6btIdOPRxcQqHbLpaPwGiVNZlYWhbLhX7idR5rxuT_cv18251FXgL0xral5BOM50nGRvfz3DP1pny15nQ46b/s1600/circuit+produced+by+Bill.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The circuit produced by Bill" border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjasnp5p9HfRGFTtf1X6GSf9LKjyHIqYhMJVOwcA-fvqLNSLNRdwS7giWiv6btIdOPRxcQqHbLpaPwGiVNZlYWhbLhX7idR5rxuT_cv18251FXgL0xral5BOM50nGRvfz3DP1pny15nQ46b/s1600/circuit+produced+by+Bill.gif" title="The circuit produced by Bill" /></a></div>
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When driven by a 1.5 single cell battery, this circuit produces about 50 volts with no load and can supply 9.3 milliamps of current when the output is short-circuited. This means that you could charge a 6-volt battery using a 1.5 volt battery.<br />
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“Gadgetmall” of the www.overunity.com <b>Joule Thief</b> forum has taken the circuit further and found a very interesting situation. He has modified the circuit and used a “batt-cap” which is a very high capacity, very low-loss capacitor. This is his circuit:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-wrJND7Y2Lcrp5oU92q6CoTeYf9FQx9T15rpQuc2c47Wn_AlI0OJVfEeucXGBZSvKSFEf-Ui_r_gC2UrMr77YQS7qCNQ7d170OHJIVDvQHuLphs-9fV5iiV9b-PohfiZTgRjMsOlCP1MM/s1600/circuit+and+used+a+%25E2%2580%259Cbatt-cap%25E2%2580%259D.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Joule Thief forum has taken the circuit further" border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="503" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-wrJND7Y2Lcrp5oU92q6CoTeYf9FQx9T15rpQuc2c47Wn_AlI0OJVfEeucXGBZSvKSFEf-Ui_r_gC2UrMr77YQS7qCNQ7d170OHJIVDvQHuLphs-9fV5iiV9b-PohfiZTgRjMsOlCP1MM/s1600/circuit+and+used+a+%25E2%2580%259Cbatt-cap%25E2%2580%259D.gif" title="Joule Thief forum has taken the circuit further" /></a></div>
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He has added an additional winding to his one-inch (25 mm) diameter ferrite toroid, and he uses that to power a 1 watt LED. Why he has done this is not immediately clear to me, except possibly, that it shows when the circuit is operating. He runs the circuit driven by a small rechargeable battery, which feeds 13 milliamps into the circuit, for a period of fourteen hours. At the end of that time, the batt-cap has gathered enough energy to fully recharge the driving battery in a minute or two, and then power a heater winding of nichrome wire (as used in mains-powered radiant heaters) for four and a half minutes. Alternatively, that amount of extra power could boil a kettle of water. The really interesting thing about this is that the driving battery gets recharged every time and so the circuit is self-sustaining although it is not a powerful circuit.<br />
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Her main point is that using the collector of the transistor as the power take-off point of the circuit, is inefficient as that draws a lot of input current without a corresponding increase in output current. She adds a 74-turn secondary winding on top of her two 11-turn Joule Thief bi-filar windings, and that appears to give a far better power output. She uses the very small AAA size 1.2V battery and further drops the output (because “the light is too blinding”) by putting a resistor in series with the battery and using many LEDs in series. She has recorded the following results: </div>
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<li>With no resistor, the output voltage is 58V peaks at 62.5 kHz (open circuit output, with no load at all)</li>
<li>With a 10 ohm resistor, the output voltage is 49V peaks at 68 kHz.</li>
<li>With a 33 ohm resistor, the output voltage is 25V at 125 kHz. </li>
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‘LidMotor’ states that Jeanna also produced a Joule Thief circuit which could light a 15-watt straight fluorescent tube for about five hours when being driven by a single AA battery. He states that he was not satisfied with that level of lighting and here he shows a version (which he thinks is Jeanna’s design and which Jeanna thinks is his design) driving a 10-watt Compact Fluorescent Light which has had the ballast circuitry removed. The build uses an expensive 3.25 inch (83 mm) outer diameter ferrite toroid, and the lighting from a single AA battery looks like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTdspl7nM2_le1Xc_ZZ0Se2mI1msI50xDIJ0wFM2pJM0sYHzFZTJaU64ar1MV3MTnHuOEE48aiZ4-831LlE6MoPOJRGsoc_P2EytlsZuiQLWXtLHgEzCOGQXa-J3vGSd8xh-2Q_FZ82Uew/s1600/outer+diameter+ferrite+toroid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="667" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTdspl7nM2_le1Xc_ZZ0Se2mI1msI50xDIJ0wFM2pJM0sYHzFZTJaU64ar1MV3MTnHuOEE48aiZ4-831LlE6MoPOJRGsoc_P2EytlsZuiQLWXtLHgEzCOGQXa-J3vGSd8xh-2Q_FZ82Uew/s1600/outer+diameter+ferrite+toroid.jpg" /></a></div>
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The ferrite ring is wound like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfwdbPAAseaElI10KYe1xFFC6O5glsTSbrlYR8McYfG3em0WpkYp60MKmCkWx_WE3DpMYMVBKSum8gKNLlEcAMSq8mTnWOvJuN7Gz-kKFOXbMc6HJ6BXrhNLOKhYQDD2dPVGe_USn0hVfT/s1600/ferrite+ring+is+wound+like.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfwdbPAAseaElI10KYe1xFFC6O5glsTSbrlYR8McYfG3em0WpkYp60MKmCkWx_WE3DpMYMVBKSum8gKNLlEcAMSq8mTnWOvJuN7Gz-kKFOXbMc6HJ6BXrhNLOKhYQDD2dPVGe_USn0hVfT/s1600/ferrite+ring+is+wound+like.gif" /></a></div>
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The main winding is 300 turns of AWG #30 enamelled copper wire with a diameter of 0.255 mm. Please notice the gap between the ends of that winding. That gap is important as high voltage is developed between the two ends of the winding and if the winding were continued all the way round the toroid, then the insulating enamel coating the wire would be liable to burn out due to the very high voltage difference between the first and last turns, causing a short-circuit. The two other windings are with AWG #24 enamelled copper wire which has a diameter of 0.511 mm and those two windings are positioned closely side by side in the middle of the gap between the ends of the 300-turn winding. The circuit is like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8o1W61fqSP1GT0NHBFCMXx1qX32769f-6Y7y_kxPm_cMUyDUhYIlqts-B_y6jgIQQMNxXhyMXHXn4YwKD1DupEc4098Li3V4N9qRi45iYBltAbyXFMX_rcUDzZ7agMfyg10F1_59JKPw/s1600/two+windings+are+positioned+closely.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8o1W61fqSP1GT0NHBFCMXx1qX32769f-6Y7y_kxPm_cMUyDUhYIlqts-B_y6jgIQQMNxXhyMXHXn4YwKD1DupEc4098Li3V4N9qRi45iYBltAbyXFMX_rcUDzZ7agMfyg10F1_59JKPw/s1600/two+windings+are+positioned+closely.gif" /></a></div>
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The optional 25 ohm wire-wound variable resistor wastes power but creates a voltage drop across it, reducing the voltage reaching the circuit and so, dimming the light progressively, all the way down to zero. The base resistor “R” has been set at 22 ohms by ‘Lidmotor’ who says that it really should be 100 ohms but he has lowered it to get brighter lighting. Please note which side of the 3-turn and 13-turn windings are connected in the circuit as the direction of winds is very important for those two windings.<br />
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It is not uncommon for people to comment on the faint whistling sound make by a <b>Joule Thief circuit</b> (especially a low-voltage version like this). It is my experience that the sound is caused by the transistor resonating with the frequency of oscillation of the circuit, the TIP3055 being particularly prone to this. I suggest therefore, that bolting on a heat sink (which is most definitely not needed to dissipate heat produced by this circuit) will alter the resonant frequency of the transistor/heat sink combination and so stop the whistling.<br />
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However, Mr Tseung has taken the <b>Joule Thief circuit</b> and modified it to become a circuit with a very serious output, moving it into a completely different category.<br />
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As a first step towards what the team calls their "Fleet" device, the toroid has been enlarged to a much greater diameter. The coil is now wound on a section of plastic pipe, 170 mm (6.5 inches) in diameter and 45 mm (1.75 inch) deep:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Z1ecll57X0-_BBkGhIrjC_Wr4LxcNUs9eblam6LbxOzrPr47vlja7tNZyXCt-F5SGkEX-ZwZ4478skH4h4u31TtbZnhdMttzdVWlQ3sAjlcGcJgs5T8nOOo7DtzDfjI6LfA6Hig5Hrle/s1600/plastic+pipe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Z1ecll57X0-_BBkGhIrjC_Wr4LxcNUs9eblam6LbxOzrPr47vlja7tNZyXCt-F5SGkEX-ZwZ4478skH4h4u31TtbZnhdMttzdVWlQ3sAjlcGcJgs5T8nOOo7DtzDfjI6LfA6Hig5Hrle/s1600/plastic+pipe.jpg" /></a></div>
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This section of pipe is "bi-filar" wound with two wires side by side as already described for the Joule Thief construction. As before, the start of one wire is connected to the end of the other wire. Then, the winding is given a layer of electrical tape to hold it in place and to provide an easy working surface for a second winding. </div>
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The wire used for the winding is the widely available red and black pair of wires, sometimes called "figure of eight" because the cut end of the wires looks like the numeral 8. The wire should be able to carry 2.5 amps. It must be side-by-side wire and not one of the twisted varieties. It looks like this: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl1ksGYYaM2wL5AeTxGYee4UBBiLU1XEgqansAWJTOCpelllRjvEpvyMmy2Xd5A1XJQW-bbd90nH_dX1PMsDer-OeeDUTNbQQ-4TbUsappD_nbgKAkO5KVlxMRCtBnKwEmsaZFaKKCGaS5/s1600/widely+available.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="36" data-original-width="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl1ksGYYaM2wL5AeTxGYee4UBBiLU1XEgqansAWJTOCpelllRjvEpvyMmy2Xd5A1XJQW-bbd90nH_dX1PMsDer-OeeDUTNbQQ-4TbUsappD_nbgKAkO5KVlxMRCtBnKwEmsaZFaKKCGaS5/s1600/widely+available.jpg" /></a></div>
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The second winding is made in the same way but the connections are slightly different. As before, the end of the first wire is connected to the start of the second wire, but that connection is then insulated and not used in the following circuitry. This just connects the two windings one after the other, known technically as being connected "in series" and is the equivalent of making the winding with just a single strand of wire. The completed coil may look like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKPP_YWsB8kfESIco8UMsame6aii49EDlkxXj-M9Id73jj6KofHM-kjKFckrfcoJnFSpl4Ykfl4Rb99cPA_gnclgH1zXABBrzLpTTJxB91o3P25b4gpPJ0sbyZDtTKwC81GjKU-kT6iWQo/s1600/equivalent+of+making+the+winding.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKPP_YWsB8kfESIco8UMsame6aii49EDlkxXj-M9Id73jj6KofHM-kjKFckrfcoJnFSpl4Ykfl4Rb99cPA_gnclgH1zXABBrzLpTTJxB91o3P25b4gpPJ0sbyZDtTKwC81GjKU-kT6iWQo/s1600/equivalent+of+making+the+winding.jpg" /></a></div>
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This particular design is still in it's early stages and so many different coils sizes and constructions are being tested:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDqAVmD3FG4UEmtPC161OlQbKgTPOK-3AxNGsWg4HGhGALssjTZWgD4FuGcxc_k4YBxs51usuYDrLOOlAGC9sDC184ZG9UTxVJxdOhR83NXnyweuSAdUxloaVBZ9FvlefJvD0o764efZce/s1600/different+coils+sizes+and+constructions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDqAVmD3FG4UEmtPC161OlQbKgTPOK-3AxNGsWg4HGhGALssjTZWgD4FuGcxc_k4YBxs51usuYDrLOOlAGC9sDC184ZG9UTxVJxdOhR83NXnyweuSAdUxloaVBZ9FvlefJvD0o764efZce/s1600/different+coils+sizes+and+constructions.jpg" /></a></div>
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The arrangement is for the inner winding of the toroid to be oscillated by the Joule Thief circuit already described. This causes a pulsating magnetic field to envelope the outer winding of the toroid, producing an electrical output which is capable of doing useful work. The really important thing about this arrangement, is the fact that the amount of power coming out of the circuit is very much greater than the amount of power needed to make the circuit operate. The additional power is led out of the local environment and drawn into the circuit, becoming available to do useful work.<br />
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The overall circuit then looks like this:<br />
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While the outer winding is shown here with thicker wire of a different colour, this is only to make the arrangement easier to understand. In reality, the outer winding is with exactly the same wire as the inner winding, and it will normally go all the way around the toroid. The total amount of wire needed to make the windings is about 70 metres and so it is normal to buy a full 100 metre reel of the twin-core wire, which allows both windings to be made and leaves spare wire for other things.<br />
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For those of you who are very technically minded, the output waveform looks like this: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEH7LmBHIF4IiEeCXHbfYNiqPvOcwgTzekYW6_KQHASGjDQRWjGQuGROwweRan90PgUxLq3I0GBahqIm4XrqXO7RkXoRbCBUUxZJ_MI2DxyJE6v0aqlINYCRUsAGI1pKlvpW4v60J9KMJ-/s1600/technically+minded.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEH7LmBHIF4IiEeCXHbfYNiqPvOcwgTzekYW6_KQHASGjDQRWjGQuGROwweRan90PgUxLq3I0GBahqIm4XrqXO7RkXoRbCBUUxZJ_MI2DxyJE6v0aqlINYCRUsAGI1pKlvpW4v60J9KMJ-/s1600/technically+minded.jpg" /></a></div>
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and the voltage pulses in this output are occurring about 290,000 times per second.<br />
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What has worked better for me is using a bridge of four diodes rather than a single diode:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVSnveNKgQcBr49RARRylijseEHN7T99QkvZPn6WIW9PwFuAQrNZz0R5jzta597k1ywgVnx49BWloHOe3izv8vkUFf79qC72Fit1kegIRIZQr_ITJplgpUWae3bO4y3BX6kLRS7ZW6LBVS/s1600/four+diodes+rather+than+a+single+diode.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="637" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVSnveNKgQcBr49RARRylijseEHN7T99QkvZPn6WIW9PwFuAQrNZz0R5jzta597k1ywgVnx49BWloHOe3izv8vkUFf79qC72Fit1kegIRIZQr_ITJplgpUWae3bO4y3BX6kLRS7ZW6LBVS/s1600/four+diodes+rather+than+a+single+diode.gif" /></a></div>
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I have used this circuit, driven by a 1.5 volt battery, to charge 12-volt batteries, but the best results are in the five to six volt range. I have used this circuit to confirm COP>1 by charging one small 12V lead-acid battery with and identical battery, swapping the batteries over and repeating the process several times. The result was that both batteries gained genuine, usable power. I suspect that the effect would have been much greater if I had charged two or more batteries in parallel. The toroid was an 8-inch diameter, 10 mm by 12 mm off cut from a plastic pipe which happened to be to hand and the wire used was plastic covered 6-amp equipment wire, again, because it was to hand at the time. Winding the toroid and setting up the circuit was done in a single evening.<br />
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Overall, this is a very simple, cheap and easily constructed COP>10 device which has the potential of providing large amounts of free, useable, electrical power. With further development, it may well be possible to produce a version which could deliver the power needed by a whole household. It is also likely that these devices will become available for purchase a quite a low cost. All in all, this is a very important device and full credit must go to the development team who have carried the research to this point and who are continuing to refine the design to produce more and more power.<br />
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Read more: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/energy-tapping-pulsed-systems-free-energy-generator.html" target="_blank">Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems - Free Energy Generator</a><br />
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There are various circuits which I have shown which use the well-known “Joule Thief” circuit as part of the design. These devices have worked well for me. However, in 2014, Sucahyo stated that some people found that pulse-charging batteries for a few times, caused those batteries to then have “surface charge” where the battery voltage rose without there being a corresponding genuine charge inside the battery. That is something which I have never experienced myself but that might be because I didn’t discharge and recharge batteries a sufficient number of times for me to experience the effect. Sucahyo uses this circuit:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPnn2L2j5jw0H2kip7KyRFKWqDQeGsIU_Pa5t58MY10gbbSHyoPovxkSg3WIt4rGLRE7xZKTR-ETCJ2ccpPGqmjvwwor7uIjyPR2KNmIfPdVXqj2yuMyHopobA_Jqrw69qFIpi0yzxYLLc/s1600/Sucahyo+uses+this+circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="533" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPnn2L2j5jw0H2kip7KyRFKWqDQeGsIU_Pa5t58MY10gbbSHyoPovxkSg3WIt4rGLRE7xZKTR-ETCJ2ccpPGqmjvwwor7uIjyPR2KNmIfPdVXqj2yuMyHopobA_Jqrw69qFIpi0yzxYLLc/s1600/Sucahyo+uses+this+circuit.gif" /></a></div>
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which looks rather complicated with two of the transistors connected upside down and protection diodes connected between transistor collector and base. Sucahyo says that he has used this circuit for four years now without experiencing any surface charge effects.<br />
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My preferred form of Joule thief uses a bi-filar coil of 0.335 mm diameter wire wound on a paper cylinder formed around a pencil and only 100 mm (4 inches) long, as that produces a very cheap and lightweight circuit. As I understand it, the Joule Thief produces a rapid stream of high voltage spikes of very short duration. Those spikes cause the local environment to feed static energy into both the circuit and the circuit’s load device (typically an LED or a battery).<br />
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While I have never experienced surface charge from a Joule Thief circuit, I tested some old Digimax 2850 mAHr test batteries which had been sitting unused for more than a year. These did indeed show a surface charge effect when load tested. The first test used one battery to drive the circuit and charged three batteries in series using this circuit:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5jdbnZSK-qF5NXPr0BNTaDDEHfNtDuv0wPV0YQ7pT0cS93k5IgivHZ7TeX2yBW4ToZGOEsicJ1lFBGnMpLEYmxnJHzE9EBwPTtwYfKmBfx6Kif6dZmvaYrYZG6TcFOYkM0_muRotUe-za/s1600/three+batteries+in+series+using+this+circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5jdbnZSK-qF5NXPr0BNTaDDEHfNtDuv0wPV0YQ7pT0cS93k5IgivHZ7TeX2yBW4ToZGOEsicJ1lFBGnMpLEYmxnJHzE9EBwPTtwYfKmBfx6Kif6dZmvaYrYZG6TcFOYkM0_muRotUe-za/s1600/three+batteries+in+series+using+this+circuit.gif" /></a></div>
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But no matter how long the circuit operated, it would not charge the output battery above 4.0 volts which is 1.33 volts per battery. The load test results were terrible with the voltages at one hourly intervals being 3.93V, 3.89V, 3.84V, 3.82V and 3.79V after only five hours of powering the load. That is ridiculous performance as those batteries managed 22 hours of load powering with the solar panel design.<br />
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Perhaps the batteries were damaged. So I overcharged them with a main operated charger, reaching 4.26 volts which is 1.42 volts per battery and the hourly load testing results were 4.21, 4.18, 4.16, 4.15, 4.13, 4.12, 4.10, 4.08, 4.07, 4.07, 4.06, 4.05, 4.03, 4.03, 4.02, 4.01, 4.00 (after 17 hours), 3.99, 3.99, 3.98, 3.97, 3.97, 3.96, 3.96, 3.95 after 25 hours and 3.90 after 33 hours. Clearly, there is nothing wrong with the batteries so the effect must be a factor of the charging.<br />
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Feeding static electricity into a capacitor converts it into normal “hot” electricity, but we want a very simple circuit, so the next step was to add in a 100 volt 1 microfarad capacitor which looks like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixW16RkSstFfODlMBJnrnvWVY_rcvi3az0w20ZYJ79NIbGa01TVC8VWsto826wYAuerDQeg8yiDtTEHawdn7RbAOyfCQSzqiJNNx5e9E6VyhBV_vaKBlwSu77zgOzc8wllUbm6KeV2uo0Y/s1600/electricity+into+a+capacitor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="87" data-original-width="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixW16RkSstFfODlMBJnrnvWVY_rcvi3az0w20ZYJ79NIbGa01TVC8VWsto826wYAuerDQeg8yiDtTEHawdn7RbAOyfCQSzqiJNNx5e9E6VyhBV_vaKBlwSu77zgOzc8wllUbm6KeV2uo0Y/s1600/electricity+into+a+capacitor.gif" /></a></div>
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Making the circuit:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc5DsrFOB5TMnNnoUIwfMwk_iVpdoF8pGZU4dbfvFDQjhJg0I1f8xe15ruBTlFomQKCR9j9TLMw5yxZopIoi0yy3A7Gy51pDB_GVX1lfkmOgqzxcKdZme55XvsZbDVAR0fC-_HyT0Jiggn/s1600/making+the+circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc5DsrFOB5TMnNnoUIwfMwk_iVpdoF8pGZU4dbfvFDQjhJg0I1f8xe15ruBTlFomQKCR9j9TLMw5yxZopIoi0yy3A7Gy51pDB_GVX1lfkmOgqzxcKdZme55XvsZbDVAR0fC-_HyT0Jiggn/s1600/making+the+circuit.gif" /></a></div>
With the battery on charge removed, the voltage on the capacitor reaches 22 volts. Charging the same batteries with this circuit reached 4.14 volts and produced load results of 4.09, 4.05, 4.01, 3.98, 3.96, 3.93, 3.90, 3.88, 3.85, 3.83, 3.81 and 3.79 volts after 12 hours which is much better than the 5-hour total previously experienced. However, obviously, something better is needed.<br />
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The next step is to use a diode bridge of 1N4148 diodes instead of the single diode, giving this circuit:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifqlO6QGBN3KdTaVNPQqNYDOvxqUMqGMEODfh8rHEM66YtOxpDbATUrxmQPon8AD_aX-DzK1G03nsWgnscC560Fh20I-ilGjRPmHs85E3MNtdjarn7XSZFwrji8S-IAy4jiex_yPFMKMAp/s1600/diode+bridge+of+1N4148+diodes+instead.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="204" data-original-width="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifqlO6QGBN3KdTaVNPQqNYDOvxqUMqGMEODfh8rHEM66YtOxpDbATUrxmQPon8AD_aX-DzK1G03nsWgnscC560Fh20I-ilGjRPmHs85E3MNtdjarn7XSZFwrji8S-IAy4jiex_yPFMKMAp/s1600/diode+bridge+of+1N4148+diodes+instead.gif" /></a></div>
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Without the charging battery connected, this circuit gives 28 volts on the capacitor and the battery charging is good, giving load testing results of 4.18, 4.16, 4.15, 4.13, 4.11, 4.10, 4.08, 4.08, 4.06, 4.05, 4.04, 4.03, 4.02, 4.00, 3.99, 3.98, 3.97, 3.96, 3.95, 3.95, 3.94, 3.94, 3.93, 3.93, and 3.93 volts after powering the load for 24 hours. This seems to be a very satisfactory result for such a minor alteration.<br />
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If two 1.2V batteries are used to drive the circuit, without a battery on charge, then the voltage on the capacitor reaches 67 volts, but that is not necessary for charging a 12-volt battery. Although the change is slight, the circuit operation is changed considerably. The capacitor does not discharge instantly and so, for some of the time between the sharp Joule Thief pulses, the capacitor supplies extra charging current to the battery on charge. This does not mean that the battery being charged is charged much faster and you can expect that full charging will take several hours. I have not yet tested it, but I would expect that by using two or more of these circuits simultaneously, should increase the rate of charge;<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVQK6xYff0Xj2aFtCRZ9Gx_IPfeeYY_ouENGGJIm3Y4Ujs_QOnCEkfQBnIGe5i9E0RQwc4gie4zCR_7XDjx2Ka9YExvODmlUb9QT-CRynf0u1KfeMQiRAIGjiRgRIECONEObNIO812SXm7/s1600/more+of+these+circuits+simultaneously%252C+should+increase+the+rate+of+charge.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="766" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVQK6xYff0Xj2aFtCRZ9Gx_IPfeeYY_ouENGGJIm3Y4Ujs_QOnCEkfQBnIGe5i9E0RQwc4gie4zCR_7XDjx2Ka9YExvODmlUb9QT-CRynf0u1KfeMQiRAIGjiRgRIECONEObNIO812SXm7/s1600/more+of+these+circuits+simultaneously%252C+should+increase+the+rate+of+charge.gif" /></a></div>
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There is no need to restrict the battery on charge to a nominal 3.6 volts in any of these circuits as a single 1.2 volt drive battery can easily charge a 4.8 volt battery or larger. The value of the capacitor has a considerable effect and I suggest a one microfarad capacitor is a good choice. It has been argued that the two additional diodes on each side of the battery being charged are not necessary, although I have shown them to isolate the two circuits from each other.<br />
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<u>You may not know</u>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/solves-teslas-secret-to-energy-amplifying.html" target="_blank">Solves Tesla's Secret to Amplifying Power by Nearly 5000% - Groundbreaking Discovery</a></div>
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<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-35922399393012371052019-08-17T02:06:00.001-07:002020-05-11T08:48:53.318-07:00Earth Battery - Detailed plan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Earth batteries are well known. They are pairs of electrodes buried in the ground. Electricity can be drawn from them, but they are generally of little interest as the power levels are not great. However, in his patent of 1893, Michael Emme, a Frenchman living in America determined how to get very serious levels of power from an earth <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/three-battery-switching-system-free-energy-generator.html" target="_blank">battery</a> of his design. In this particular unit which he describes in his US 495,582 patent, he gets 56 amps at just under 54 volts, which is three kilowatts or 4 HP. At that early date, there was generally, not much need for electricity, but Michael states that by selecting the number and connection method of the individual components, any desired voltage and/or current supply can be had. This, of course, is a simple system which involves no electronics.<br />
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<u>Summarising his patent, Michael says:</u><br />
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My invention relates to chemical generators of electricity where a prepared body of earth is the support and excitation medium for the electrodes or elements. Any number of elements can be assembled in the same piece of ground and connected in a chain or series of chains in order to produce the desired voltage and/or amperage.<br />
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I find that several straight chains of elements can function separately provided that the gap between the chains is much greater than the gap between the elements which form the chain. Being quite separate, those chains can be connected in series to increase the voltage, or in parallel to increase the available current.<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Plan for Earth Battery</h2>
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It is necessary to prepare the soil in the ground in the immediate area around the electrodes which form each element in the chain.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ57GjTE9Ooh6oJQr0Syud5Te4Za1oou88BruomQCoGiuoxN1WjAsofoEzVOme576X2GjxX2B2eOwIQJNrvjh-EOMBYpQbSl0cOGDhMspg3RuiaYiaw9eXdGVcdfh1lww5EJ4Kuiaw3av8/s1600/the+immediate+area+around+the+electrodes.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Plan for Earth Battery" border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ57GjTE9Ooh6oJQr0Syud5Te4Za1oou88BruomQCoGiuoxN1WjAsofoEzVOme576X2GjxX2B2eOwIQJNrvjh-EOMBYpQbSl0cOGDhMspg3RuiaYiaw9eXdGVcdfh1lww5EJ4Kuiaw3av8/s1600/the+immediate+area+around+the+electrodes.gif" title="Plan for Earth Battery" /></a></div>
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Fig.1 shows five elements connected in a chain. This view is from above with the rectangles indicating holes in the ground where each hole contains seven separate pairs of electrodes. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Ld79P5QiKSjqs2jXnzliU6RZ0Oj4jwVFFzXElSYzv12rIBejv1M7S0IJJQQBl9ekw0RpJGdnP6a-OuvdNUewUzLqY3Iy5IO4FjN2I5AJDmahX234wfT1fRjcm0lA_AFpi3GqeJBbAU6d/s1600/individual+electrodes1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="129" data-original-width="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Ld79P5QiKSjqs2jXnzliU6RZ0Oj4jwVFFzXElSYzv12rIBejv1M7S0IJJQQBl9ekw0RpJGdnP6a-OuvdNUewUzLqY3Iy5IO4FjN2I5AJDmahX234wfT1fRjcm0lA_AFpi3GqeJBbAU6d/s1600/individual+electrodes1.gif" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrt8nKIbLXmIOvWFUrIW7ZMbqayjda1g7uLn7HZUiCb8AJ4hjZUxx3Vcmz3r9krMAzO2WuKZ4al1ufU0Qgm6BCs_XNy56Grn-s_NHtvk31O8BSjwCwUVf4AJ-HDiIV2vd3yey0Hvk14Ixo/s1600/individual+electrodes2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Plan for Earth Battery" border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrt8nKIbLXmIOvWFUrIW7ZMbqayjda1g7uLn7HZUiCb8AJ4hjZUxx3Vcmz3r9krMAzO2WuKZ4al1ufU0Qgm6BCs_XNy56Grn-s_NHtvk31O8BSjwCwUVf4AJ-HDiIV2vd3yey0Hvk14Ixo/s1600/individual+electrodes2.gif" title="Plan for Earth Battery" /></a></div>
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Fig.2 and Fig.3 show how individual electrodes are inserted into the prepared soil “C” which is surrounded by untreated ground “B”. Electrode “D” is made of iron and “E” is made of carbon. </div>
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Fig.4 shows how wedge-shaped electrodes can be used as an alternative construction. The advantage is that it is easier to pull a tapering electrode out of the ground. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcXfUNDytwpYs4H5VpRwGyeLljC3tNMpB47M2XTTwU0VbfxQyiDImt-6SuD4Nj6nsEdjmBD0r2qzb30vCf-at-TJZ4V2NM9i3NkJNFbYXDRoOA0Q6sJx3OhnBcmD0spb6BMLDRrutrUEc-/s1600/operate+when+a+chain+of+elements.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="149" data-original-width="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcXfUNDytwpYs4H5VpRwGyeLljC3tNMpB47M2XTTwU0VbfxQyiDImt-6SuD4Nj6nsEdjmBD0r2qzb30vCf-at-TJZ4V2NM9i3NkJNFbYXDRoOA0Q6sJx3OhnBcmD0spb6BMLDRrutrUEc-/s1600/operate+when+a+chain+of+elements.gif" /></a></div>
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Fig.5 shows the internal current flow circuits which operate when a chain of elements is used. The arrows indicate the direction of current flow. </div>
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Fig.6 shows a convenient method for periodically moistening the prepared soil areas. </div>
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Soil of any type can be adapted for use with an electrical generator of this kind by saturating the soil immediately surrounding each pair of electrodes with a suitable solution which is rich in oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine, or with a solution of a salt of an alkali. </div>
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For the electrodes, I prefer to use soft iron for the positive electrode and hard pressed coke carbon for the negative electrode. The positive electrode is preferably a U-shaped bar of iron which has a circular cross-section. The two limbs of the U straddle the rod of carbon. Cast iron can be used but it gives a lower voltage, presumably due to the carbon and other impurities in it. </div>
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<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Calculation formula for Earth Battery - small and large scale</h2>
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Magnesium gives excellent results, producing 2.25 volts per electrode pair where carbon is the negative electrode. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLY4x16QpW5ATsrvVyXibzlG8C8yIztYeoUj7iQK9vkvYCeoNuKHsUG9EknZoxjBll-ELGEGouaOc0Da5D42_0FZ_bBb35CPPdyh3iTSUnSTbuMI1XNWvWdZFT4vhvWgORfZD1yeZ7dySL/s1600/negative+electrode.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UPB8zkVoQL9l-mSrBBZxeRC4KbyNnDC014y0V-M-hWZvjnRd12A_V7t7s4OTI_9wpOxhRs8M3jYGeWdHk1vZXjxU2MrbX7aaCoVuY0Bly0FNwqR7KLeNI8l1BsHeGJGuZlELXg8NPFNv/s1600/carbon+is+the+negative+electrode.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="130" data-original-width="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UPB8zkVoQL9l-mSrBBZxeRC4KbyNnDC014y0V-M-hWZvjnRd12A_V7t7s4OTI_9wpOxhRs8M3jYGeWdHk1vZXjxU2MrbX7aaCoVuY0Bly0FNwqR7KLeNI8l1BsHeGJGuZlELXg8NPFNv/s1600/carbon+is+the+negative+electrode.gif" /></a><img border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLY4x16QpW5ATsrvVyXibzlG8C8yIztYeoUj7iQK9vkvYCeoNuKHsUG9EknZoxjBll-ELGEGouaOc0Da5D42_0FZ_bBb35CPPdyh3iTSUnSTbuMI1XNWvWdZFT4vhvWgORfZD1yeZ7dySL/s1600/negative+electrode.gif" /></div>
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In implementing my invention, I level a piece of ground of sufficient area to contain the generating chain or chains. For instance, for three hundred positive elements each twenty inches (500 mm) long and two inches (50 mm) in diameter, bent as shown in Fig.3, the length of the piece of ground should be about 107 feet (32 metres) and 3 feet (1 metre) wide. I dig 43 holes at a distance of 30 inches (735 mm) apart (centre to centre) in a line. Each hole is 10 inches (250 mm) wide and 30 inches (750 mm) long and deep enough to contain the seven pairs of electrodes. </div>
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The loose soil dug from the holes is mixed with the chosen salt or acid in order to make the generator active. For instance, if the ground is a vegetable mould, then commercial concentrated nitric acid should be added in sufficient quantity to saturate the soil, and manganese peroxide or pyrolusite should be mixed with the mass. If the soil has a sandy character, then hydrochloric acid or sodium carbonate (“washing soda”) or potash can be used. If the coil is a clay, then hydrochloric or sulphuric acid and sodium chloride may be used, the salt being dissolved in water and poured into the hole before the acid is mingled with the soil. The bottom of the hole is moistened with water and the prepared soil mixed with water to the consistency of a thick paste is then placed in the hole, surrounding the electrodes. The 43 groups of electrodes when wired in series as shown in Fig.1, will yield 53.85 volts and 56 amps, developing a total of 3015 watts. </div>
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By increasing the number of cells, the capacity of the generator may be correspondingly increased to any desired power output. The prepared body of soil should be periodically moistened, preferably with the acid with which it was treated when first prepared for action. In a generator intended for continuous use, I prefer to provide a reservoir as shown as “A” in Fig.6, and run a pipe made of a material which is not attacked by the acid, along the chain of elements, with a nozzle over each element so that they all can be moistened very easily. Any accumulation of oxides or other products of the reaction between the prepared soil and the electrodes may be removed by raising the positive electrode and then forcing it back into place again. The carbon electrode can be cleansed by simply turning it without lifting it from its place. </div>
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I find that the period of use of the generator during which no addition of salt or acid is needed, increases with the period of use. For example, during the first day of use, the acid or salt should be added after 10 hours of use, after which it will yield 26 hours of service, and then after another moistening it will operate for 48 hours, and so on, progressively increasing in duration between being moistened. This generator operates very consistently and reliably.</div>
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Nowadays, we find mains voltage alternating current to be the most convenient to use. For a system like this, we would be inclined to use an ordinary inverter which runs on twelve volts or twenty-four volts. However, it needs to be remembered that the working input current is high and so, the wire used to carry that current needs to be thick. At 12V, each kilowatt is a current of at least 84 amps. At 24V that current is 42 amps (the inverter itself is more expensive as fewer are bought). Considerable household usage can be had from a 1500 watt inverter. </div>
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The soft iron / carbon construction described by Michael Emme produces 54V from 43 sets of electrodes, indicating around 1.25V per set at high current draw. It seems reasonably likely that ten or eleven sets of electrodes would give around 12V at high current and three of those chains connected in parallel should be able to power a 1500 watt 12V inverter continuously at extremely low running cost. </div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practical guide</span></u><br />
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
<br />
<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0FM1057, Hereford, TX 79045, Hoa Kỳ34.983784123066307 -102.476977587948976.4042956230663073 -143.78557158794897 63.563272623066311 -61.168383587948966tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-75825551989129653612019-08-15T01:41:00.000-07:002020-05-11T08:47:26.854-07:00A Three Battery Switching System - Free Energy Generator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Continuing the <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/energy-tapping-pulsed-systems-free-energy-generator.html" target="_blank">Tesla Switch style</a> of operation, it is possible to get the same effect as the Tesla Switch circuit, using only three batteries (or three capacitors). Discussed almost a century ago by Carlos Benitez in his patents, and more recently described by John Bedini, just three batteries can be used if more complicated circuit switching is used. Carlos points out that there has to be an energy loss due to wires heating up and batteries not being 100% efficient. He overcomes these problems with some very clever circuitry which is covered in the following section. However, it is not at all certain that this is actually the case as experimentation indicates that it is possible for this kind of battery switching to maintain the battery charge levels far beyond the expected.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here is an untested suggestion for how it might be possible to produce a portable, self-powered powerful light. There are many possible variations on this, and the following description is just intended as an indication of how a three battery switching system might be constructed. If you are not familiar with simple electronics, then I suggest that you study the basic electronics tutorial of chapter 12.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Battery charging can be accomplished in various different ways. Obviously, the more the electrical loading can be reduced, the lesser the need for recharging. Two methods for doing this involve passing the same electrical current repeatedly through the load, as shown here:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNRLCqcSe0ECNJvkm_m_FsuFY8eiwWKYIzCXc4pMEVzN0ef8heF7rGI9nxPQlNV3POqF5JEYMNn7LKcBgkNPTBP83q71o1cpNyBDdvMrcwPdGpx-Lb5_01x9W7cY_7PkNsg8Es-JJUuPw/s1600/Three+Battery+Switching+System.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="A Three Battery Switching System" border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNRLCqcSe0ECNJvkm_m_FsuFY8eiwWKYIzCXc4pMEVzN0ef8heF7rGI9nxPQlNV3POqF5JEYMNn7LKcBgkNPTBP83q71o1cpNyBDdvMrcwPdGpx-Lb5_01x9W7cY_7PkNsg8Es-JJUuPw/s1600/Three+Battery+Switching+System.gif" title="A Three Battery Switching System" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The switching for this arrangement can be implemented in various different ways, but essentially, in Stage 1, batteries ‘B1’ and ‘B2’ provide twice the voltage of batteries ‘B3 ‘ and ‘B4’, causing current to flow through the load ‘L’ and into batteries ‘B3’ and ‘B4’, driven by the voltage difference which is normally, the same as the voltage of any one of the batteries on its own. Each of the batteries ‘B3’ and ‘B4’ receive only half of the current supplied by batteries ‘B1’ and ‘B2’, and so, there is, not surprisingly, an energy loss. However, for half of the time, batteries ‘B3’ and ‘B4’ are receiving charging current instead of supplying current to the load.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In Stage 2, the batteries are swapped around and the process repeated with batteries ‘B3’ and ‘B4’ supplying current to the load and batteries ‘B1’ and ‘B2’. Tests have shown that with this arrangement, the load ‘L’ can be powered for longer than if all four batteries were connected in parallel and used to supply the load directly. With this system, each battery receives half of the load current for half of the time.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An alternative method which uses the same principle, but three batteries instead of four, and where each battery receives all of the load current for one third of the time, is like this:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigqdX0JvfB3q3GI8onByEbo-Z-j5hypsFbFBv74hRQQCQgZZE6UGiCidbY66HmyyW9vV_sma321fGJkXNEdgCYjmNSERPV9h3Lk8gPescRjLo_EU_hyphenhyphen9O9fLs4IrYWWyxZ8Cq8HkmrmMKZ/s1600/each+battery+receives+all+of+the+load+current.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="A Three Battery Switching System" border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigqdX0JvfB3q3GI8onByEbo-Z-j5hypsFbFBv74hRQQCQgZZE6UGiCidbY66HmyyW9vV_sma321fGJkXNEdgCYjmNSERPV9h3Lk8gPescRjLo_EU_hyphenhyphen9O9fLs4IrYWWyxZ8Cq8HkmrmMKZ/s1600/each+battery+receives+all+of+the+load+current.gif" title="A Three Battery Switching System" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here, the batteries are switched around sequentially, with two of them in series causing current flow through the load ‘L’ and into the third battery. There is, of course, an overall energy loss, and so, additional energy from an external source needs to introduced to keep the load powered continuously. However, as with the four-battery system, the load ‘L’ can be kept powered longer by the batteries arranged like this than would occur if all three batteries were connected in parallel and used to power the load directly.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As before, the switching for a system of this kind can be implemented in various different ways. For long-term reliability, solid-state switching is preferred, and as NPN transistors are low-cost and readily available, they are shown here in one of the preferred configurations:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As each inter-battery connection is different for each of the three stages of operation of this circuit, it is necessary to have four switches for each stage. In order to establish the necessary details for connection of the transistors, as this circuit does not have the normal positive and negative rails, the (nominal) current flow directions need to be examined. These are shown here:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_QqXMGKYYglPk01b29A6OHqq7cO2_ezmAp15hTzcSALLM3dyFLaLkJe_4s1SWTq3XpmRP7KGezUFbkc2ws5Uxj5RHmCMmKk38X6de2yaTKoZyxaFlHebNXZbJwC-PJS7E2DtE8kDJp1D/s1600/four+switches+for+each+stage.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="A Three Battery Switching System" border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_QqXMGKYYglPk01b29A6OHqq7cO2_ezmAp15hTzcSALLM3dyFLaLkJe_4s1SWTq3XpmRP7KGezUFbkc2ws5Uxj5RHmCMmKk38X6de2yaTKoZyxaFlHebNXZbJwC-PJS7E2DtE8kDJp1D/s1600/four+switches+for+each+stage.gif" title="A Three Battery Switching System" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Obviously, the current flows from the higher series-connected voltage to the lower single battery voltage. The twelve virtual switches are numbered from ‘S1’ to ‘S12’ respectively, and if each represents an NPN transistor, then we also need to ensure that the current flow direction is correct for the transistor and to identify a higher voltage point which can be used to feed current into the base of each transistor. These details are listed here:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqF5JPT2nZLtac7tN-VLohM2hSCL4af6pH4S_qmW3FXSlnV0Rdz6Y_-99HCjcsmL8GNF5BhMrL9L7DGqLQCYSrZLNr6GmjN0_7Rf4gw6N3UTb-0VoShEt75A_NTT6ySQ1XWd4TWJw_p3f3/s1600/feed+current+into+the+base+of+each+transistor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="529" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqF5JPT2nZLtac7tN-VLohM2hSCL4af6pH4S_qmW3FXSlnV0Rdz6Y_-99HCjcsmL8GNF5BhMrL9L7DGqLQCYSrZLNr6GmjN0_7Rf4gw6N3UTb-0VoShEt75A_NTT6ySQ1XWd4TWJw_p3f3/s1600/feed+current+into+the+base+of+each+transistor.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The suggested switching arrangement therefore, looks like this:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5mofgU5HzuY2SoM3NNkjTAY9uKb-FPDPFBr0RIIOrfPp95D91pClkemOssNkfIryDTMusY0XZcXIVnqVZyTihAudkcbWoyV2VvUArmkaTOnuIWibcLn_QLCqmI-Vw46t5sFYIwKzv0T4/s1600/suggested+switching+arrangement+therefore.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="suggested switching arrangement therefore" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="637" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5mofgU5HzuY2SoM3NNkjTAY9uKb-FPDPFBr0RIIOrfPp95D91pClkemOssNkfIryDTMusY0XZcXIVnqVZyTihAudkcbWoyV2VvUArmkaTOnuIWibcLn_QLCqmI-Vw46t5sFYIwKzv0T4/s1600/suggested+switching+arrangement+therefore.gif" title="suggested switching arrangement therefore" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While the above diagram shows each stage with permanently connected base resistors, that is, of course, only to display the conceptual arrangement. Each resistor is passed through an opto-isolator and each set of four opto-isolators are driven by one of three separate outputs of equal duration. One possible arrangement for this could be as indicated below.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The CD4022 Divide-by-Eight chip can be arranged to divide by three rather than eight, by connecting its pin 7 to pin 15. The physical chip connections are:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jSDHZr8OveTvli_Vf4TvjQnXn0nRnB3tpVXTA-4_dOdQRc8tiKuFTBRRPKofKe_qxGiROjwk4bryYwvTHB64ej2S-hMcLLxjXoiC3Mm0t_-cD5I-CLWKIKffm2seLwzrmj_p9JCARAUq/s1600/CD4022+Divide-by-Eight+chip.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="The CD4022 Divide-by-Eight chip " border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jSDHZr8OveTvli_Vf4TvjQnXn0nRnB3tpVXTA-4_dOdQRc8tiKuFTBRRPKofKe_qxGiROjwk4bryYwvTHB64ej2S-hMcLLxjXoiC3Mm0t_-cD5I-CLWKIKffm2seLwzrmj_p9JCARAUq/s1600/CD4022+Divide-by-Eight+chip.gif" title="The CD4022 Divide-by-Eight chip " /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The chip needs a clock signal in order to function. There are many different ways of generating a clock signal, and the one shown here is very cheap, simple and has adjustable frequency and adjustable Mark/Space ratio, although, as the signal is to be used to trigger the action of a Divide-By-Three chip, there is no need for this clock signal to have a 50% Mark/Space ratio. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Note:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">----------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Free Energy Generator</b>: </span><br />
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
<br />
<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The chip supply current is so tiny, that it really does not matter what the Mark/Space ratio is:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8TEM9gmehIINbnD8kQV1YbMC8ClpFSwGWxp0j9jfQIJ2PQasRRrcEWNh9v_wg5p5sjXd-cSJ485HIALDpHa3vWth1J_oCVXlA1ZKy7gQl1FCUjZeEFoziU5P7V6j0IPqrjb5VZeUqhzMk/s1600/a+Divide-By-Three+chip.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="The chip supply current is so tiny" border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8TEM9gmehIINbnD8kQV1YbMC8ClpFSwGWxp0j9jfQIJ2PQasRRrcEWNh9v_wg5p5sjXd-cSJ485HIALDpHa3vWth1J_oCVXlA1ZKy7gQl1FCUjZeEFoziU5P7V6j0IPqrjb5VZeUqhzMk/s1600/a+Divide-By-Three+chip.gif" title="The chip supply current is so tiny" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Using this circuit as the clock signal, the opto-isolator circuit could be:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYZvbClF68aH2nc9UoEq3NARFw5b1WHiJx6TpWe8MZiffNyc9VlCoNegHfuTa2q0hPPZO0ov5ObL3OTuhyphenhyphenXlnPh8Jq4zHJVxe30B3nvL9s63vnamg730y-BclVDvDai0YnYInIfSSn-FOI/s1600/opto-isolator+circuit+could.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="opto-isolator circuit could" border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="551" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYZvbClF68aH2nc9UoEq3NARFw5b1WHiJx6TpWe8MZiffNyc9VlCoNegHfuTa2q0hPPZO0ov5ObL3OTuhyphenhyphenXlnPh8Jq4zHJVxe30B3nvL9s63vnamg730y-BclVDvDai0YnYInIfSSn-FOI/s1600/opto-isolator+circuit+could.gif" title="opto-isolator circuit could" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>There are various opto-isolators available and while the rather expensive high-speed varieties are tempting, since we have to provide three sets of four, the ISQ-74 quad chip seems very suitable for this application although it is slower:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieAg15Pi6apTWspPwiEDQxR1J9ktGyBjF4cIh1EGLFCnELraIxEk-iupHvajO5IcZnFvhRl9s3RmTMkU0iUQjTB1TTG1Q-RLz79_BWCVLKQnCo9khK50XTdSZGZ0Kgg5UsLOgiqHERduAR/s1600/SQ-74+quad+chip.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="the ISQ-74 quad chip seems" border="0" data-original-height="137" data-original-width="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieAg15Pi6apTWspPwiEDQxR1J9ktGyBjF4cIh1EGLFCnELraIxEk-iupHvajO5IcZnFvhRl9s3RmTMkU0iUQjTB1TTG1Q-RLz79_BWCVLKQnCo9khK50XTdSZGZ0Kgg5UsLOgiqHERduAR/s1600/SQ-74+quad+chip.gif" title="the ISQ-74 quad chip seems" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The overall circuit for the opto switching is then:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2gqHBAk2vQlWOT_cbr3AgNWtsqhMAhGxFZNQybvJ2HeoALWHyOcD9zyCY1RBNbGKFtNkO2I3Z6u8UNNjo74YGk2Fvqj5Wvq3jh-N-XA2659_M2Iqa_liWzc8tRCuFDwxROuXRe5osqTN8/s1600/overall+circuit+for+the+opto+switching.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="overall circuit for the opto switching" border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2gqHBAk2vQlWOT_cbr3AgNWtsqhMAhGxFZNQybvJ2HeoALWHyOcD9zyCY1RBNbGKFtNkO2I3Z6u8UNNjo74YGk2Fvqj5Wvq3jh-N-XA2659_M2Iqa_liWzc8tRCuFDwxROuXRe5osqTN8/s1600/overall+circuit+for+the+opto+switching.gif" title="overall circuit for the opto switching" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5K9E1YfST482Qw5lul66a6AqpRHYz_rFk0xXPI_dZzP-9p7cPJl87YCovfP4ZSWB6uDw-2pl-mT76pjxCBDdK2Ll-maPJZdbShYnWJhy7dBVG1HOnwEqjtIpd9rfQTStXNVr4UspaeWwR/s1600/overall+circuit+for+the+opto+switching+2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5K9E1YfST482Qw5lul66a6AqpRHYz_rFk0xXPI_dZzP-9p7cPJl87YCovfP4ZSWB6uDw-2pl-mT76pjxCBDdK2Ll-maPJZdbShYnWJhy7dBVG1HOnwEqjtIpd9rfQTStXNVr4UspaeWwR/s1600/overall+circuit+for+the+opto+switching+2.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpHLouS3H0N6-BTl5vKiMR-yc2FtEWy7L8M9f-6dV2vnInG3IlJ6wmeIb3Wp6ODZNWu5AXGpckrJc6ZUJO9SXtgVx1nex_nM58jVwQxoF2oRxVO2gIUHT6CtDW-e7n_RLxMgwYotveXjsL/s1600/overall+circuit+for+the+opto+switching+3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpHLouS3H0N6-BTl5vKiMR-yc2FtEWy7L8M9f-6dV2vnInG3IlJ6wmeIb3Wp6ODZNWu5AXGpckrJc6ZUJO9SXtgVx1nex_nM58jVwQxoF2oRxVO2gIUHT6CtDW-e7n_RLxMgwYotveXjsL/s1600/overall+circuit+for+the+opto+switching+3.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The output transistors are expected to switch 1 amp and so the TIP132 NPN and matching TIP137 transistors have been selected. These are cheap, Darlington transistors with current gains in excess of 1000 which means that the base current requirements are about 1 milliamp, which suggests that the base transistors could be 8.2K for a 12V system. These transistors can switch 12A at up to 100V and have a power dissipation of 70 watts, indicating that they will be running so far below their capability that they should run cool.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">With this kind of circuit, it is desirable to have a fairly large current flow (relative to the battery capacity) in order to give a marked difference between the discharging and charging cycles for each battery.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Using a 104 mm x 50 mm board size which will slot directly into a standard plastic slotted-side box, a stripboard layout (where the red circles indicate a break in the copper strip on the underside of the board) for the transistor switching section might be:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQN9JykO_BGJa8jaXwBpUDQXGwZelDL6SkYtScTJdo-LE5j2EGet5-fPL5jOGyeXWgfrlhkidDizoDmh2PPeY1KUa-szXzK8ECNH29eu8iop13BNXHMj-8jeroT3RltW7ABqaIiu9t5CrM/s1600/transistor+switching+section+might.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="transistor switching section might" border="0" data-original-height="1074" data-original-width="689" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQN9JykO_BGJa8jaXwBpUDQXGwZelDL6SkYtScTJdo-LE5j2EGet5-fPL5jOGyeXWgfrlhkidDizoDmh2PPeY1KUa-szXzK8ECNH29eu8iop13BNXHMj-8jeroT3RltW7ABqaIiu9t5CrM/s1600/transistor+switching+section+might.gif" title="transistor switching section might" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Each base resistor has an output link (O1b through O12b) which is connected through it’s opto-isolator to the destination shown in the “Base” column in the table. Each set of three NPN transistors and one PNP transistor are switched together via a single ISQ-74 quad opto isolator chip. Each of the three ISQ-74 chips is powered in turn by one of the outputs from the CD4022 Divide-by-Three connected chip, which driven by the CD40106B hex Schmitt inverter chip wired as a clock as shown above. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>It is expected that a suitable clocking frequency would be about 700 Hz. A possible layout for the clock, Divide-by-Three and twelve opto-isolators on a 104 mm x 50 mm strip board, is shown here:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI1IVXEs9zlvYLHrABl_-jMd1G8w0tGCdDy80SoTZFgTkxTYoKEfEXWv3EpjgzTgCegFYwNdmMWvIN44bWjpxtaglgwh-BWrsIYYYjMd9DEC_XoyCLHEs52jPEUol0kweF51FvCWluh11R/s1600/Divide-by-Three+and+twelve+opto-isolators.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Divide-by-Three and twelve opto-isolators" border="0" data-original-height="1154" data-original-width="493" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI1IVXEs9zlvYLHrABl_-jMd1G8w0tGCdDy80SoTZFgTkxTYoKEfEXWv3EpjgzTgCegFYwNdmMWvIN44bWjpxtaglgwh-BWrsIYYYjMd9DEC_XoyCLHEs52jPEUol0kweF51FvCWluh11R/s1600/Divide-by-Three+and+twelve+opto-isolators.gif" title="Divide-by-Three and twelve opto-isolators" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The timing and switching circuits form part of the load which is being switched. However, if we assume that there will be a power loss when running this system, then we should consider the very clever designs of Carlos Benitez in 1915.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>You may not know</u>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/solves-teslas-secret-to-energy-amplifying.html" target="_blank">Solves Tesla's Secret to Amplifying Power by Nearly 5000% - Groundbreaking Discovery</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-8047957311469162762019-08-15T00:57:00.002-07:002020-05-11T08:46:33.901-07:00Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems - Free Energy Generator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
One very interesting feature of free-energy devices is that although various devices which appear to be completely different and have different apparent applications, the background operation is often the same. It is clear that a sharp positive going DC electric pulse interacts with the surrounding energy field, making large quantities of free-energy available for anyone who has the knowledge of how to gather and use that extra energy.<br />
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Let me stress again that “over-unity” is an impossibility. Over-unity suggests that more energy can be taken out of a system than the total energy which goes into the system. This is not possible as you can’t have more than 100% of anything. However, there is another perfectly valid way of looking at the operation of any system, and that is to rate the output of the system relative to the amount of energy that the user has to put in to make it work. <br />
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This is called the “Coefficient Of Performance” or “COP” for short. A COP = 1 is when all of the energy put in by the user is returned as useful output. A COP>1 is where more useful energy comes out of the device than the user has to put in. For example, a sailing boat in a good breeze transports people along without the need for the energy of movement to be supplied by the crew. The energy comes from the local environment and while the efficiency is low, the COP is greater than 1. What we are looking for here is not something to tap wind energy, wave energy, sunlight energy, river energy, thermal energy or whatever but instead we want something which can tap the invisible energy field which surrounds us all, namely the “zero-point energy” field.<br />
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For this, let us look at pulsing circuits used by a wide range of people in a number of apparently quite different devices. An electrical “pulse” is a sudden voltage rise and fall with very sharply rising and falling voltages. However, pulses are seldom generated as isolated events when working with practical devices, so it is probably better to think of a train of pulses, or a “waveform” with very sharp rising and falling edges. These can be called oscillators or signal generators and are so commonplace that we tend not to give them a second thought, but the really important factors for using an oscillator for <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/07/self-sustaining-generator.html" target="_blank">zero-point energy</a> pick-up is the quality of the signal.<br />
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Ideally, what is needed cab a perfect square wave with no overshoot, and the voltage level never going below zero volts, or a complex waveform, also with very sharp attack and decay times. These waveforms are a good deal more difficult to generate than you might imagine.<br />
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Even in these days of sophisticated solid-state electronic devices, the best method of creating a really sharp voltage pulse is still considered to be a spark gap, especially one which has the spark chopped off suddenly by the use of a strong magnetic field at right angles to the spark gap. For an example of this style of operation, consider the following device.<br />
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Frank Prentice’s COP=6 Pulsed Aerial System.</h2>
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Electrical Engineer Frank Wyatt Prentice of the USA invented what he described as an ‘Electrical Power Accumulator’ with an output power six times greater than the input power (COP = 6). He was granted a patent in 1923 which says: </div>
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In the development of my WIRELESS TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEM for railways, covered by my United States Letters Patent Number 843,550, I discovered that with an antenna consisting of one wire of suitable diameter supported on insulators, three to six inches above the ground and extending one half mile, more or less in length, the antenna being grounded at one end through a spark gap, and energised at the other end by a high frequency generator of 500 watts input and having a secondary frequency of 500,000 Hz, would produce in the antenna, an oscillatory frequency the same as that of the earth currents and thus electrical power from the surrounding media was accumulated along the length of the transmission antenna and with a closed oscillatory loop antenna 18 feet in length run parallel with the transmission antenna at a distance of approximately 20 feet, it was possible to obtain by tuning the loop antenna, sufficient power to light to full candle power a series bank of 50 sixty-watt carbon lamps. Lowering or raising the frequency of 500,000 Hz resulted in a diminishing of the amount of power received through the 18 foot antenna. </div>
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Likewise, raising the transmission antenna resulted in a proportionate decrease of power picked up on the receiving antennae and at 6 feet above the earth no power whatsoever was obtainable without a change of voltage and frequency. </div>
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It is the objective of my generic invention to utilise the power generated by the earth, by the means described here and illustrated in the drawings. The two drawings show simple and preferred forms of this invention, but I wish it to be understood that no limitation is necessarily made as to the exact and precise circuits, shapes, positions and structural details shown here, and that changes, alterations and modifications may be made when desired within the scope of my invention and as specifically pointed out in the claims. </div>
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Referring particularly to Fig.1, 1 and 2 are <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/lecture-experiments-with-alternate-currents-potential-frequency-high.html" target="_blank">alternating current</a> feed wires supplying 110 volts 60 cycles per second to a high-frequency generator. 3 is a switch with poles 4 and 5, while 6 and 7 are the connections to the high-frequency transformer 8, which is used to step-up the frequency to 500 kHz and the voltage to, say, 100 kV. 9 is an inductor, 10 is a spark gap, 11 is a variable capacitor, 12 is the primary winding and 13 the secondary winding of transformer 8. The secondary winding is connected to ground through variable capacitor 16, and wire 17. Wire 14 connects transformer 8 to the main transmission antenna 19 which is supported along it’s length on insulators 20. Spark gap 21 is positioned between the main transmission antenna 19 and the ground 24, passing through connecting wire 22 and variable capacitor 23. The main transmission antenna 19, can be any desired length. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOnNpVi8csA2zW-rmDm3qCPhVSdGaazeNOG5QWe9Ed9bw65zEPtYWfSjuhv9o2CazPwpIbKBc31TNIN5YVSR8IDhdcmRnbe9UW7ArBPenS9c9jnhcm-1FEJCvwivtyNFXXfpeQfrFSNUsp/s1600/WIRELESS+TRAIN+CONTROL+SYSTEM.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOnNpVi8csA2zW-rmDm3qCPhVSdGaazeNOG5QWe9Ed9bw65zEPtYWfSjuhv9o2CazPwpIbKBc31TNIN5YVSR8IDhdcmRnbe9UW7ArBPenS9c9jnhcm-1FEJCvwivtyNFXXfpeQfrFSNUsp/s1600/WIRELESS+TRAIN+CONTROL+SYSTEM.gif" /></a></div>
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In Fig.2, 25 is a closed oscillating loop antenna of any desired length. For greatest efficiency, it is run parallel with the main transmission antenna 19 of Fig.1. Wire 26 is connected to the secondary winding 27 of a step-down transformer which winding then goes to ground 31 through variable capacitor 29. The primary winding 32 of the step-down transformer has variable capacitor 33 connected across it and it feeds directly into winding(s) 34 of frequency transformer(s) which supply current through winding(s) 35 to a motor “M” or other electrical load(s). </div>
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Having described the drawings, I will now describe the operation of my invention. Operate switch 3 to connect the input power. Adjust spark gap 10 and variable capacitor 11 so that 100,000 volts at a frequency of 500,000 cycles per second is delivered to step-up transformer 8 of Fig.1. Next, adjust spark gap 21 of the transmission antenna 19 so that all (voltage) peaks and nodes are eliminated in the transmission of the 100,000 volts along the antenna by the current surges across spark gap 21. The high-frequency alternating current flowing through spark gap 21 passes through variable capacitor 23 to ground 24 and from there, back through the ground to earthing point 18, through variable capacitor 16 and back to winding 13 of transformer 8. As the 500,000 Hz current is the same as the earth-generated currents and in tune with it, it naturally follows that accumulation of earth currents will amalgamate with those for transformer 8, providing a reservoir of high-frequency currents to be drawn upon by a tuned circuit of that same 500 kHz frequency, such as that shown in Fig.2, where the antenna 25 is turned to receive a frequency of 500 kHz, which current then passes through transformer 27, any frequency-adjusting transformer(s), and on to power the load(s) 38. </div>
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The return of current through the earth from transmission antenna 19, is preferable to return through a wire as the ground return current picks up more earth currents than a wire does. I also prefer under certain conditions, to use a single antenna wire in place of the closed loop antenna shown in Fig.2. Under certain operational requirements, I have had improved performance by having the transmission antenna elevated and carried on poles many feet above the earth, and with that arrangement it is necessary to use a different voltage and frequency in order to accumulate earth currents. </div>
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This system of Frank’s effectively applies very <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/guide-to-free-energy-moving-pulsed-systems.html" target="_blank">sharply pulsed</a> DC pulses to a long length of wire supported in a horizontal position not far above the ground. The pulses are sharp due to both the spark gap on the primary side of the transformer, along with the spark-gap on the secondary (high voltage) side of the transformer. An input power of 500 watts gives a 3 kW power output from what appears to be an incredibly simple piece of equipment. </div>
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<div style="background: #CEECF5; border: #0101DF 1px solid; padding: 4px; width: 555px;">
<u>You may not know</u>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/solves-teslas-secret-to-energy-amplifying.html" target="_blank">Solves Tesla's Secret to Amplifying Power by Nearly 5000% - Groundbreaking Discovery</a><br />
<br />
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
<br />
<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Free Energy Generator by Dave Lawton</h2>
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A solid-state semiconductor circuit which has proved successful in producing pulses like this is shown as part of Dave Lawton’s replication of Stan Meyer’s Water Fuel Cell. Here, an ordinary NE555 timer chip generates a square wave which feeds a carefully chosen Field-Effect Transistor the BUZ350 which drives a water-splitter cell via a combined pair of choke coils at point “A” in the diagram below. </div>
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Stan Meyer used a toroidal ferrite ring when he was winding these choke coils while Dave Lawton uses two straight ferrite bars, bridged top and bottom with thick iron strips. Chokes wound on straight ferrite rods have been found to work very well also. The effects are the same in all cases, with the waveform applied to the pipe electrodes being converted into very sharp, very short, high-voltage spikes. These spikes unbalance the local quantum environment causing vast flows of energy, a tiny percentage of which happens to flow into the circuit as additional power. The cell runs cold, and at low input current, quite unlike an ordinary electrolysis cell where the temperature rises noticeably and the input current needed is much higher.<br />
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Learn more: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</a> - <b>Free energy generator</b></div>
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Free energy generator by John Bedini</h2>
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John Bedini uses this same pulsing of a bi-filar wound coil to produce the same very short, very sharp voltage spikes which unbalance the local energy field, causing major flows of additional energy. The figure shown here is from his US patent 6,545,444. </div>
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John has produced and generously shared, many designs, all of which are basically similar and all using a 1:1 ratio bi-filar wound transformer. This one uses a free-running rotor with permanent magnets embedded in it’s rim, to trigger sharp induced currents in the windings of the coil unit marked “13b” which switches the transistor on, powering winding “13a” which powers the rotor on its way. The pick-up coil “13c” collects additional energy from the local environment, and in this particular circuit, feeds it into the capacitor. After a few turns of the rotor (dictated by the gear-down ratio to the second rotor), the charge in the capacitor is fed into a second “on-charge” battery. </div>
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The rotor is desirable but not essential as the coils marked 1 and 2 can self-oscillate, and there can be any number of windings shown as 3 in the diagram. Winding 3 produces very short, sharp, high-voltage spikes, which is the essential part of the design. If those sharp pulses are fed to a lead-acid battery (instead of to a capacitor as shown above), then an unusual effect is created which triggers a link between the battery and the immediate environment, causing the environment to charge the battery. This is an amazing discovery and because the voltage pulses are high-voltage courtesy of the 1:1 choke coils, the battery bank being charged can have any number of batteries and can be stacked as a 24-volt bank even though the driving battery is only 12 volts. Even more interesting is the fact that charging can continue for more than half an hour after the pulsing circuit is switched off. </div>
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It can be tricky to get one of these circuits tuned properly to work at peak performance, but when they are, they can have performances of COP>10. The major snag is that the charging mechanism does not allow a load to be driven from the battery bank while it is being charged. This means that for any continuous use, there has to be two battery banks, one on charge and one being used. A further major problem is that battery banks are just not suitable for serious household use. A washing machine draws up to 2.2 kilowatts and a wash cycle might be an hour long (two hours long if a “whites” wash and a “coloureds” wash are done one after the other which is not uncommon). During the winter, heating needs to be run at the same time as the washing machine, which could well double the load. </div>
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It is recommended that batteries are not loaded much beyond their “C20” rate, that is, one twentieth of their Amp-Hour nominal rating. Say that 85 Amp-Hour deep-cycle leisure batteries are being used, then the recommended draw rate from them is 85 Amps divided by 20, which is 4.25 amps. Let’s push it and say we will risk drawing double that, and make it 8.5 amps. So, how many batteries would we need to supply our washing machine assuming that our inverter was 100% efficient? Well, 2,200 watts on a 12-volts system is 2,200 / 12 = 183 amps, so with each battery contributing 8.5 amps, we would need 183 / 8.5 = 22 large, heavy batteries. We would need twice that number if we were to treat them right, plus twice that again for household heating, say 110 batteries for an anyway realistic system. That sheer size of battery banks is not realistic for your average householder or person living in an apartment. Consequently, it appears that the Bedini pulse-charging systems are not practical for anything other than minor items of equipment. </div>
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However, the really important point here is the way that when these short pulses are applied to a lead-acid battery, a link is formed with the environment which causes large amounts of energy to flow into the circuit from outside. This is extra “free-energy”. Interestingly, it is highly likely that if the pulses generated by Dave Lawton’s water-splitter circuit shown above, were fed to a lead-acid battery, then the same battery-charging mechanism is likely to occur. Also, if a Bedini pulse-charging circuit were connected to a water-splitting cell like the Lawton cell, then it is highly probable that it would also drive that cell satisfactorily. Two apparently different applications, two apparently different circuits, but both producing sharp high-voltage pulses which draw extra free-energy from the immediate environment.<br />
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<u>Exclusive:</u> <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">100 Year Old Device Will Completely Change Our Lives</a> - <b>Free Energy Generator</b></div>
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Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems - The Tesla Switch - Free Energy Generator</h2>
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It doesn’t stop there. Nikola Tesla introduced the world to Alternating Current (“AC”) but later on he moved from AC to very short, sharp pulses of Direct Current (“DC”). He found that by adjusting the frequency and duration of these high-voltage pulses, that he could produce a whole range of effects drawn from the environment - heating, cooling, lighting, etc. The important point to note is that the pulses were drawing energy directly from the immediate environment. Leaving aside the advanced equipment which Tesla was using during those experiments and moving to the simple-looking 4-battery Tesla Switch, we discover the same background operation of sharp voltage pulses drawing free-energy from the environment. </div>
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I seriously doubt that this circuit had anything to do with Tesla, but instead it probably originated with Carlos Benitez. Strictly speaking, this particular version was probably produced by the staff of the Electrodyne Corp. of America. This circuit (shown in "The Manual of Free-Energy Devices and Systems" Vol.1, 1986) was tested by them for a period of three years: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPqm-qBqTrbWy7MLVqouGNKbZ6KxtLEeVBfqFyqukjS8UMszrkQzcXiZQJSKie8eU_zrc0tWIyk89nk78OnfDwZ9ppXcPUEeLB4w92-6PWtWruoKAIPm27x3sqB01eUoNlZfD__Rf_8dXm/s1600/The+Tesla+Switch+-+Free+energy+generator.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Tesla Switch - Free energy generator" border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPqm-qBqTrbWy7MLVqouGNKbZ6KxtLEeVBfqFyqukjS8UMszrkQzcXiZQJSKie8eU_zrc0tWIyk89nk78OnfDwZ9ppXcPUEeLB4w92-6PWtWruoKAIPm27x3sqB01eUoNlZfD__Rf_8dXm/s1600/The+Tesla+Switch+-+Free+energy+generator.gif" title="The Tesla Switch - Free energy generator" /></a></div>
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Please understand that the car batteries which they used in their circuit had become “conditioned” during their years of testing and they each had a voltage of 36 volts even though they were manufactured as 12-volt batteries. This circuit is a lot more subtle than it appears. The 1N1183 diodes are an essential part of the operation because those diodes break down when they are supposedly blocking current flow, and instead, they pass through them sharp voltage pulses. Those battery-charging pulses are the reason why the diodes appear to be connected backwards and supposedly blocking current flow to the positive contacts of the batteries. </div>
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I suggest that this circuit is abandoned and instead the Benitez method of feeding charging pulses directly to both the batteries and the load be used instead. There has to be battery recharging. If you doubt this, then do the math: </div>
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The load is powered by current which flows from two batteries in series (72 volts) into two batteries in parallel (36 volts). The batteries are lead-acid types which have an efficiency of only 50%, that is, they waste half of all of the charging energy fed into them. Let’s work an example: Say the two batteries in series provide 10 amps for a one-second period. Both of those batteries lose 10 amp-seconds of power. </div>
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That 10 amps divides equally and 5 amps flows into each of the two batteries for a period of one second. That would be 5 amp-seconds of additional power IF it were not for the 50% efficiency of the battery. So only 2.5 amp-seconds of that power can be recovered from that battery, which in the next second is expected to supply 10 amp-seconds of power. </div>
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So, effectively, we have 2.5 amp-seconds of recoverable power received for every 10 amp-seconds of actual power expended. This means that the battery will run down unless some form of battery charging takes place during the operation. Consequently, a battery charging system needs to be part of the “Load”. </div>
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Carlos Benitez used switching of only once per hour and he added charging power to both the batteries and the load which was being power by his circuit. He did that like this: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy67DipYaNJ5OYMRV9rGq0zVVzPCU5FIYwEcCdYNVFcx5_owpCndfO0QsR6n0SDM4WqhxyQLIOMNMtoqDE-9BuLHO3pQ_wY4d5jyB3dqDl1SsBOS1CUitwpQgCT0RFl4PuQlsGbJ3wi7e0/s1600/Carlos+Benitez+used+switching.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems - The Tesla Switch" border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="543" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy67DipYaNJ5OYMRV9rGq0zVVzPCU5FIYwEcCdYNVFcx5_owpCndfO0QsR6n0SDM4WqhxyQLIOMNMtoqDE-9BuLHO3pQ_wY4d5jyB3dqDl1SsBOS1CUitwpQgCT0RFl4PuQlsGbJ3wi7e0/s1600/Carlos+Benitez+used+switching.gif" title="Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems - The Tesla Switch" /></a></div>
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As there were no readily available electronic components back then, Carlos used an induction coil to produce the voltage spikes needed for charging the batteries. The equivalent nowadays is the much cheaper and easier to build “Joule Thief” circuit as described in chapter 6: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzqNoYssKRceWX4iRczW9UG-7x94P8nE12GUd2p_fhvCa8sv3e_svLwT_4_-lXCdGFEgkWh27hxOYiJu5hlGAtSv6EgVTsEhDNknFvdtkl06oSco5oz1i-s2rjcsfVT1S7cfS4LrRRcl7s/s1600/build+%25E2%2580%259CJoule+Thief%25E2%2580%259D+circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="build “Joule Thief” circuit" border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzqNoYssKRceWX4iRczW9UG-7x94P8nE12GUd2p_fhvCa8sv3e_svLwT_4_-lXCdGFEgkWh27hxOYiJu5hlGAtSv6EgVTsEhDNknFvdtkl06oSco5oz1i-s2rjcsfVT1S7cfS4LrRRcl7s/s1600/build+%25E2%2580%259CJoule+Thief%25E2%2580%259D+circuit.gif" title="build “Joule Thief” circuit" /></a></div>
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<div>
Here is a solid-state version of the circuit: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh92PLH1J8HMYCIbWKdoht7pzbO77hjUGPKzZuSi-fT5RcGjNTzlJSevb7cBUtxnv0bZyXm7aH8RCVmnFVkZZnMVzT52VntxejzC48bKY-eqao9SR6oavTrHbhgfgZYckhbh1D6cj2TquJe/s1600/solid-state+version+of+the+circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="solid-state version of the circuit" border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh92PLH1J8HMYCIbWKdoht7pzbO77hjUGPKzZuSi-fT5RcGjNTzlJSevb7cBUtxnv0bZyXm7aH8RCVmnFVkZZnMVzT52VntxejzC48bKY-eqao9SR6oavTrHbhgfgZYckhbh1D6cj2TquJe/s1600/solid-state+version+of+the+circuit.gif" title="solid-state version of the circuit" /></a></div>
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Here, six 2N3055 transistors (or the more convenient version the TIP3055) are switched On and Off by six audio transformers (possibly the Radio Shack #273-1380 transformers). The 8-ohm transformer primary windings are connected in series and driven by a square-wave generator through a large capacitor. This circuit is shown in red in the circuit diagram above. When the square wave is positive, transformers 1, 2 and 3 have their primary windings loaded by a forward-biased diode which limits the voltage across them to a maximum of about 0.7 volts and that keeps their operation short when they switch On. The other three transformers 4, 5 and 6 have the diodes across their primary windings positioned to block a positive voltage and so their transistors remain Off. </div>
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When the output voltage of the square-wave generator goes negative, the situation is reversed and transformers 4, 5 and 6 switch on briefly while transformers 1, 2 and 3 remain Off. The diodes across the primary windings are 1N4148 diodes which have a very fast switching time which can be very important for circuits of this type. The other diodes are 1N1183 which are rated at 50 volts and 40 amps.</div>
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<div>
<u><b>Free Energy Generator</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Get The Complete Ultimate Energizer Guide </a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-15493044040013997132019-08-12T01:52:00.000-07:002020-05-11T08:45:02.696-07:00Solves Tesla's Secret to Amplifying Power by Nearly 5000% - Groundbreaking Discovery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Jim Murray has been electrifying the world for over 50 years.<br />
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His lifetime of experience has produced dozens of patents, inventions and now a truly remarkable discovery that can fundamentally change the way that human beings use energy forever.<br />
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When he was just five years old, Jim tells that he had already developed an affinity for motors and electricity.<br />
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This curiosity was piqued by his father's model train sets which Jim spent hours tinkering with. His natural gift and childhood passion fostered the creation of his first electromagnet when he was only six years old.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbpmRfRur0aKuGnJPd0sc5UAiXrUxvHUnk-o16rI1OubvFNmPIEIiOigqxXH4di8Zoxcxes2j4Yk8EzzQkLXbEyR3taVvFGC6_zl1eKDE8WGR3U-YCWxVFX2vaDWCgbQ74NqILGfS6TN6/s1600/Solves+Tesla%2527s+Secret+to+Amplifying+Power+by+Nearly+5000%2525+-+Groundbreaking+Discovery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="800" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbpmRfRur0aKuGnJPd0sc5UAiXrUxvHUnk-o16rI1OubvFNmPIEIiOigqxXH4di8Zoxcxes2j4Yk8EzzQkLXbEyR3taVvFGC6_zl1eKDE8WGR3U-YCWxVFX2vaDWCgbQ74NqILGfS6TN6/s400/Solves+Tesla%2527s+Secret+to+Amplifying+Power+by+Nearly+5000%2525+-+Groundbreaking+Discovery.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Over the next several years, Jim allowed his intellectual curiosity to carry him into multiple fields.<br />
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He studied and built rockets and radios when he was in grade school and by the time he entered high school had developed an interest in nuclear physics. This led Jim to the construction of a linear electron accelerator, which was entered in the New England Science Talent Search of 1964.<br />
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This entry won young Murray first place in school, city and state science competitions. Additionally, his project was displayed in the Boston Museum of Science.<br />
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It was not long after graduation that Jim began seriously examining the work of Nikola Tesla.<br />
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He was fascinated by Tesla's incredible claims concerning power generation and transmission, and he vowed to rediscover the great scientist's undisclosed secrets. Jim's efforts eventually led him to individuals like Otis T. Carr, who claimed to have known Tesla personally.<br />
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They also gave him a greater understanding of several lost Tesla secrets.<br />
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During his professional life, Jim has conducted research and experimentation on a variety of different technological applications all of which eventually contributed to the development of his <a href="https://electrical-equipment-tao.blogspot.com/2019/08/switched-energy-resonance-power-supply.html" target="_blank">SERPS (Switched Energy Resonance Power Supply) device</a>.<br />
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This highly specialized electronic circuit has the ability to "Magnify" the effective power applied to it by nearly 50 times.<br />
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When Jim coupled his device with his friend Paul Babcock's patented ultra fast 5 nanosecond switching technology, they achieved a 4790% increase in electrical power compared to the input.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ70pNAxywWVsCgCPXKRP2dxjrwtXR9AUlRfPu4B2gRehZtmHE5hYXovXUgODGb_rnVB7xQ-_8R1xlhMZFaoHQp7dyjOHupqE3DIgI_55mC6J_QoecE9sU56A2z-aBcz800SKkLiR3OCVS/s1600/Jim+Murray+and+Paul+Babcock%2527s+4790%2525+SERPS+Presentation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="500" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ70pNAxywWVsCgCPXKRP2dxjrwtXR9AUlRfPu4B2gRehZtmHE5hYXovXUgODGb_rnVB7xQ-_8R1xlhMZFaoHQp7dyjOHupqE3DIgI_55mC6J_QoecE9sU56A2z-aBcz800SKkLiR3OCVS/s400/Jim+Murray+and+Paul+Babcock%2527s+4790%2525+SERPS+Presentation.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Jim Murray and Paul Babcock's 4790% SERPS Presentation (<a href="https://peswiki.com/free-energy-blog:2014:07:18" target="_blank">Source</a>)</div>
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This type of performance, if commercialized, would cause the largest electric utility companies to shake in their boots.<br />
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<u>Jim explains:</u><br />
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Electric power is supplied by a special transformer to energize a resistive load.<br />
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The undissipated magnetic potential is then captured and stored temporarily, before being sent back to the source through the very same electrical load.<br />
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This oscillating power has completely different properties than conventional electrical power, and actually reduces the total power required from the source.<br />
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The consequence of this energy dynamic is that the resistive load can be powered more than twice as efficiently, while the net power supplied by the line is reduced to a very small value.<br />
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The implications of this technology for power conservation in the future are absolutely astonishing!<br />
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In the video below Jim gave an exclusive look at his groundbreaking new technology:<br />
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<b>Man Solves Tesla's Secret to Amplifying Power by Nearly 5000%</b><br />
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A_O7szcvsf4" width="789"></iframe><br />
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<div style="background: #CEECF5; border: #0101DF 1px solid; padding: 4px; width: 555px;">
<u>You may not know</u>: <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/teslas-new-energy-generator-that-would-not-consume-fuel.html" target="_blank">Tesla's new Energy generator that "would not consume fuel"</a><br />
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<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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After watching this amazing innovation in action, it is hard to believe that Mr. Tesla reached this same technological plateau nearly one-hundred years ago, and still, there has been minuscule advancement, until very recently, in the industry of energy generation.<br />
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One need only examine the contents of <a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/tesla-patent-apparatus-for-transmitting-electrical-energy.html" target="_blank">Tesla's patents</a> to understand why the famous scientist was being watched by the FBI. It is no secret that after Tesla's death in 1943, government agents seized much of his private research.<br />
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Jim's research has also been scrutinized by the FBI.<br />
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He tells that he, too, has had a run-in with the FBI because of one of the projects he was working on.<br />
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"Back in 1966, not long after my father died, I returned from work one day to find a strange message waiting for me."<br />
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When Jim attempted to ascertain the source of the message he was given a note that said:<br />
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"Take the Hudson-Manhattan subway to Newark, New Jersey, and arrive at 11 Centre Place, FBI Newark Headquarters, no later than 10:00 AM tomorrow morning.<br />
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Ask to see Agent Harold Miller, he will be expecting you."<br />
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Upon his arrival, agents began questioning Jim about his research.<br />
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After informing them of his interest in Nikola Tesla's work, Jim says,<br />
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"the agents looked at each other silently, then scribbled some additional notes, which were inserted into a file folder with my name on it. I later learned that once you become a person of interest, the FBI retains your file indefinitely!"<br />
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Thankfully Jim did not let this obvious scare tactic deter his research.<br />
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Now, thanks to modern technological advancements and the tireless work of courageous men like Jim Murray, we can begin to understand the truly groundbreaking nature of Tesla's original work.<br />
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The ramifications of the mass application of SERPS technology are nothing short of paradigm shifting. It is widely known that the "energy variable" is a primary factor in US policies. The pursuit of energy is no doubt a catalyst for many of the decisions politicians regularly make.<br />
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However, most Americans are only aware of the research efforts which involve the utilization of,<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>coal</li>
<li>petroleum</li>
<li>nuclear power</li>
<li>wind</li>
<li>solar</li>
</ul>
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These accepted avenues of exploration receive over 5 billion dollars in subsidies per year, while independent researchers like Jim are totally ignored.<br />
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The positive environmental impact of radical technologies like SERPS also cannot be understated. While lawmakers continue to pay lip service to the issue of global warming, this technology could drastically reduce the carbon footprint of the entire planet.<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mountaintop coal removal is destroying entire swaths of land.</li>
<li>Oil sands developments are already slated to be the cause of up to the second fastest rate of deforestation.</li>
<li>Hydraulic fracturing for oil & natural gas can require up to 15.8 million gallons of water per well.</li>
</ul>
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In 2012, the total energy output from wind power alone in the US surpassed 60 gigawatts, enough capacity to power nearly 15 million homes.<br />
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While renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro have been widely criticized as being inefficient to meet the nation's energy demands. The obvious truth is that through the use of technologies like the SEPRS device, we can more than meet our energy needs.<br />
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So long as organizations exist that can legally ensure the suppression of emerging technologies, the best interests of the people will always run secondary to the interests of those who have controlling ownership in traditional power systems.<br />
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The same systems which ensure cash flow to the Elite and continue to destroy our planet in the process.<br />
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In addition to re-discovering Tesla's technological secrets, Jim is also dedicated to revealing those secrets for the benefit of everyone. While he has independently secured funding for his technology already, Jim is also trying to secure funding to publish a book which will explain to everyone how it is done.<br />
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Maybe you will like:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/arthur-matthews-and-son-of-tesla.html" target="_blank">Arthur Matthews and Son of Tesla</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/device-to-harness-cosmic-energy-by-tesla.html" target="_blank">Device to Harness Cosmic Energy by Nikola Tesla</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/teslas-new-energy-generator-that-would-not-consume-fuel.html" target="_blank">Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"</a></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0uhtOuR38u2kDjJ1D4gota-Lnkf4ONdL0gTiGkkVclhgrs2elx8_wy09MUE_dHDPhb3UYFDPPfjCO1u5pdvMhM4_DsK3mPEcCUx50sz6p8AlFX0qfo4_lo74rR70cEqD8KVgZmCGSZON/s1600/new6.png" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-50534916670139848972019-08-12T01:05:00.000-07:002020-05-11T08:43:38.828-07:00Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency - A Lecture<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Biographical Sketch of Nikola Tesla</b><br />
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While a large portion of the European family has been surging westward during the last three or four hundred years, settling the vast continents of America, another, but smaller, portion has been doing frontier work in the Old World, protecting the rear by beating back the "unspeakable Turk" and reclaiming gradually the fair lands that endure the curse of Mohammedan rule.<br />
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For a long time the Slav people—who, after the battle of Kosovopjolje, in which the Turks defeated the Servians, retired to the confines of the present Montenegro, Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Bosnia, and "Borderland" of Austria—knew what it was to deal, as our Western pioneers did, with foes ceaselessly fretting against their frontier; and the races of these countries, through their strenuous struggle against the armies of the Crescent, have developed notable qualities of bravery and sagacity, while maintaining a patriotism and independence unsurpassed in any other nation.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLixQtJ-yD-waXT1q3o-w9Z8kazZHGXK2s5E8_7RxVzgjpEha-Qa64MzZdpO11vH4wgAmrY_aOr0J6aQSoQsboJrpVVaAMMnqAkCgwDwgR__CrObSr4PfWdfYFs8hd5qlVKB9103d88Ye/s1600/Biographical+Sketch+of+Nikola+Tesla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLixQtJ-yD-waXT1q3o-w9Z8kazZHGXK2s5E8_7RxVzgjpEha-Qa64MzZdpO11vH4wgAmrY_aOr0J6aQSoQsboJrpVVaAMMnqAkCgwDwgR__CrObSr4PfWdfYFs8hd5qlVKB9103d88Ye/s320/Biographical+Sketch+of+Nikola+Tesla.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
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It was in this interesting border region, and from among these valiant Eastern folk, that Nikola Tesla was born in the year 1857, and the fact that he, today, finds himself in America and one of our foremost electricians, is striking evidence of the extraordinary attractiveness alike of electrical pursuits and of the country where electricity enjoys its widest application.<br />
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Mr. Tesla's native place was Smiljan, Lika, where his father was an eloquent clergyman of the Greek Church, in which, by the way, his family is still prominently represented. His mother enjoyed great fame throughout the countryside for her skill and originality in needlework, and doubtless transmitted her ingenuity to Nikola; though it naturally took another and more masculine direction.<br />
<br />
The boy was early put to his books, and upon his father's removal to Gospic he spent four years in the public school, and later, three years in the Real School, as it is called. His escapades were such as most quick witted boys go through, although he varied the programme on one occasion by getting imprisoned in a remote mountain chapel rarely visited for service; and on another occasion by falling headlong into a huge kettle of boiling milk, just drawn from the paternal herds. A third curious episode was that connected with his efforts to fly when, attempting to navigate the air with the aid of an old umbrella, he had, as might be expected, a very bad fall, and was laid up for six weeks.<br />
<br />
About this period he began to take delight in arithmetic and physics. One queer notion he had was to work out everything by three or the power of three. He was now sent to an aunt at Cartstatt, Croatia, to finish his studies in what is known as the Higher Real School. It was there that, coming from the rural fastnesses, he saw a steam engine for the first time with a pleasure that he remembers to this day.<br />
<br />
At Cartstatt he was so diligent as to compress the four years' course into three, and graduated in 1873. Returning home during an epidemic of cholera, he was stricken down by the disease and suffered so seriously from the consequences that his studies were interrupted for fully two years. But the time was not wasted, for he had become passionately fond of experimenting, and as much as his means and leisure permitted devoted his energies to electrical study and investigation. Up to this period it had been his father's intention to make a priest of him, and the idea hung over the young physicist like a very sword of Damocles.<br />
<br />
Finally he prevailed upon his worthy but reluctant sire to send him to Gratz in Austria to finish his studies at the Polytechnic School, and to prepare for work as professor of mathematics and physics. At Gratz he saw and operated a Gramme machine for the first time, and was so struck with the objections to the use of commutators and brushes that he made up his mind there and then to remedy that defect in dynamo-electric machines. In the second year of his course he abandoned the intention of becoming a teacher and took up the engineering curriculum.<br />
<br />
After three years of absence he returned home, sadly, to see his father die; but, having resolved to settle down in Austria, and recognizing the value of linguistic acquirements, he went to Prague and then to Buda-Pesth with the view of mastering the languages he deemed necessary. Up to this time he had never realized the enormous sacrifices that his parents had made in promoting his education, but he now began to feel the pinch and to grow unfamiliar with the image of Francis Joseph I.<br />
<br />
There was considerable lag between his dispatches and the corresponding remittance from home; and when the mathematical expression for the value of the lag assumed the shape of an eight laid flat on its back, Mr. Tesla became a very fair example of high thinking and plain living, but he made up his mind to the struggle and determined to go through depending solely on his own resources. Not desiring the fame of a faster, he cast about for a livelihood, and through the help of friends he secured a berth as assistant in the engineering department of the government telegraphs. The salary was five dollars a week.<br />
<br />
This brought him into direct contact with practical electrical work and ideas, but it is needless to say that his means did not admit of much experimenting. By the time he had extracted several hundred thousand square and cube roots for the public benefit, the limitations, financial and otherwise, of the position had become painfully apparent, and he concluded that the best thing to do was to make a valuable invention. He proceeded at once to make inventions, but their value was visible only to the eye of faith, and they brought no grist to the mill.<br />
<br />
Just at this time the telephone made its appearance in Hungary, and the success of that great invention determined his career, hopeless as the profession had thus far seemed to him. He associated himself at once with telephonic work, and made various telephonic inventions, including an operative repeater; but it did not take him long to discover that, being so remote from the scenes of electrical activity, he was apt to spend time on aims and results already reached by others, and to lose touch.<br />
<br />
Longing for new opportunities and anxious for the development of which he felt himself possible, if once he could place himself within the genial and direct influences of the gulf streams of electrical thought, he broke away from the ties and traditions of the past, and in 1881 made his way to Paris. Arriving in that city, the ardent young Likan obtained employment as an electrical engineer with one of the largest electric lighting companies.<br />
<br />
The next year he went to Strasburg to install a plant, and on returning to Paris sought to carry out a number of ideas that had now ripened into inventions. About this time, however, the remarkable progress of America in electrical industry attracted his attention, and once again staking everything on a single throw, he crossed the Atlantic.<br />
<br />
Mr. Tesla buckled down to work as soon as he landed on these shores, put his best thought and skill into it, and soon saw openings for his talent. In a short while a proposition was made to him to start his own company, and, accepting the terms, he at once worked up a practical system of arc lighting, as well as a potential method of dynamo regulation, which in one form is now known as the "third brush regulation."<br />
<br />
He also devised a thermo-magnetic motor and other kindred devices, about which little was published, owing to legal complications. Early in 1887 the Tesla Electric Company of New York was formed, and not long after that Mr. Tesla produced his admirable and epoch-marking motors for multiphase alternating currents, in which, going back to his ideas of long ago, he evolved machines having neither commutator nor brushes. It will be remembered that about the time that Mr. Tesla brought out his motors, and read his thoughtful paper before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Professor Ferraris, in Europe, published his discovery of principles analogous to those enunciated by Mr. Tesla.<br />
<br />
There is no doubt, however, that Mr. Tesla was an independent inventor of this rotary field motor, for although anticipated in dates by Ferraris, he could not have known about Ferraris' work as it had not been published. Professor Ferraris stated himself, with becoming modesty, that he did not think Tesla could have known of his (Ferraris') experiments at that time, and adds that he thinks Tesla was an independent and original inventor of this principle. With such an acknowledgment from Ferraris there can be little doubt about Tesla's originality in this matter.<br />
<br />
Mr. Tesla's work in this field was wonderfully timely, and its worth was promptly appreciated in various quarters. The Tesla patents were acquired by the Westinghouse Electric Company, who undertook to develop his motor and to apply it to work of different kinds. Its use in mining, and its employment in printing, ventilation, etc., was described and illustrated in The Electrical World some years ago. The immense stimulus that the announcement of Mr. Tesla's work gave to the study of alternating current motors would, in itself, be enough to stamp him as a leader.<br />
<br />
Mr. Tesla is only 35 years of age. He is tall and spare with a clean-cut, thin, refined face, and eyes that recall all the stories one has read of keenness of vision and phenomenal ability to see through things. He is an omnivorous reader, who never forgets; and he possesses the peculiar facility in languages that enables the least educated native of eastern Europe to talk and write in at least half a dozen tongues. A more congenial companion cannot be desired for the hours when one "pours out heart affluence in discursive talk," and when the conversation, dealing at first with things near at hand and next to us, reaches out and rises to the greater questions of life, duty and destiny.<br />
<br />
In the year 1890 he severed his connection with the Westinghouse Company, since which time he has devoted himself entirely to the study of alternating currents of high frequencies and very high potentials, with which study he is at present engaged. No comment is necessary on his interesting achievements in this field; the famous London lecture published in this volume is a proof in itself.<br />
<br />
His first lecture on his researches in this new branch of electricity, which he may be said to have created, was delivered before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers on May 20, 1891, and remains one of the most interesting papers read before that society. It will be found reprinted in full in The Electrical World, July 11, 1891. Its publication excited such interest abroad that he received numerous requests from English and French electrical engineers and scientists to repeat it in those countries, the result of which has been the interesting lecture published in this volume.<br />
<br />
The present lecture presupposes a knowledge of the former, but it may be read and understood by any one even though he has not read the earlier one. It forms a sort of continuation of the latter, and includes chiefly the results of his researches since that time.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
A Lecture</h2>
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<br />
I cannot find words to express how deeply I feel the honor of addressing some of the foremost thinkers of the present time, and so many able scientific men, engineers and electricians, of the country greatest in scientific achievements.<br />
<br />
The results which I have the honor to present before such a gathering I cannot call my own. There are among you not a few who can lay better claim than myself on any feature of merit which this work may contain. I need not mention many names which are world-known—names of those among you who are recognized as the leaders in this enchanting science; but one, at least, I must mention—a name which could not be omitted in a demonstration of this kind. It is a name associated with the most beautiful invention ever made: it is Crookes!<br />
<br />
When I was at college, a good time ago, I read, in a translation (for then I was not familiar with your magnificent language), the description of his experiments on radiant matter. I read it only once in my life—that time—yet every detail about that charming work I can remember this day. Few are the books, let me say, which can make such an impression upon the mind of a student.<br />
<br />
But if, on the present occasion, I mention this name as one of many your institution can boast of, it is because I have more than one reason to do so. For what I have to tell you and to show you this evening concerns, in a large measure, that same vague world which Professor Crookes has so ably explored; and, more than this, when I trace back the mental process which led me to these advances—which even by myself cannot be considered trifling, since they are so appreciated by you—I believe that their real origin, that which started me to work in this direction, and brought me to them, after a long period of constant thought, was that fascinating little book which I read many years ago.<br />
<br />
And now that I have made a feeble effort to express my homage and acknowledge my indebtedness to him and others among you, I will make a second effort, which I hope you will not find so feeble as the first, to entertain you.<br />
<br />
Give me leave to introduce the subject in a few words.<br />
<br />
A short time ago I had the honor to bring before our American Institute of Electrical Engineers [A] some results then arrived at by me in a novel line of work. I need not assure you that the many evidences which I have received that English scientific men and engineers were interested in this work have been for me a great reward and encouragement.<br />
<br />
I will not dwell upon the experiments already described, except with the view of completing, or more clearly expressing, some ideas advanced by me before, and also with the view of rendering the study here presented self-contained, and my remarks on the subject of this evening's lecture consistent.<br />
<br />
[A] For Mr. Tesla's American lecture on this subject see THE ELECTRICAL WORLD of July 11, 1891, and for a report of his French lecture see THE ELECTRICAL WORLD of March 26, 1892.<br />
<br />
This investigation, then, it goes without saying, deals with alternating currents, and, to be more precise, with alternating currents of high potential and high frequency. Just in how much a very high frequency is essential for the production of the results presented is a question which even with my present experience, would embarrass me to answer.<br />
<br />
Some of the experiments may be performed with low frequencies; but very high frequencies are desirable, not only on account of the many effects secured by their use, but also as a convenient means of obtaining, in the induction apparatus employed, the high potentials, which in their turn are necessary to the demonstration of most of the experiments here contemplated.<br />
<br />
Of the various branches of electrical investigation, perhaps the most interesting and immediately the most promising is that dealing with alternating currents. The progress in this branch of applied science has been so great in recent years that it justifies the most sanguine hopes. Hardly have we become familiar with one fact, when novel experiences are met with and new avenues of research are opened.<br />
<br />
Even at this hour possibilities not dreamed of before are, by the use of these currents, partly realized. As in nature all is ebb and tide, all is wave motion, so it seems that; in all branches of industry alternating currents—electric wave motion—will have the sway.<br />
<br />
One reason, perhaps, why this branch of science is being so rapidly developed is to be found in the interest which is attached to its experimental study. We wind a simple ring of iron with coils; we establish the connections to the generator, and with wonder and delight we note the effects of strange forces which we bring into play, which allow us to transform, to transmit and direct energy at will. We arrange the circuits properly, and we see the mass of iron and wires behave as though it were endowed with life, spinning a heavy armature, through invisible connections, with great speed and power—with the energy possibly conveyed from a great distance.<br />
<br />
We observe how the energy of an alternating current traversing the wire manifests itself—not so much in the wire as in the surrounding space—in the most surprising manner, taking the forms of heat, light, mechanical energy, and, most surprising of all, even chemical affinity. All these observations fascinate us, and fill us with an intense desire to know more about the nature of these phenomena.<br />
<br />
Each day we go to our work in the hope of discovering,—in the hope that some one, no matter who, may find a solution of one of the pending great problems,—and each succeeding day we return to our task with renewed ardor; and even if we are unsuccessful, our work has not been in vain, for in these strivings, in these efforts, we have found hours of untold pleasure, and we have directed our energies to the benefit of mankind.<br />
<br />
We may take—at random, if you choose—any of the many experiments which may be performed with alternating currents; a few of which only, and by no means the most striking, form the subject of this evening's demonstration: they are all equally interesting, equally inciting to thought.<br />
<br />
Here is a simple glass tube from which the air has been partially exhausted. I take hold of it; I bring my body in contact with a wire conveying alternating currents of high potential, and the tube in my hand is brilliantly lighted. In whatever position I may put it, wherever I may move it in space, as far as I can reach, its soft, pleasing light persists with undiminished brightness.<br />
<br />
Here is an exhausted bulb suspended from a single wire. Standing on an insulated support. I grasp it, and a platinum button mounted in it is brought to vivid incandescence.<br />
<br />
Here, attached to a leading wire, is another bulb, which, as I touch its metallic socket, is filled with magnificent colors of phosphorescent light.<br />
<br />
Here still another, which by my fingers' touch casts a shadow—the Crookes shadow, of the stem inside of it.<br />
<br />
Here, again, insulated as I stand on this platform, I bring my body in contact with one of the terminals of the secondary of this induction coil—with the end of a wire many miles long—and you see streams of light break forth from its distant end, which is set in violent vibration.<br />
<br />
Here, once more, I attach these two plates of wire gauze to the terminals of the coil. I set them a distance apart, and I set the coil to work. You may see a small spark pass between the plates. I insert a thick plate of one of the best dielectrics between them, and instead of rendering altogether impossible, as we are used to expect, I aid the passage of the discharge, which, as I insert the plate, merely changes in appearance and assumes the form of luminous streams.<br />
<br />
Is there, I ask, can there be, a more interesting study than that of alternating currents?<br />
<br />
In all these investigations, in all these experiments, which are so very, very interesting, for many years past—ever since the greatest experimenter who lectured in this hall discovered its principle—we have had a steady companion, an appliance familiar to every one, a plaything once, a thing of momentous importance now—the induction coil. There is no dearer appliance to the electrician. From the ablest among you, I dare say, down to the inexperienced student, to your lecturer, we all have passed many delightful hours in experimenting with the induction coil. We have watched its play, and thought and pondered over the beautiful phenomena which it disclosed to our ravished eyes.<br />
<br />
So well known is this apparatus, so familiar are these phenomena to every one, that my courage nearly fails me when I think that I have ventured to address so able an audience, that I have ventured to entertain you with that same old subject. Here in reality is the same apparatus, and here are the same phenomena, only the apparatus is operated somewhat differently, the phenomena are presented in a different aspect. Some of the results we find as expected, others surprise us, but all captivate our attention, for in scientific investigation each novel result achieved may be the centre of a new departure, each novel fact learned may lead to important developments.<br />
<br />
Usually in operating an induction coil we have set up a vibration of moderate frequency in the primary, either by means of an interrupter or break, or by the use of an alternator. Earlier English investigators, to mention only Spottiswoode and J.E.H. Gordon, have used a rapid break in connection with the coil. Our knowledge and experience of to-day enables us to see clearly why these coils under the conditions of the tests did not disclose any remarkable phenomena, and why able experimenters failed to perceive many of the curious effects which have since been observed.<br />
<br />
In the experiments such as performed this evening, we operate the coil either from a specially constructed alternator capable of giving many thousands of reversals of current per second, or, by disruptively discharging a condenser through the primary, we set up a vibration in the secondary circuit of a frequency of many hundred thousand or millions per second, if we so desire; and in using either of these means we enter a field as yet unexplored.<br />
<br />
It is impossible to pursue an investigation in any novel line without finally making some interesting observation or learning some useful fact. That this statement is applicable to the subject of this lecture the many curious and unexpected phenomena which we observe afford a convincing proof. By way of illustration, take for instance the most obvious phenomena, those of the discharge of the induction coil.<br />
<br />
Here is a coil which is operated by currents vibrating with extreme rapidity, obtained by disruptively discharging a Leyden jar. It would not surprise a student were the lecturer to say that the secondary of this coil consists of a small length of comparatively stout wire; it would not surprise him were the lecturer to state that, in spite of this, the coil is capable of giving any potential which the best insulation of the turns is able to withstand: but although he may be prepared, and even be indifferent as to the anticipated result, yet the aspect of the discharge of the coil will surprise and interest him.<br />
<br />
Every one is familiar with the discharge of an ordinary coil; it need not be reproduced here. But, by way of contrast, here is a form of discharge of a coil, the primary current of which is vibrating several hundred thousand times per second. The discharge of an ordinary coil appears as a simple line or band of light. The discharge of this coil appears in the form of powerful brushes and luminous streams issuing from all points of the two straight wires attached to the terminals of the secondary. (Fig. 1)<br />
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<br />
<br />
Now compare this phenomenon which you have just witnessed with the discharge of a Holtz or Wimshurst machine—that other interesting appliance so dear to the experimenter. What a difference there is between these phenomena! And yet, had I made the necessary arrangements—which could have been made easily, were it not that they would interfere with other experiments—I could have produced with this coil sparks which, had I the coil hidden from your view and only two knobs exposed, even the keenest observer among you would find it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish from those of an influence or friction machine.<br />
<br />
This may be done in many ways—for instance, by operating the induction coil which charges the condenser from an alternating-current machine of very low frequency, and preferably adjusting the discharge circuit so that there are no oscillations set up in it. We then obtain in the secondary circuit, if the knobs are of the required size and properly set, a more or less rapid succession of sparks of great intensity and small quantity, which possess the same brilliancy, and are accompanied by the same sharp crackling sound, as those obtained from a friction or influence machine.<br />
<br />
Another way is to pass through two primary circuits, having a common secondary, two currents of a slightly different period, which produce in the secondary circuit sparks occurring at comparatively long intervals. But, even with the means at hand this evening, I may succeed in imitating the spark of a Holtz machine. For this purpose I establish between the terminals of the coil which charges the condenser a long, unsteady arc, which is periodically interrupted by the upward current of air produced by it.<br />
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<br />
To increase the current of air I place on each side of the arc, and close to it, a large plate of mica. The condenser charged from this coil discharges into the primary circuit of a second coil through a small air gap, which is necessary to produce a sudden rush of current through the primary. The scheme of connections in the present experiment is indicated in Fig. 2.<br />
<br />
G is an ordinarily constructed alternator, supplying the primary P of an induction coil, the secondary S of which charges the condensers or jars C C. The terminals of the secondary are connected to the inside coatings of the jars, the outer coatings being connected to the ends of the primary p p of a second induction coil. This primary p p has a small air gap a b.<br />
<br />
The secondary s of this coil is provided with knobs or spheres K K of the proper size and set at a distance suitable for the experiment.<br />
<br />
A long arc is established between the terminals A B of the first induction coil. M M are the mica plates.<br />
<br />
Each time the arc is broken between A and B the jars are quickly charged and discharged through the primary p p, producing a snapping spark between the knobs K K. Upon the arc forming between A and B the potential falls, and the jars cannot be charged to such high potential as to break through the air gap a b until the arc is again broken by the draught.<br />
<br />
In this manner sudden impulses, at long intervals, are produced in the primary p p, which in the secondary s give a corresponding number of impulses of great intensity. If the secondary knobs or spheres, K K, are of the proper size, the sparks show much resemblance to those of a Holtz machine.<br />
<br />
But these two effects, which to the eye appear so very different, are only two of the many discharge phenomena. We only need to change the conditions of the test, and again we make other observations of interest.<br />
<br />
When, instead of operating the induction coil as in the last two experiments, we operate it from a high frequency alternator, as in the next experiment, a systematic study of the phenomena is rendered much more easy. In such case, in varying the strength and frequency of the currents through the primary, we may observe five distinct forms of discharge, which I have described in my former paper on the subject [A] before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 20, 1891.<br />
<br />
[A] See THE ELECTRICAL WORLD, July 11, 1891.<br />
<br />
It would take too much time, and it would lead us too far from the subject presented this evening, to reproduce all these forms, but it seems to me desirable to show you one of them. It is a brush discharge, which is interesting in more than one respect. Viewed from a near position it resembles much a jet of gas escaping under great pressure. We know that the phenomenon is due to the agitation of the molecules near the terminal, and we anticipate that some heat must be developed by the impact of the molecules against the terminal or against each other.<br />
<br />
Indeed, we find that the brush is hot, and only a little thought leads us to the conclusion that, could we but reach sufficiently high frequencies, we could produce a brush which would give intense light and heat, and which would resemble in every particular an ordinary flame, save, perhaps, that both phenomena might not be due to the same agent—save, perhaps, that chemical affinity might not be electrical in its nature.<br />
<br />
As the production of heat and light is here due to the impact of the molecules, or atoms of air, or something else besides, and, as we can augment the energy simply by raising the potential, we might, even with frequencies obtained from a dynamo machine, intensify the action to such a degree as to bring the terminal to melting heat. But with such low frequencies we would have to deal always with something of the nature of an electric current.<br />
<br />
If I approach a conducting object to the brush, a thin little spark passes, yet, even with the frequencies used this evening, the tendency to spark is not very great. So, for instance, if I hold a metallic sphere at some distance above the terminal you may see the whole space between the terminal and sphere illuminated by the streams without the spark passing; and with the much higher frequencies obtainable by the disruptive discharge of a condenser, were it not for the sudden impulses, which are comparatively few in number, sparking would not occur even at very small distances.<br />
<br />
However, with incomparably higher frequencies, which we may yet find means to produce efficiently, and provided that electric impulses of such high frequencies could be transmitted through a conductor, the electrical characteristics of the brush discharge would completely vanish—no spark would pass, no shock would be felt—yet we would still have to deal with an electric phenomenon, but in the broad, modern interpretation of the word. In my first paper before referred to I have pointed out the curious properties of the brush, and described the best manner of producing it, but I have thought it worth while to endeavor to express myself more clearly in regard to this phenomenon, because of its absorbing interest.<br />
<br />
When a coil is operated with currents of very high frequency, beautiful brush effects may be produced, even if the coil be of comparatively small dimensions. The experimenter may vary them in many ways, and, if it were nothing else, they afford a pleasing sight. What adds to their interest is that they may be produced with one single terminal as well as with two—in fact, often better with one than with two.<br />
<br />
But of all the discharge phenomena observed, the most pleasing to the eye, and the most instructive, are those observed with a coil which is operated by means of the disruptive discharge of a condenser. The power of the brushes, the abundance of the sparks, when the conditions are patiently adjusted, is often amazing. With even a very small coil, if it be so well insulated as to stand a difference of potential of several thousand volts per turn, the sparks may be so abundant that the whole coil may appear a complete mass of fire.<br />
<br />
Curiously enough the sparks, when the terminals of the coil are set at a considerable distance, seem to dart in every possible direction as though the terminals were perfectly independent of each other. As the sparks would soon destroy the insulation it is necessary to prevent them. This is best done by immersing the coil in a good liquid insulator, such as boiled-out oil. Immersion in a liquid may be considered almost an absolute necessity for the continued and successful working of such a coil.<br />
<br />
It is of course out of the question, in an experimental lecture, with only a few minutes at disposal for the performance of each experiment, to show these discharge phenomena to advantage, as to produce each phenomenon at its best a very careful adjustment is required. But even if imperfectly produced, as they are likely to be this evening, they are sufficiently striking to interest an intelligent audience.<br />
<br />
Before showing some of these curious effects I must, for the sake of completeness, give a short description of the coil and other apparatus used in the experiments with the disruptive discharge this evening.<br />
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It is contained in a box B (Fig. 3) of thick boards of hard wood, covered on the outside with zinc sheet Z, which is carefully soldered all around. It might be advisable, in a strictly scientific investigation, when accuracy is of great importance, to do away with the metal cover, as it might introduce many errors, principally on account of its complex action upon the coil, as a condenser of very small capacity and as an electrostatic and electromagnetic screen. When the coil is used for such experiments as are here contemplated, the employment of the metal cover offers some practical advantages, but these are not of sufficient importance to be dwelt upon.<br />
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The coil should be placed symmetrically to the metal cover, and the space between should, of course, not be too small, certainly not less than, say, five centimeters, but much more if possible; especially the two sides of the zinc box, which are at right angles to the axis of the coil, should be sufficiently remote from the latter, as otherwise they might impair its action and be a source of loss.<br />
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The coil consists of two spools of hard rubber R R, held apart at a distance of 10 centimeters by bolts c and nuts n, likewise of hard rubber. Each spool comprises a tube T of approximately 8 centimeters inside diameter, and 3 millimeters thick, upon which are screwed two flanges F F, 24 centimeters square, the space between the flanges being about 3 centimeters. The secondary, S S, of the best gutta-percha covered wire, has 26 layers, 10 turns in each, giving for each half a total of 260 turns.<br />
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The two halves are wound oppositely and connected in series, the connection between both being made over the primary. This disposition, besides being convenient, has the advantage that when the coil is well balanced—that is, when both of its terminals T1 T1 are connected to bodies or devices of equal capacity—there is not much danger of breaking through to the primary, and the insulation between the primary and the secondary need not be thick.<br />
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In using the coil it is advisable to attach to both terminals devices of nearly equal capacity, as, when the capacity of the terminals is not equal, sparks will be apt to pass to the primary. To avoid this, the middle point of the secondary may be connected to the primary, but this is not always practicable.<br />
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The primary P P is wound in two parts, and oppositely, upon a wooden spool W, and the four ends are led out of the oil through hard rubber tubes t t. The ends of the secondary T1 T1 are also led out of the oil through rubber tubes t1 t1 of great thickness. The primary and secondary layers are insulated by cotton cloth, the thickness of the insulation, of course, bearing some proportion to the difference of potential between the turns of the different layers. Each half of the primary has four layers, 24 turns in each, this giving a total of 96 turns.<br />
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When both the parts are connected in series, this gives a ratio of conversion of about 1:2.7, and with the primaries in multiple, 1:5.4; but in operating with very rapidly alternating currents this ratio does not convey even an approximate idea of the ratio of the E.M.Fs. in the primary and secondary circuits. The coil is held in position in the oil on wooden supports, there being about 5 centimeters thickness of oil all round. Where the oil is not specially needed, the space is filled with pieces of wood, and for this purpose principally the wooden box B surrounding the whole is used.<br />
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The construction here shown is, of course, not the best on general principles, but I believe it is a good and convenient one for the production of effects in which an excessive potential and a very small current are needed.<br />
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In connection with the coil I use either the ordinary form of discharger or a modified form. In the former I have introduced two changes which secure some advantages, and which are obvious. If they are mentioned, it is only in the hope that some experimenter may find them of use.<br />
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One of the changes is that the adjustable knobs A and B (Fig. 4), of the discharger are held in jaws of brass, J J, by spring pressure, this allowing of turning them successively into different positions, and so doing away with the tedious process of frequent polishing up.<br />
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The other change consists in the employment of a strong electromagnet N S, which is placed with its axis at right angles to the line joining the knobs A and B, and produces a strong magnetic field between them. The pole pieces of the magnet are movable and properly formed so as to protrude between the brass knobs, in order to make the field as intense as possible; but to prevent the discharge from jumping to the magnet the pole pieces are protected by a layer of mica, M M, of sufficient thickness. s1 s1 and s2 s2 are screws for fastening the wires. On each side one of the screws is for large and the other for small wires. L L are screws for fixing in position the rods R R, which support the knobs.<br />
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In another arrangement with the magnet I take the discharge between the rounded pole pieces themselves, which in such case are insulated and preferably provided with polished brass caps.<br />
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The employment of an intense magnetic field is of advantage principally when the induction coil or transformer which charges the condenser is operated by currents of very low frequency. In such a case the number of the fundamental discharges between the knobs may be so small as to render the currents produced in the secondary unsuitable for many experiments. The intense magnetic field then serves to blow out the arc between the knobs as soon as it is formed, and the fundamental discharges occur in quicker succession.<br />
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Instead of the magnet, a draught or blast of air may be employed with some advantage. In this case the arc is preferably established between the knobs A B, in Fig. 2 (the knobs a b being generally joined, or entirely done away with), as in this disposition the arc is long and unsteady, and is easily affected by the draught.<br />
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When a magnet is employed to break the arc, it is better to choose the connection indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 5, as in this case the currents forming the arc are much more powerful, and the magnetic field exercises a greater influence. The use of the magnet permits, however, of the arc being replaced by a vacuum tube, but I have encountered great difficulties in working with an exhausted tube.<br />
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The other form of discharger used in these and similar experiments is indicated in Figs. 6 and 7. It consists of a number of brass pieces c c (Fig. 6), each of which comprises a spherical middle portion m with an extension e below—which is merely used to fasten the piece in a lathe when polishing up the discharging surface—and a column above, which consists of a knurled flange f surmounted by a threaded stem l carrying a nut n, by means of which a wire is fastened to the column.<br />
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The flange f conveniently serves for holding the brass piece when fastening the wire, and also for turning it in any position when it becomes necessary to present a fresh discharging surface. Two stout strips of hard rubber R R, with planed grooves g g (Fig. 7) to fit the middle portion of the pieces c c, serve to clamp the latter and hold them firmly in position by means of two bolts C C (of which only one is shown) passing through the ends of the strips.<br />
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In the use of this kind of discharger I have found three principal advantages over the ordinary form. First, the dielectric strength of a given total width of air space is greater when a great many small air gaps are used instead of one, which permits of working with a smaller length of air gap, and that means smaller loss and less deterioration of the metal; secondly by reason of splitting the arc up into smaller arcs, the polished surfaces are made to last much longer; and, thirdly, the apparatus affords some gauge in the experiments.<br />
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I usually set the pieces by putting between them sheets of uniform thickness at a certain very small distance which is known from the experiments of Sir William Thomson to require a certain electromotive force to be bridged by the spark.<br />
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It should, of course, be remembered that the sparking distance is much diminished as the frequency is increased. By taking any number of spaces the experimenter has a rough idea of the electromotive force, and he finds it easier to repeat an experiment, as he has not the trouble of setting the knobs again and again. With this kind of discharger I have been able to maintain an oscillating motion without any spark being visible with the naked eye between the knobs, and they would not show a very appreciable rise in temperature.<br />
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This form of discharge also lends itself to many arrangements of condensers and circuits which are often very convenient and time-saving. I have used it preferably in a disposition similar to that indicated in Fig. 2, when the currents forming the arc are small.<br />
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I may here mention that I have also used dischargers with single or multiple air gaps, in which the discharge surfaces were rotated with great speed. No particular advantage was, however, gained by this method, except in cases where the currents from the condenser were large and the keeping cool of the surfaces was necessary, and in cases when, the discharge not being oscillating of itself, the arc as soon as established was broken by the air current, thus starting the vibration at intervals in rapid succession. I have also used mechanical interrupters in many ways.<br />
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To avoid the difficulties with frictional contacts, the preferred plan adopted was to establish the arc and rotate through it at great speed a rim of mica provided with many holes and fastened to a steel plate. It is understood, of course, that the employment of a magnet, air current, or other interrupter, produces no effect worth noticing, unless the self-induction, capacity and resistance are so related that there are oscillations set up upon each interruption.<br />
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I will now endeavor to show you some of the most note-worthy of these discharge phenomena.<br />
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I have stretched across the room two ordinary cotton covered wires, each about 7 meters in length. They are supported on insulating cords at a distance of about 30 centimeters. I attach now to each of the terminals of the coil one of the wires and set the coil in action. Upon turning the lights off in the room you see the wires strongly illuminated by the streams issuing abundantly from their whole surface in spite of the cotton covering, which may even be very thick. When the experiment is performed under good conditions, the light from the wires is sufficiently intense to allow distinguishing the objects in a room.<br />
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To produce the best result it is, of course, necessary to adjust carefully the capacity of the jars, the arc between the knobs and the length of the wires. My experience is that calculation of the length of the wires leads, in such case, to no result whatever. The experimenter will do best to take the wires at the start very long, and then adjust by cutting off first long pieces, and then smaller and smaller ones as he approaches the right length.<br />
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A convenient way is to use an oil condenser of very small capacity, consisting of two small adjustable metal plates, in connection with this and similar experiments. In such case I take wires rather short and set at the beginning the condenser plates at maximum distance. If the streams for the wires increase by approach of the plates, the length of the wires is about right; if they diminish the wires are too long for that frequency and potential.<br />
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When a condenser is used in connection with experiments with such a coil, it should be an oil condenser by all means, as in using an air condenser considerable energy might be wasted. The wires leading to the plates in the oil should be very thin, heavily coated with some insulating compound, and provided with a conducting covering—this preferably extending under the surface of the oil.<br />
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The conducting cover should not be too near the terminals, or ends, of the wire, as a spark would be apt to jump from the wire to it. The conducting coating is used to diminish the air losses, in virtue of its action as an electrostatic screen. As to the size of the vessel containing the oil, and the size of the plates, the experimenter gains at once an idea from a rough trial. The size of the plates in oil is, however, calculable, as the dielectric losses are very small.<br />
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In the preceding experiment it is of considerable interest to know what relation the quantity of the light emitted bears to the frequency and potential of the electric impulses. My opinion is that the heat as well as light effects produced should be proportionate, under otherwise equal conditions of test, to the product of frequency and square of potential, but the experimental verification of the law, whatever it may be, would be exceedingly difficult.<br />
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One thing is certain, at any rate, and that is, that in augmenting the potential and frequency we rapidly intensify the streams; and, though it may be very sanguine, it is surely not altogether hopeless to expect that we may succeed in producing a practical illuminant on these lines. We would then be simply using burners or flames, in which there would be no chemical process, no consumption of material, but merely a transfer of energy, and which would, in all probability emit more light and less heat than ordinary flames.<br />
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The luminous intensity of the streams is, of course, considerably increased when they are focused upon a small surface. This may be shown by the following experiment:<br />
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I attach to one of the terminals of the coil a wire w (Fig. 8), bent in a circle of about 30 centimeters in diameter, and to the other terminal I fasten a small brass sphere s, the surface of the wire being preferably equal to the surface of the sphere, and the centre of the latter being in a line at right angles to the plane of the wire circle and passing through its centre. When the discharge is established under proper conditions, a luminous hollow cone is formed, and in the dark one-half of the brass sphere is strongly illuminated, as shown in the cut.<br />
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By some artifice or other, it is easy to concentrate the streams upon small surfaces and to produce very strong light effects. Two thin wires may thus be rendered intensely luminous.<br />
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In order to intensify the streams the wires should be very thin and short; but as in this case their capacity would be generally too small for the coil—at least, for such a one as the present—it is necessary to augment the capacity to the required value, while, at the same time, the surface of the wires remains very small. This may be done in many ways.<br />
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Here, for instance, I have two plates, R R, of hard rubber (Fig. 9), upon which I have glued two very thin wires w w, so as to form a name. The wires may be bare or covered with the best insulation—it is immaterial for the success of the experiment. Well insulated wires, if anything, are preferable. On the back of each plate, indicated by the shaded portion, is a tinfoil coating t t.<br />
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The plates are placed in line at a sufficient distance to prevent a spark passing from one to the other wire. The two tinfoil coatings I have joined by a conductor C, and the two wires I presently connect to the terminals of the coil. It is now easy, by varying the strength and frequency of the currents through the primary, to find a point at which, the capacity of the system is best suited to the conditions, and the wires become so strongly luminous that, when the light in the room is turned off the name formed by them appears in brilliant letters.<br />
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It is perhaps preferable to perform this experiment with a coil operated from an alternator of high frequency, as then, owing to the harmonic rise and fall, the streams are very uniform, though they are less abundant then when produced with such a coil as the present. This experiment, however, may be performed with low frequencies, but much less satisfactorily.<br />
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When two wires, attached to the terminals of the coil, are set at the proper distance, the streams between them may be so intense as to produce a continuous luminous sheet. To show this phenomenon I have here two circles, C and c (Fig. 10), of rather stout wire, one being about 80 centimeters and the other 30 centimeters in diameter. To each of the terminals of the coil I attach one of the circles. The supporting wires are so bent that the circles may be placed in the same plane, coinciding as nearly as possible.<br />
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When the light in the room is turned off and the coil set to work, you see the whole space between the wires uniformly filled with streams, forming a luminous disc, which could be seen from a considerable distance, such is the intensity of the streams. The outer circle could have been much larger than the present one; in fact, with this coil I have used much larger circles, and I have been able to produce a strongly luminous sheet, covering an area of more than one square meter, which is a remarkable effect with this very small coil. To avoid uncertainty, the circle has been taken smaller, and the area is now about 0.43 square meter.<br />
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The frequency of the vibration, and the quickness of succession of the sparks between the knobs, affect to a marked degree the appearance of the streams. When the frequency is very low, the air gives way in more or less the same manner, as by a steady difference of potential, and the streams consist of distinct threads, generally mingled with thin sparks, which probably correspond to the successive discharges occurring between the knobs.<br />
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But when the frequency is extremely high, and the arc of the discharge produces a very loud but smooth sound—showing both that oscillation takes place and that the sparks succeed each other with great rapidity—then the luminous streams formed are perfectly uniform. To reach this result very small coils and jars of small capacity should be used. I take two tubes of thick Bohemian glass, about 5 centimeters in diameter and 20 centimeters long. In each of the tubes I slip a primary of very thick copper wire. On the top of each tube I wind a secondary of much thinner gutta-percha covered wire. The two secondaries I connect in series, the primaries preferably in multiple arc.<br />
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The tubes are then placed in a large glass vessel, at a distance of 10 to 15 centimeters from each other, on insulating supports, and the vessel is filled with boiled out oil, the oil reaching about an inch above the tubes. The free ends of the secondary are lifted out of the oil and placed parallel to each other at a distance of about 10 centimeters. The ends which are scraped should be dipped in the oil.<br />
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Two four-pint jars joined in series may be used to discharge through the primary. When the necessary adjustments in the length and distance of the wires above the oil and in the arc of discharge are made, a luminous sheet is produced between the wires which is perfectly smooth and textureless, like the ordinary discharge through a moderately exhausted tube.<br />
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I have purposely dwelt upon this apparently insignificant experiment. In trials of this kind the experimenter arrives at the startling conclusion that, to pass ordinary luminous discharges through gases, no particular degree of exhaustion is needed, but that the gas may be at ordinary or even greater pressure. To accomplish this, a very high frequency is essential; a high potential is likewise required, but this is a merely incidental necessity.<br />
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These experiments teach us that, in endeavoring to discover novel methods of producing light by the agitation of atoms, or molecules, of a gas, we need not limit our research to the vacuum tube, but may look forward quite seriously to the possibility of obtaining the light effects without the use of any vessel whatever, with air at ordinary pressure.<br />
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Such discharges of very high frequency, which render luminous the air at ordinary pressures, we have probably often occasion to witness in Nature. I have no doubt that if, as many believe, the aurora borealis is produced by sudden cosmic disturbances, such as eruptions at the sun's surface, which set the electrostatic charge of the earth in an extremely rapid vibration, the red glow observed is not confined to the upper rarefied strata of the air, but the discharge traverses, by reason of its very high frequency, also the dense atmosphere in the form of a glow, such as we ordinarily produce in a slightly exhausted tube.<br />
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If the frequency were very low, or even more so, if the charge were not at all vibrating, the dense air would break down as in a lightning discharge. Indications of such breaking down of the lower dense strata of the air have been repeatedly observed at the occurrence of this marvelous phenomenon; but if it does occur, it can only be attributed to the fundamental disturbances, which are few in number, for the vibration produced by them would be far too rapid to allow a disruptive break. It is the original and irregular impulses which affect the instruments; the superimposed vibrations probably pass unnoticed.<br />
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When an ordinary low frequency discharge is passed through moderately rarefied air, the air assumes a purplish hue. If by some means or other we increase the intensity of the molecular, or atomic, vibration, the gas changes to a white color. A similar change occurs at ordinary pressures with electric impulses of very high frequency. If the molecules of the air around a wire are moderately agitated, the brush formed is reddish or violet; if the vibration is rendered sufficiently intense, the streams become white.<br />
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We may accomplish this in various ways. In the experiment before shown with the two wires across the room, I have endeavored to secure the result by pushing to a high value both the frequency and potential: in the experiment with the thin wires glued on the rubber plate I have concentrated the action upon a very small surface—in other words, I have worked with a great electric density.<br />
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A most curious form of discharge is observed with such a coil when the frequency and potential are pushed to the extreme limit. To perform the experiment, every part of the coil should be heavily insulated, and only two small spheres—or, better still, two sharp-edged metal discs (d d, Fig. 11) of no more than a few centimeters in diameter—should be exposed to the air. The coil here used is immersed in oil, and the ends of the secondary reaching out of the oil are covered with an air-tight cover of hard rubber of great thickness.<br />
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<br />
All cracks, if there are any, should be carefully stopped up, so that the brush discharge cannot form anywhere except on the small spheres or plates which are exposed to the air. In this case, since there are no large plates or other bodies of capacity attached to the terminals, the coil is capable of an extremely rapid vibration. The potential may be raised by increasing, as far as the experimenter judges proper, the rate of change of the primary current.<br />
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With a coil not widely differing from the present, it is best to connect the two primaries in multiple arc; but if the secondary should have a much greater number of turns the primaries should preferably be used in series, as otherwise the vibration might be too fast for the secondary. It occurs under these conditions that misty white streams break forth from the edges of the discs and spread out phantom-like into space.<br />
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With this coil, when fairly well produced, they are about 25 to 30 centimeters long. When the hand is held against them no sensation is produced, and a spark, causing a shock, jumps from the terminal only upon the hand being brought much nearer. If the oscillation of the primary current is rendered intermittent by some means or other, there is a corresponding throbbing of the streams, and now the hand or other conducting object may be brought in still greater proximity to the terminal without a spark being caused to jump.<br />
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Among the many beautiful phenomena which may be produced with such a coil I have here selected only those which appear to possess some features of novelty, and lead us to some conclusions of interest. One will not find it at all difficult to produce in the laboratory, by means of it, many other phenomena which appeal to the eye even more than these here shown, but present no particular feature of novelty.<br />
<br />
Early experimenters describe the display of sparks produced by an ordinary large induction coil upon an insulating plate separating the terminals. Quite recently Siemens performed some experiments in which fine effects were obtained, which were seen by many with interest. No doubt large coils, even if operated with currents of low frequencies, are capable of producing beautiful effects.<br />
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But the largest coil ever made could not, by far, equal the magnificent display of streams and sparks obtained from such a disruptive discharge coil when properly adjusted. To give an idea, a coil such as the present one will cover easily a plate of 1 meter in diameter completely with the streams. The best way to perform such experiments is to take a very thin rubber or a glass plate and glue on one side of it a narrow ring of tinfoil of very large diameter, and on the other a circular washer, the centre of the latter coinciding with that of the ring, and the surfaces of both being preferably equal, so as to keep the coil well balanced.<br />
<br />
The washer and ring should be connected to the terminals by heavily insulated thin wires. It is easy in observing the effect of the capacity to produce a sheet of uniform streams, or a fine network of thin silvery threads, or a mass of loud brilliant sparks, which completely cover the plate.<br />
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Since I have advanced the idea of the conversion by means of the disruptive discharge, in my paper before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at the beginning of the past year, the interest excited in it has been considerable. It affords us a means for producing any potentials by the aid of inexpensive coils operated from ordinary systems of distribution, and—what is perhaps more appreciated—it enables us to convert currents of any frequency into currents of any other lower or higher frequency.<br />
<br />
But its chief value will perhaps be found in the help which it will afford us in the investigations of the phenomena of phosphorescence, which a disruptive discharge coil is capable of exciting in innumerable cases where ordinary coils, even the largest, would utterly fail.<br />
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Considering its probable uses for many practical purposes, and its possible introduction into laboratories for scientific research, a few additional remarks as to the construction of such a coil will perhaps not be found superfluous.<br />
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It is, of course, absolutely necessary to employ in such a coil wires provided with the best insulation.<br />
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Good coils may be produced by employing wires covered with several layers of cotton, boiling the coil a long time in pure wax, and cooling under moderate pressure. The advantage of such a coil is that it can be easily handled, but it cannot probably give as satisfactory results as a coil immersed in pure oil. Besides, it seems that the presence of a large body of wax affects the coil disadvantageously, whereas this does not seem to be the case with oil. Perhaps it is because the dielectric losses in the liquid are smaller.<br />
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I have tried at first silk and cotton covered wires with oil immersion, but I have been gradually led to use gutta-percha covered wires, which proved most satisfactory. Gutta-percha insulation adds, of course, to the capacity of the coil, and this, especially if the coil be large, is a great disadvantage when extreme frequencies are desired; but on the other hand, gutta-percha will withstand much more than an equal thickness of oil, and this advantage should be secured at any price.<br />
<br />
Once the coil has been immersed, it should never be taken out of the oil for more than a few hours, else the gutta-percha will crack up and the coil will not be worth half as much as before. Gutta-percha is probably slowly attacked by the oil, but after an immersion of eight to nine months I have found no ill effects.<br />
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I have obtained in commerce two kinds of gutta-percha wire: in one the insulation sticks tightly to the metal, in the other it does not. Unless a special method is followed to expel all air, it is much safer to use the first kind. I wind the coil within an oil tank so that all interstices are filled up with the oil. Between the layers I use cloth boiled out thoroughly in oil, calculating the thickness according to the difference of potential between the turns. There seems not to be a very great difference whatever kind of oil is used; I use paraffin or linseed oil.<br />
<br />
To exclude more perfectly the air, an excellent way to proceed, and easily practicable with small coils, is the following: Construct a box of hard wood of very thick boards which have been for a long time boiled in oil. The boards should be so joined as to safely withstand the external air pressure. The coil being placed and fastened in position within the box, the latter is closed with a strong lid, and covered with closely fitting metal sheets, the joints of which are soldered very carefully.<br />
<br />
On the top two small holes are drilled, passing through the metal sheet and the wood, and in these holes two small glass tubes are inserted and the joints made air-tight. One of the tubes is connected to a vacuum pump, and the other with a vessel containing a sufficient quantity of boiled-out oil. The latter tube has a very small hole at the bottom, and is provided with a stopcock. When a fairly good vacuum has been obtained, the stopcock is opened and the oil slowly fed in.<br />
<br />
Proceeding in this manner, it is impossible that any big bubbles, which are the principal danger, should remain between the turns. The air is most completely excluded, probably better than by boiling out, which, however, when gutta-percha coated wires are used, is not practicable.<br />
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For the primaries I use ordinary line wire with a thick cotton coating. Strands of very thin insulated wires properly interlaced would, of course, be the best to employ for the primaries, but they are not to be had.<br />
<br />
In an experimental coil the size of the wires is not of great importance. In the coil here used the primary is No. 12 and the secondary No. 24 Brown & Sharpe gauge wire; but the sections may be varied considerably. It would only imply different adjustments; the results aimed at would not be materially affected.<br />
<br />
I have dwelt at some length upon the various forms of brush discharge because, in studying them, we not only observe phenomena which please our eye, but also afford us food for thought, and lead us to conclusions of practical importance. In the use of alternating currents of very high tension, too much precaution cannot be taken to prevent the brush discharge. In a main conveying such currents, in an induction coil or transformer, or in a condenser, the brush discharge is a source of great danger to the insulation.<br />
<br />
In a condenser especially the gaseous matter must be most carefully expelled, for in it the charged surfaces are near each other, and if the potentials are high, just as sure as a weight will fall if let go, so the insulation will give way if a single gaseous bubble of some size be present, whereas, if all gaseous matter were carefully excluded, the condenser would safely withstand a much higher difference of potential.<br />
<br />
A main conveying alternating currents of very high tension may be injured merely by a blow hole or small crack in the insulation, the more so as a blowhole is apt to contain gas at low pressure; and as it appears almost impossible to completely obviate such little imperfections, I am led to believe that in our future distribution of electrical energy by currents of very high tension liquid insulation will be used.<br />
<br />
The cost is a great drawback, but if we employ an oil as an insulator the distribution of electrical energy with something like 100,000 volts, and even more, become, at least with higher frequencies, so easy that they could be hardly called engineering feats. With oil insulation and alternate current motors transmissions of power can be effected with safety and upon an industrial basis at distances of as much as a thousand miles.<br />
<br />
A peculiar property of oils, and liquid insulation in general, when subjected to rapidly changing electric stresses, is to disperse any gaseous bubbles which may be present, and diffuse them through its mass, generally long before any injurious break can occur. This feature may be easily observed with an ordinary induction coil by taking the primary out, plugging up the end of the tube upon which the secondary is wound, and filling it with some fairly transparent insulator, such as paraffin oil. A primary of a diameter something like six millimeters smaller than the inside of the tube may be inserted in the oil.<br />
<br />
When the coil is set to work one may see, looking from the top through the oil, many luminous points—air bubbles which are caught by inserting the primary, and which are rendered luminous in consequence of the violent bombardment. The occluded air, by its impact against the oil, heats it; the oil begins to circulate, carrying some of the air along with it, until the bubbles are dispersed and the luminous points disappear. In this manner, unless large bubbles are occluded in such way that circulation is rendered impossible, a damaging break is averted, the only effect being a moderate warming up of the oil. If, instead of the liquid, a solid insulation, no matter how thick, were used, a breaking through and injury of the apparatus would be inevitable.<br />
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The exclusion of gaseous matter from any apparatus in which the dielectric is subjected to more or less rapidly changing electric forces is, however, not only desirable in order to avoid a possible injury of the apparatus, but also on account of economy. In a condenser, for instance, as long as only a solid or only a liquid dielectric is used, the loss is small; but if a gas under ordinary or small pressure be present the loss may be very great.<br />
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Whatever the nature of the force acting in the dielectric may be, it seems that in a solid or liquid the molecular displacement produced by the force is small; hence the product of force and displacement is insignificant, unless the force be very great; but in a gas the displacement, and therefore this product, is considerable; the molecules are free to move, they reach high speeds, and the energy of their impact is lost in heat or otherwise. If the gas be strongly compressed, the displacement due to the force is made smaller, and the losses are reduced.<br />
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In most of the succeeding experiments I prefer, chiefly on account of the regular and positive action, to employ the alternator before referred to. This is one of the several machines constructed by me for the purposes of these investigations. It has 384 pole projections, and is capable of giving currents of a frequency of about 10,000 per second. This machine has been illustrated and briefly described in my first paper before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 20, 1891, to which I have already referred. A more detailed description, sufficient to enable any engineer to build a similar machine, will be found in several electrical journals of that period.<br />
<br />
The induction coils operated from the machine are rather small, containing from 5,000 to 15,000 turns in the secondary. They are immersed in boiled-out linseed oil, contained in wooden boxes covered with zinc sheet.<br />
<br />
I have found it advantageous to reverse the usual position of the wires, and to wind, in these coils, the primaries on the top; this allowing the use of a much bigger primary, which, of course, reduces the danger of overheating and increases the output of the coil. I make the primary on each side at least one centimeter shorter than the secondary, to prevent the breaking through on the ends, which would surely occur unless the insulation on the top of the secondary be very thick, and this, of course, would be disadvantageous.<br />
<br />
When the primary is made movable, which is necessary in some experiments, and many times convenient for the purposes of adjustment, I cover the secondary with wax, and turn it off in a lathe to a diameter slightly smaller than the inside of the primary coil. The latter I provide with a handle reaching out of the oil, which serves to shift it in any position along the secondary.<br />
<br />
I will now venture to make, in regard to the general manipulation of induction coils, a few observations bearing upon points which have not been fully appreciated in earlier experiments with such coils, and are even now often overlooked.<br />
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The secondary of the coil possesses usually such a high self-induction that the current through the wire is inappreciable, and may be so even when the terminals are joined by a conductor of small resistance. If capacity is added to the terminals, the self-induction is counteracted, and a stronger current is made to flow through the secondary, though its terminals are insulated from each other. To one entirely unacquainted with the properties of alternating currents nothing will look more puzzling.<br />
<br />
This feature was illustrated in the experiment performed at the beginning with the top plates of wire gauze attached to the terminals and the rubber plate. When the plates of wire gauze were close together, and a small arc passed between them, the arc prevented a strong current from passing through the secondary, because it did away with the capacity on the terminals; when the rubber plate was inserted between, the capacity of the condenser formed counteracted the self-induction of the secondary, a stronger current passed now, the coil performed more work, and the discharge was by far more powerful.<br />
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The first thing, then, in operating the induction coil is to combine capacity with the secondary to overcome the self-induction. If the frequencies and potentials are very high gaseous matter should be carefully kept away from the charged surfaces. If Leyden jars are used, they should be immersed in oil, as otherwise considerable dissipation may occur if the jars are greatly strained. When high frequencies are used, it is of equal importance to combine a condenser with the primary.<br />
<br />
One may use a condenser connected to the ends of the primary or to the terminals of the alternator, but the latter is not to be recommended, as the machine might be injured. The best way is undoubtedly to use the condenser in series with the primary and with the alternator, and to adjust its capacity so as to annul the self-induction of both the latter. The condenser should be adjustable by very small steps, and for a finer adjustment a small oil condenser with movable plates may be used conveniently.<br />
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I think it best at this juncture to bring before you a phenomenon, observed by me some time ago, which to the purely scientific investigator may perhaps appear more interesting than any of the results which I have the privilege to present to you this evening.<br />
<br />
It may be quite properly ranked among the brush phenomena—in fact, it is a brush, formed at, or near, a single terminal in high vacuum.<br />
<br />
In bulbs provided with a conducting terminal, though it be of aluminium, the brush has but an ephemeral existence, and cannot, unfortunately, be indefinitely preserved in its most sensitive state, even in a bulb devoid of any conducting electrode. In studying the phenomenon, by all means a bulb having no leading-in wire should be used. I have found it best to use bulbs constructed as indicated in Figs. 12 and 13.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinlqiNIRVsrOPOnM3D-tmWYciqfF2SNG5omH-MO-cROJ4KqHYPH-tq6CsRqC9Zx_PcjyX1xIBpJPdcv4BEn6P7LnP21zB6bswVKzyF_3VJAqWsM9FtdgWbwKEgej9dWBKP3GabW7VNDhnQ/s1600/use+bulbs+constructed+as+indicated.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="518" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinlqiNIRVsrOPOnM3D-tmWYciqfF2SNG5omH-MO-cROJ4KqHYPH-tq6CsRqC9Zx_PcjyX1xIBpJPdcv4BEn6P7LnP21zB6bswVKzyF_3VJAqWsM9FtdgWbwKEgej9dWBKP3GabW7VNDhnQ/s400/use+bulbs+constructed+as+indicated.gif" width="357" /></a></div>
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<br />
In Fig. 12 the bulb comprises an incandescent lamp globe L, in the neck of which is sealed a barometer tube b, the end of which is blown out to form a small sphere s. This sphere should be sealed as closely as possible in the centre of the large globe. Before sealing, a thin tube t, of aluminium sheet, may be slipped in the barometer tube, but it is not important to employ it.<br />
<br />
The small hollow sphere s is filled with some conducting powder, and a wire w is cemented in the neck for the purpose of connecting the conducting powder with the generator.<br />
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The construction shown in Fig. 13 was chosen in order to remove from the brush any conducting body which might possibly affect it. The bulb consists in this case of a lamp globe L, which has a neck n, provided with a tube b and small sphere s, sealed to it, so that two entirely independent compartments are formed, as indicated in the drawing.<br />
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When the bulb is in use, the neck n is provided with a tinfoil coating, which is connected to the generator and acts inductively upon the moderately rarefied and highly conducting gas enclosed in the neck. From there the current passes through the tube b into the small sphere s to act by induction upon the gas contained in the globe L.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-12265991634385853072019-08-12T00:33:00.001-07:002020-05-11T08:42:33.559-07:00Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nikola Tesla's "Free Energy" Documents reproduces the inventor's 1902 letter to Robert U. Johnson about Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This letter was found in the Tesla Collection at Columbia University Library when attending the IEEE Tesla Symposium in New York in January 1976.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This letter will come to be considered as important in the history of electrical science as the papers of Franklin, Faraday and Maxwell.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While in college, Nikola Tesla claimed it should be possible to operate an electrical motor with-out sparking brushes. He was told by the professor that such a motor would require perpetual motion and was, therefore, impossible. In the 1880's he patented the alternating current generator, motor, and transformer we use today.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ten years after virtually inventing modern electrical technology, Tesla claimed he developed a generator that would not "consume any fuel." Such a generator would not have a conventional source of energy such as oil, coal or falling water. This new generator would get energy from what he called the "ambient medium."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He described this source in 1933:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This new power for the driving of the world's machinery will be derived from the energy which operates the universe, the cosmic energy, whose central source for the earth is the sun and which is everywhere present in unlimited quantities.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For nearly 100 years researchers have sought the design for Tesla's "free energy" generator. Clues, in Tesla's own handwriting, to the nature of the device and how it operated have been uncovered.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On June 9th, 1902, both the New York Times and the New York Herald carried a story of a Clemente Figueras, a "woods and forest engineer,"</b> in the Canary Islands who invented a device for generating electricity without burning any fuel. What became of Figueras and his fuelless generator is not known, but this announcement in the paper prompted Tesla to send a clipping of the Herald story in a letter to his friend Robert Underwood Johnson, editor of Century Magazine.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In this letter, a part of the Nikola Tesla Collection, at Columbia University Library, Tesla claimed he had already developed such a generator and to have revealed the underlying physical laws.1</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the three-page letter Tesla states that he suggested such a generator in his Century magazine article, and that he has worked on such a design for sometime.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85aOPAsKDfblABTAihtxiz3epYoWQAXC0NX4IV-Smw-w5Vj8-bbiomFFGloVYx_tgQTuq-Asmqm74Be6lzFlbHZNN4VvXYzA7qdrvsoJE-s_wseMJeNtvvn5rTmgRHD4gvUDElQKVKFHj/s1600/tesla27_05.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"" border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85aOPAsKDfblABTAihtxiz3epYoWQAXC0NX4IV-Smw-w5Vj8-bbiomFFGloVYx_tgQTuq-Asmqm74Be6lzFlbHZNN4VvXYzA7qdrvsoJE-s_wseMJeNtvvn5rTmgRHD4gvUDElQKVKFHj/s320/tesla27_05.gif" title="Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"" width="268" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">June 10, 1902</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Dear Luka,2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">The invention seems to have been suggested by my article which has given great trouble to you and infinitely more to me. Look up page 200 of Century particularly where I refer to novel facts. The report is not likely</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7IzWLEQKRd2Zhk9WL7EvOjN2PXDUqcuPpEFE_r9NxqpEMP-jKftc8oVnogpqX0cUaCu_lmCygWL03XThrXEk6ilyiBNihW-AaK6kE83BlxPxYncg2dfQAFYi9swuVIbDOjpVYd9p8LvJ/s1600/tesla27_06.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"" border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7IzWLEQKRd2Zhk9WL7EvOjN2PXDUqcuPpEFE_r9NxqpEMP-jKftc8oVnogpqX0cUaCu_lmCygWL03XThrXEk6ilyiBNihW-AaK6kE83BlxPxYncg2dfQAFYi9swuVIbDOjpVYd9p8LvJ/s320/tesla27_06.gif" title="Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"" width="292" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">to be true but it is singular that I have also found a solution which I have been following up since a long time and which promises very well. I was at the point of revealing my method in the article but you pressed[?] me to find[?] that I did not have enough energy left to do it. I am glad now. The conditions at the</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUtE5dOPNYkwWmxM39kH5wDnbsP4QqaxqbDum6SDLI82Z6DyZcCLOvZ7b0zr5ZiO3F7jMnVnz2P8TGfq5ua6v1W8W5xE_jclFl-PrsaEcXuJErlsRrL_MmyJxV_9PFaNzR1vqIgykAyde7/s1600/tesla27_07.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"" border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="750" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUtE5dOPNYkwWmxM39kH5wDnbsP4QqaxqbDum6SDLI82Z6DyZcCLOvZ7b0zr5ZiO3F7jMnVnz2P8TGfq5ua6v1W8W5xE_jclFl-PrsaEcXuJErlsRrL_MmyJxV_9PFaNzR1vqIgykAyde7/s400/tesla27_07.gif" title="Tesla's new energy generator that "would not consume fuel"" width="321" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Pic of Teneriffe are ideal for the success of such methods as I contemplate to employ for getting a steady supply of small 3 amounts of energy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Sorry I was unable to call.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Nikola</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tesla once called the June 1900 Century article the most important he had written. The "novel facts" citation mentioned in the letter is found on page 200 of the article in the first column, next to the last paragraph, first sentence.4</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Discussion of the "novel facts" just precedes the article's subsection dealing with a,</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"'Self-Acting’ Machine... Capable... of Deriving Energy From the Medium."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A careful examination of the article reveals the inventor believed his design for an electrical generator which is its own prime mover, that is, does not "consume any fuel," would not violate the energy conservation principle.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tesla believed, rather, that his design transformed one form of energy into another.5</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">--------------------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Related content:</span><br />
<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/arthur-matthews-and-son-of-tesla.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Arthur Matthews and Son of Tesla</span></a><br />
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<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/device-to-harness-cosmic-energy-by-tesla.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Device to Harness Cosmic Energy by Nikola Tesla</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</span></a></div>
<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/07/self-sustaining-generator.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Self-sustaining Generator: Magnetic, Zero Point Energy, Nikola Tesla</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis-cnnTyZh38MfAbCwuNJf5_JYm_U8ncV_2xA86SEmZkjW61KHKbiccPVCi1tzeXzldb-vYeVWVfbsoUD4zdrGXReUHKmqZGg_VfCz9kbRx3iiohzgNKsdKpIxpPcNE1Ltwu-cRPXDtQ2u/s1600/new5.png" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Notes:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Tesla-Johnson letter and Herald clipping are used with permission of the Nikola Tesla Collection, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York City.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The nickname Tesla gave to Johnson refers to "Luka Filipov... a legendary Serbian hero he admired..." Margaret Cheney, Tesla: Man Out of Time, Dell, 1983, pg. 83.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Underlined in the manuscript. Tesla's attitude was that any amount of power less than that needed for a good sized city was "small."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The page numbering in the original article differs from the reproduction in the Belgrade Lectures, Patent, Articles. In the reproduction, page 200 of the magazine corresponds to pages A-138 and A-139.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An analysis of the inventions intended by Tesla in this letter is found in: Oliver Nichelson, "Nikola Tesla's Later Energy Designs," IECEC, 26th Proceedings, Am. Nuclear Society, Vol. 4, pp. 439-444, 1991.</span><br />
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<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-88015828194403805692019-08-11T19:38:00.001-07:002020-05-11T08:41:30.928-07:00Device to Harness Cosmic Energy by Nikola Tesla<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Brooklyn Eagle July 10, 1932 Nikola Tesla states:</b><br />
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I have harnessed the cosmic rays and caused them to operate a motive device. Cosmic ray investigation is a subject that is very close to me. I was the first to discover these rays and I naturally feel toward them as I would toward my own flesh and blood.<br />
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I have advanced a theory of the cosmic rays and at every step of my investigations I have found it completely justified.<br />
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The attractive features of the cosmic rays is their constancy. They shower down on us throughout the whole 24 hours, and if a plant is developed to use their power it will not require devices for storing energy as would be necessary with devices using wind, tide or sunlight.<br />
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All of my investigations seem to point to the conclusion that they are small particles, each carrying so small a charge that we are justified in calling them neutrons. They move with great velocity, exceeding that of light.<br />
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More than 25 years ago I began my efforts to harness the cosmic rays and I can now state that I have succeeded in operating a motive device by means of them. I will tell you in the most general way, the cosmic ray ionizes the air, setting free many charges ions and electrons. These charges are captured in a condenser which is made to discharge through the circuit of the motor.<br />
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I have hopes of building my motor on a large scale, but circumstances have not been favorable to carrying out my plan.<br />
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Device to Harness Cosmic Energy Claimed by Tesla</h2>
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New York American</div>
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November 1st, 1933</div>
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"This new power for the driving of the world's machinery will be derived from the energy which operates the universe, the cosmic energy, whose central source for the earth is the sun and which is everywhere present in unlimited quantities."</div>
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This is a diagram of Tesla's first radiant energy receiver.</div>
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It stored static electricity obtained from the air and converted it to a usable form. Tesla's invention is a simple version of T.H. Moray's device. Moray's device used a unique rectifier (RE-valve) to efficiently capture the static electricity from the surrounding air.</div>
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Moray's oscillator tubes (magnetron transducers) utilized this high-voltage energy to generate an internal secondary "cold" fusion reaction.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVh4MBzcYbSOTnNLlc4kdEeylCKCo4ZG3xWmhs5tFFlQxIGpq_heMRvRnRmAJ5cZYGQkyYdgjWraHs-hFGKSWYAymTZVCn0BxRjQDzzksWdBNxInykYsS5VA-e2nyjqWBXr50mAKx7dIYO/s1600/Device+to+Harness+Cosmic+Energy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Device to Harness Cosmic Energy by Nikola Tesla" border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVh4MBzcYbSOTnNLlc4kdEeylCKCo4ZG3xWmhs5tFFlQxIGpq_heMRvRnRmAJ5cZYGQkyYdgjWraHs-hFGKSWYAymTZVCn0BxRjQDzzksWdBNxInykYsS5VA-e2nyjqWBXr50mAKx7dIYO/s1600/Device+to+Harness+Cosmic+Energy.gif" title="Device to Harness Cosmic Energy by Nikola Tesla" /></a></div>
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Stick an antenna up in the air, the higher the better, and wire it to one side of a capacitor, the other going to a good earth ground, and the potential difference will then charge the capacitor.</div>
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Connect across the capacitor some sort of switching device so that it can be discharged at rhythmic intervals, and you have an oscillating electric output. T.H. Moray simply expanded on Tesla's idea to use high-voltage to create ionic oscillation.</div>
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Tesla's free-energy concept was patented in 1901 as an "<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/07/tesla-generator-later-energy-generation-designs.html" target="_blank">Apparatus for The Utilization of Radiant Energy.</a>"</div>
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The patent refers to "the sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy, like cosmic rays," that the device works at night is explained in terms of the night-time availability of cosmic rays. Tesla also refers to the ground as "a vast reservoir of negative electricity."</div>
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Tesla was fascinated by radiant energy and its free-energy possibilities. He called the Crooke's radiometer, a device which has vanes that spin in a vacuum when exposed to radiant energy "a beautiful invention." He believed that it would become possible to harness energy directly by "connecting to the very wheel-work of nature."</div>
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On his 76th birthday at his yearly ritual press conference, Tesla announced a "cosmic-ray motor" when asked if it was more powerful than the Crooke's radiometer, he answered, "thousands of times more powerful."</div>
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In 1901 Nikola Tesla was one the first to identify "radiant energy."</div>
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Tesla says that the source of this energy is our Sun. He concluded that the Sun emits small particles, each carrying so small of a charge, that they move with great velocity, exceeding that of light. Tesla further states that these particles are the neutron particles. Tesla believed that these neutron particles were responsible for all radioactive reactions.</div>
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Radiant matter is in tune with these neutron particles.</div>
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Radiant matter is simply a re-transmitter of energy from one state to another.</div>
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How his radiant energy receiver worked</h2>
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From the electric Potential that exists between the elevated plate (plus) and the ground (minus), energy builds up in the capacitor, and, after "a suitable time interval," the accumulated energy will "manifest itself in a powerful discharge" that can do work.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyqixDANydioW3jTZREGaMS86OTlcfupw47802S529M_C51Yx5gojsG75isxUl5RDDJolp4qaCMxMi7EZi7ih-ugRMd2SITq3xAgKF8erIkAxnBe3DS157jHs2-Hj9DO3hYMrMMhsw9vvn/s1600/How+his+radiant+energy+receiver+worked.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How his radiant energy receiver worked" border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyqixDANydioW3jTZREGaMS86OTlcfupw47802S529M_C51Yx5gojsG75isxUl5RDDJolp4qaCMxMi7EZi7ih-ugRMd2SITq3xAgKF8erIkAxnBe3DS157jHs2-Hj9DO3hYMrMMhsw9vvn/s1600/How+his+radiant+energy+receiver+worked.gif" title="How his radiant energy receiver worked" /></a></div>
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The capacitor, says Tesla, should be,</div>
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"of considerable electrostatic capacity," and its dielectric made of "the best quality mica, for it has to withstand potentials that could rupture a weaker dielectric."</div>
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Tesla gives various options for the switching device. One is a rotary switch that resembles a Tesla circuit controller, another is an electrostatic device consisting of two very light, membranous conductors suspended in a vacuum.</div>
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These sense the energy build-up in the capacitor, one charging positive, the other negative, and, at a certain charge level, are attracted, touch, and thus fire the capacitor. Tesla also mentions another switching device consisting of a minute air gap or weak dielectric film that breaks down suddenly when a certain potential is reached.</div>
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Tesla received two patents for this radiant energy device</div>
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<li>U.S. Patent No. 685,957 - <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cNn5s1flGbAG9BEsQxONTRn7mhKnv9un/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy</a></li>
<li>U.S. Patent No. 685,958 - <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IA_v_S_OddjXKoI3XniRTmMmAzpcXWCO/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Method of Utilizing Radiant Energy</a>.</li>
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Both these patents were filed on March 21, 1901 and granted on November 5, 1901.</div>
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In these patents he explains:</div>
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"The sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy throw off minute particles of matter positively electrified, which, impinging upon the upper plate, communicate continuously an electrical charge to the same.</div>
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The opposite terminal of the condenser being connected to ground, which may be considered as a vast reservoir of negative electricity, a feeble current flows continuously into the condenser and inasmuch as the particles are ...charged to a very high potential, this charging of the condenser may continue, as I have actually observed, almost indefinitely, even to the point of rupturing the dielectric."</div>
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The Earth's Electrostatic Charge</h2>
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Tesla's intent was to condense the energy trapped between the earth and its upper atmosphere and to transform it into an electric current.</div>
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He pictured the sun as an immense ball of electricity, positively charged with a potential of some 200 billion volts. The earth, on the other hand, is charged with negative electricity. The tremendous electrical force between these two bodies constituted, at least in part, what he called cosmic energy. It varied from night to day and from season to season but it is always present.</div>
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The positive particles are stopped at the ionosphere and between it and the negative charges in the ground, a distance of 60 miles, there is a large difference of voltage - something on the order of 360,000 volts.</div>
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With the gases of the atmosphere acting as an insulator between these two opposite stores of electrical charges, the region between the ground and the edge of space traps a great deal of energy. Despite the large size of the planet, it is electrically like a capacitor which keeps positive and negative charges apart by using the air as a non-conducting material as an insulator.</div>
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The earth has a charge of 96,500 coulombs.</div>
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With a potential of 360,000 volts, the earth constitutes a capacitor of .25 farads (farads = coulombs/volts). If the formula for calculating the energy stored in a capacitor (E =1/2CV2) is applied to the earth, it turns out that the ambient medium contains 1.6 x 1011 joules or 4.5 megawatt-hours of electrical energy.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In order to utilize this high-voltage energy you must do two things - make an energy sink and then devise a way of making the "sink" oscillate.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<h2>
"Zero-Point Energy?"</h2>
</div>
<div>
<div>
Such a "sink" has to be at a lower energy state than the surrounding medium and, for the energy to continually flow into it, the energy must be continually pumped out of it.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Additionally, this "sink" must maintain a lower energy state while meeting the power requirements of the load attached to it. Electrical energy, watt-seconds, is a product of volts x amps x seconds. Because the period of oscillation does not change, either voltage or current has to be the variable in this system's energy equation. Bifilar wound coils are used in the system because a bifilar wound coil maximizes the voltage difference between its turns, the current is then minimized.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A coil in our system, then, will be set into oscillation at its resonant frequency by an external power source. During the "zero-point" portion of its cycle the coil will appear as one plate of a capacitor. As the voltage across the coil increases, the amount of charge it can siphon will increase.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The energy that is taken into the coil through the small energy window (zero-point), call it what you will, appears to be the key to the success of this system. It is at this zero-point where energy is condensed into positive and negative components of current. When energy escapes from the "sink" the magnetic field collapses and a strong magnetic quake is created in it's wake.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A properly tuned system can capture and convert radiant energy in such a prescribed arrangement.</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Energy Directly from the Atom</h2>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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<div>
The radiant energy system is a self-oscillating capacitive system.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Once it is set into oscillation, very little power is expended in keeping it going. Because it is an electrostatic oscillating system, only a small amount of charge moves through the system per cycle, that is, the coulomb per seconds = amps are low.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
If the charge is used at a low rate, the energy stored in the system will be turned into heat at a slow rate enabling the oscillations to continue for a long period of time.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Tesla's "<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/16BojQ4bykb6wJ86KQAW-CwhKrEwEiGQD/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Coil For Electro Magnets,</a>" patent #512,340 is a very special coil design because, unlike an ordinary coil made by turning wire on a tube form, this one uses two wires laid next to each other on a form but with the end of the first one connected to the beginning of the second one. In this patent Tesla explains that the double coil will store many times the energy of a conventional coil.[1]</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Measurements of two coils of the same size and with the same number of turns, one with a single, the other with a bifilar winding, show differences in voltage gain. These bifilar Tesla's coils can be explained solely on the basis of their electrical activity. A bifilar coil is capable of holding more charge than a single wound coil. When operated at resonance, the distributed capacitance of the bifilar coil is able to overcome the counter - electromotive force (E.M.F.) normal to coils, inductive reactance.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Because of the electrical activity, a bifilar coil does not work against itself in the form of a counter - E.M.F., the potential across the coil quickly builds to a high value. The difference between the turns becomes great enough that the energy is practically all potential, at this point, the system becomes an electrostatic oscillator.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Minimal work is done in my radiant energy system due to the absence of wasted displacement currents.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
As small heat losses occur, oscillations are maintained by surplus charge generated by atomic catalytic reactions, energy is siphoned from the kinetic moments of these charges. Very low energy expenditure allows power delivery to an electrical load over an extended time period without an external fuel supply. After an initial input of energy from an outside source, the radiant energy electrical generator will operate as a very efficient device.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
By reviewing history it is understandable why some inventions are not commercialized. It is economics, not science, that is the main factor. It will be remembered that alternating current was opposed by powerful financiers in Tesla's time.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Michael Pupin, noted in his autobiography:</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
"...captains of industry...who were afraid that they would have to scrap some of their direct current apparatus and the plants for manufacturing it, if the alternating current system received any support.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A most un-American attitude...but ignorance and false notions prevailed in the early nineties, because the captains of electrical industries paid small attention to highly trained scientists." [2]</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Philadelphia Public Ledger November 2, 1933 Tesla 'Harnesses' Cosmic Energy</h2>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Inventor announces discovery to displace fuel in driving machinery</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Calls Sun main source</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A principle by which power for driving machinery of the world may be developed from the cosmic energy which operates the universe, has been discovered by Nikola Tesla, noted physicist and inventor of scientific devices, he announced today.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This principle, which taps a source of power described as "everywhere present in unlimited quantities" and which may be transmitted by wire or wireless from central plants to any part of the globe, will eliminate the need of coal, oil, gas or any other of the common fuels, he said. Dr. Tesla in a statement today at his hotel indicated the time was not far distant when the principle would be ready for practical commercial development.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Asked whether the sudden introduction of his principle would upset the present economic system, Dr. Tesla replied,</div>
<div>
"It is badly upset already."</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
He added that now as never before was the time ripe for the development of new resources. While in its present form, the theory calls for the development of energy in central plants requiring vast machinery. Dr. Tesla said he might be able to work out a plan for its use by individuals. The central source of cosmic energy for the earth is the Sun, Dr. Tesla said, but "night will not interrupt the flow of new power supply."</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Clearly Tesla is not talking about an atomic reactor. He is directly converting ionized particles generated by radiant matter. It is not nuclear energy as we know it today. Radiant Energy is directly converted to electrical power!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Tesla believed that the Sun generates highly charged particles and that radiant matter is a re-transmitter of energy, it is this transfer of energy that could be used for practical purposes.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
----------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<u>Related content:</u></div>
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<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/07/nikola-tesla-great-scientist-forgotten-genius.html" target="_blank">Nikola Tesla: Great Scientist, Forgotten Genius</a></div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/08/arthur-matthews-and-son-of-tesla.html" target="_blank">Arthur Matthews and Son of Tesla</a></div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</a></div>
<div>
<div>
<a href="https://ultimate-energizer.blogspot.com/2019/07/self-sustaining-generator.html" target="_blank">Self-sustaining Generator: Magnetic, Zero Point Energy, Nikola Tesla</a></div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxvSFxX51AqnnNVwkjJvlCG83Si5HX6wcyA9MdhwJCS79DxVB6LgWqHFogCWMmcS6KMzdQHYMM9yongFn_lv5eHtQAXiJJlqgwEYbYhklIkNta2OS3vktp7-14vq9WYVxQGcktlRzwWHl/s1600/banner4.4.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<u>References</u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
[1] Nikola Tesla, U.S. Patent #512,340, "COIL FOR ELECTRO MAGNETS," he explains that a standard coil of 1000 turns with a potential of 100 volts across it will have a difference of .1 volt between turns. A similar bifilar coil will have a potential of 50 volts between turns. In that the stored energy is a function of the square of the voltages the energy in the bifilar will be 502/.12 = 2500/.01 = 250,000 times greater than the standard coil.</div>
<div>
[2] Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, Charles Scribner's Sons, N.Y., pages 285-286, 1923.</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-696958082841619492019-08-10T19:53:00.000-07:002020-05-11T08:40:26.402-07:00Tesla Patent: Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.<br />
<br />
NIKOLA TESLA, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.<br />
<br />
<b>APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY</b><br />
<br />
1,119,732. Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Dec. 1, 1914.<br />
<br />
Application filed January 18. 1902, Serial No. 90,245. Renewed May 4, 1907. Serial No. 371,817.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZA1jRNuU79AgfLgmHS5hSNMZix-kVWfGkZeyXAde0utjKLfbCH4bVgaznRbdy24aTrOFgN5y0hSPXF-TGa26qDDb6mNrZNS0KmX9hA56V3bceB96IbO9okyuG9etAiPsXZJQw78PKjLf_/s1600/Tesla+Patent+Apparatus+for+Transmitting+Electrical+Energy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tesla Patent: Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy" border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZA1jRNuU79AgfLgmHS5hSNMZix-kVWfGkZeyXAde0utjKLfbCH4bVgaznRbdy24aTrOFgN5y0hSPXF-TGa26qDDb6mNrZNS0KmX9hA56V3bceB96IbO9okyuG9etAiPsXZJQw78PKjLf_/s1600/Tesla+Patent+Apparatus+for+Transmitting+Electrical+Energy.gif" title="Tesla Patent: Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy" /></a></div>
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">To all whom it may concern:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA, a citizen of the United States, residing at the borough of Manhattan, in the city, county, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the drawing accompanying and forming a part of the same.<br />
<br />
In endeavoring to adapt currents or discharges of very high tension to various valuable uses, as the distribution of energy through wires from central plants to distant places of consumption, or the transmission of powerful disturbances to great distances, through the natural or non-artificial media. I have encountered difficulties in confining considerable amounts of electricity to the conductors and preventing its leakage over their supports, or its escape into the ambient air, which always takes place when the electric surface density reaches a certain value.<br />
<br />
The intensity of the effect of a transmitting circuit with a free or elevated terminal is proportionate to the quantity of electricity displaced which is determined by the product of the capacity of the circuit, the pressure, and the frequency of the currents employed. To produce an electrical movement of the required magnitude it is desirable to charge the terminal as highly as possible, for while a great quantity of electricity may also be displaced by a large capacity charged to low pressure, there are disadvantages met with in many cases when the former is made too large. These are due to the fact that, an increase of the capacity entails a lowering of the frequency of the impulses or discharges and a diminution of the energy of vibration. This will be understood when it is borne in mind, that a circuit with a large capacity behaves us a slackspring, whereas one with a small capacity acts a stiff spring, vibrating more vigorously. Therefore, in order to attain the highest possible frequency, which for certain purposes is advantageous and, apart from that, to develop the greatest energy in such a transmitting circuit, I employ a terminal of relatively small capacity, which I charge to as high a pressure as practicable. To accomplish this result I have found it imperative to so construct the elevated conductor, that its outer surface, on which the electrical charge chiefly accumulates, has itself a large radius of curvature, or is composed of separate elements which, irrespective of their own radius of curvature, are arranged in close proximity to each so other and so, that the outside ideal surface enveloping them is of a large radius. Evidently, the smaller the radius of curvature the greater, for a given electric displacement, will be the surface-density and, consequently the lower the limiting pressure to which the terminal may he charged without electricity escaping into the air. Such a terminal secure to an insulating support entering more or less into its interior, and I likewise connect the circuit to it inside or, generally, at points where the electric density is small. This plan of constructing and supporting a highly charged conductor I have found to be of great practical importance, and it may be usefully applied in many ways.<br />
<br />
Referring to the accompanying drawing, the figure is a view in elevation and part section of an improved free terminal and circuit of large surface with supporting structure and generating apparatus.<br />
<br />
The terminal D consists of a suitably shaped metallic frame, in this case a ring of nearly circular cross section, which is covered with half spherical metal plates P P, thus constituting a very large conducting surface, smooth on all places where the electric charge principally accumulates. The frame is carried by a strong platform expressly provided for safety appliances, instruments of observation, etc., which in turn rests on insulating supports F F. These should penetrate far into the hollow space formed by the terminal, and if the electric density at the points where they are bolted to the frame is still considerable, they may specially protected by conducting hoods as H.<br />
<br />
A part of the improvements which form the subject of this specification, the transmitting circuit, in its general features, is identical with that described and claimed in my original Patents Nos. 645,576 and 649,621. The circuit comprises a coil A which is in close inductive relation with a primary C, and one end of which is connected to a ground-plate E, while its other end is led through a separate self-induction coil B and a metallic cylinder B' to the terminal D. The connection to the latter should always be made at, or near the center, in order to secure a symmetrical distribution of the current, as otherwise, when the frequency is very high and the flow of large volume, the performance of the apparatus might be impaired. The primary C may be excited in any desired manner, from a suitable source of currents G, which may be an alternator or condenser, the important requirement being that the resonant condition is established, that is to say, that the terminal D is charged to the maximum pressure developed in the circuit, as I have specified in my original patents before referred to. The adjustments should be made with particular care when the transmitter is one of great power, not only on account of economy, but also in order to avoid danger. I have shown to that it is practicable to produce in a resonating circuit as E A B B' D immense electrical activities, measured by tens and even hundreds of thousands of horse-power, and in such a case, if the points of maximum pressure should be shifted below the terminal D, along coil B, a ball of fire might break out and destroy the support F or anything else in the way. For the better appreciation of the nature of this danger it should he stated, that the destructive action may take place with inconceivable violence. This will cease to be surprising when it is borne in mind, that the entire energy accumulated in the excited circuit, instead of requiring, as under normal working conditions, one quarter of the period or more for its transformation from static to kinetic form, may spend itself in an incomparably smaller interval of time, at a rate of many millions of horse power. The accident is apt to occur when, the transmitting circuit being strongly excited, the impressed oscillations upon it are caused, in any manner more or less sudden, to be more rapid than the free oscillations. It is therefore advisable to begin the adjustments with feeble and somewhat slower impressed oscillations. strengthening and quickening them gradually, until the apparatus has been brought under perfect control. To increase the safety, I provide on a convenient place, preferably on terminal D, one or more elements or plates either of somewhat smaller radius of curvature or protruding more or less beyond the others (in which case they maybe of larger radius of curvature) so that, should the pressure rise to a value, beyond which it is not desired to go, the powerful discharge may dart out there and lose itself harmlessly in air. Such a plate, performing a function similar to that of a safety valve on a high pressure reservoir, is indicated at V.<br />
<br />
Still further extending the principles underlying my invention, special reference is made to coil B and conductor B'. The latter is in the form of a cylinder with smooth or polished surface of a radius much larger than that of the half spherical elements P P, and widens out at the bottom into a hood H, which should be slotted to avoid loss by eddy currents and the purpose of which will be clear from the foregoing. The coil B is wound on a frame or drum D1 of insulating material, with its turns close together. I have discovered that when so wound the effect of the small radius of curvature of the wire itself is overcome and the coil behaves as a conductor of large radius of curvature, corresponding to that of the drum. This feature is of considerable practical importance and is applicable not only in this special instance, but generally. For example, such plates at P P of terminal D, though preferably of large radius of curvature, need not be necessarily so for provided only that the individual plates or elements of a high potential conductor or terminal are arranged in proximity to each other and with their outer boundaries along an ideal symmetrical enveloping surface of a large radius of curvature, the advantages of the invention will be more or less fully realized. The lower end of the coil B—which, if desired, may be extended up to the terminal D should be somewhat below the uppermost turn of coil A. This, I find, lessens the tendency of the charge to break out from the wire connecting both and to pass along the support F'.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Having described my invention, I claim:</span></b><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>As a means for producing great electrical activities a resonant circuit having its outer conducting boundaries, which are charged to a high potential, arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature so as to prevent leakage of the oscillating charge, substantially as set forth.</li>
<li>In apparatus for the transmission of electrical energy a circuit connected to ground and to an elevated terminal and having its outer conducting boundaries, which are subject to high tension, arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature substantially as, and for the purpose described.</li>
<li>In a plant for the transmission of electrical energy without wires, in combination with a primary or exciting circuit a secondary connected to ground and to an elevated terminal and having its outer conducting boundaries, which are charged to a high potential, arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature for the purpose of preventing leakage and loss of energy, substantially as set forth.</li>
<li>As a means for transmItting electrical energy to a distance through the natural media a grounded resonant circuit, comprising, a part upon which oscillations are impressed and another for raising the tension, having its outer conducting boundaries on which a high tension charge accumulates arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature, substantially as described.</li>
<li>The means for producing excessive electric potentials consisting of a primary exciting circuit and a resonant secondary having its outer conducting elements which are subject to high tension arranged in proximity to each other and in surface of large of curvature so as to prevent leakage of the charge and attendant lowering of potential, substantially as described.</li>
<li>A circuit comprising a part upon which oscillations are impressed and another part for raising the tension by resonance, the latter part being supported on places of low electric density and having its outermost conducting boundaries arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature, as set forth.</li>
<li>In apparatus for the transmission of electrical energy without wires a grounded circuit the outer conducting elements of which have a great aggregate area and are arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature so as to permit the storing of a high charge at a small electric density and prevent loss through leakage, substantially as described.</li>
<li>A wireless transmitter comprising in combination a source of oscillations as a condenser, a primary exciting circuit and a secondary grounded and elevated conductor the outer conducting boundaries of which are in proximity to each other and arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature, substantially as described.</li>
<li>In apparatus for the transmission of electrical energy without wires an elevated conductor or antenna having its outer high potential conducting or capacity elements arranged in proximity to each other and in surfaces of large radii of curvature so as to overcome the effect of the small radius of curvature of the individual elements and leakage of the charge, as set forth.</li>
<li>A grounded resonant transmitting circuit having its outer conducting boundaries arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature in combination with an elevated terminal of great surface supported at points of low electric density, substantially as described.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<b>NIKOLA TESLA</b>. <br />
<br />
Witnesses:<br />
John C. Kerr,<br />
M. Lawson Dyer.<br />
<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-62306160148987739522019-08-10T19:21:00.000-07:002020-05-11T08:39:43.200-07:00Arthur Matthews and Son of Tesla<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This article exposes what may be a very large secret within the family of Nikola Tesla. Tesla, creator of our modern technology, master of light and power, was never known to have had a child. Tesla was not even known to have had relations or to couple like most humans do. He was too obsessed with his work to have been a father; so the story goes. His patents of the A.C. current, motors, TV, radio and so much more... changed the world. (The Supreme Court validated Tesla's patent on radio and disallowed Marconi's patent) Nikola was the classic loner.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
by Doug Yurchey</div>
<br />
<br />
The following is evidence that this International Man of Mystery did father a child. The child grew up, always honoring his father's name, and toward the end of his life; became pen pals with this writer.<br />
<br />
Arthur Matthews was the last man to have worked hand-to-hand with Tesla. The master Jedi is said to have given the young apprentice all of his secrets. Matthews was not in the public eye. He lived in a rural area of Lake Beauport, Quebec, Canada. Over the years, curiosity-seekers to government agents have made the trek to Canada to tap Matthews for information. They would ask how to build the Magnifying Transmitter. Arthur would always say that the answers are in Tesla's patents, lectures and articles.<br />
<br />
In the early 1940s, Mr. Matthews co-authored a book along with Tesla. It is the only known writings of Tesla that was not of a technical nature. The first part of 'The Wall of Light' was written by Tesla. He writes about boyhood experiences, his feelings, his research and his strange life among humans.<br />
<br />
Matthews completes 'The Wall of Light' (a reference to an impenetrable force field device) with his incredible story that includes Close Encounters with extraterrestrials.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
QUEBECER TURNS ON ELECTRIC LIGHTS IN LAVAL BY POWER SENT BY GROUND FROM CITY</h2>
'Wireless energy travels through the earth and not through the air as is the general belief, A.H. Matthews, local engineer, told the Chronicle Telegraph in commenting on an article which appeared some time ago in this paper concerning the noted inventor, Nikola Tesla.<br />
<br />
It is surprising in these enlightened times to see people who should know better still hanging onto the Hertz-wave theory of wireless, said Mr. Matthews...<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
SENDS POWER THROUGH EARTH</h2>
Mr. Matthews has been experimenting for the past 30 years with the Tesla wireless theory and has failed to find any flaws in it. In 1906 he built a machine from Tesla's 1893 patent and was successful in transporting power from the cellar of his home on St. Joavhim Street to the Cove Fields. He was able to transmit sufficient power to light lamps on the Cove Fields and used only the earth and no aerials.<br />
<br />
Later he was able to transmit power to the Laval Hills.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
AERIAL IDEA FALLACY</h2>
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The mere fact of erecting an aerial, Mr. Matthews explained, does not prove that energy comes through the air. The energy is already in the earth, waiting for something to move it, he continued and went on to state: Electricity - high or low frequency, is always present... the earth being a vastly superior conductor...'<br />
<br />
<br />
The following quote by Arthur Matthews from a Canadian newspaper was written many decades before PCs, the Internet and Silicon Valley:<br />
<br />
<i>'TV, real live pictures can be sent over the phone... Every radio station in Canada can start sending pictures with and on their voice waves right now... Fellow tax-payers go out and buy a TV set and then build yourself a picture-sender - hook it up to the telephone wire and send pictures to your friends.'</i><br />
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In 'The Wall of Light,' Matthews claims that Venusians landed on his property in Canada.<br />
<br />
They told him Tesla was one of them; from Venus. According to Matthews, Tesla was born on a spaceship at midnight between July 9th and 10th of 1856. The infant was entrusted to a good couple of Earth-parents who were not his real parents. Nikola has been called the 'Superman of the Industrial Age.' Tesla's life may have been the inspiration for the old Superman story. He certainly reinforced the 'mad scientist' image early in the 20th Century.<br />
<br />
Another book concerning the extraterrestrial origin of Nikola Tesla is called 'Return of the Dove' by Margaret Storm.<br />
<br />
In a chapter entitled 'The Arthur Matthews Story,' she wrote:<br />
<br />
'Then to Arthur Matthews, he gave a design for an interplanetary communications set. He left to Matthews the task of getting the public interested in communicating with the inhabitants of other planets.'<br />
<br />
July 5 1980, Dear Mr. Yurchey,<br />
<br />
Thank you for your very welcome letter and interesting information. Thank you for kind remarks about Tesla. A lot of persons have wrote about him, but have used information of others. If you intend to do a true book about Tesla - the only place to obtain true information is from the patents - lectures, articles and his own life story - and the only place to find his life story is in 'The Wall of Light.' Tesla was never a dreamer...he was a real man. He believed in God - and the Bible. He married in 1890 - he had a son. And he died a very rich man.<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
Arthur Matthews<br />
<br />
March 2 1983<br />
Dear Doug,<br />
<br />
The chapter from your book came this afternoon. I have spent some time reading them and I find them good reading. Very good in fact. But before you send it to be published... be sure of your facts. Study the remarks of Tesla in his own life story before you publish the remarks on Mr. Morgan - for he and Tesla were always friends. Morgan did not remove his support and faith in Tesla. They were firm friends. Tesla had loads of money. He was never poor. He died a rich man.<br />
<br />
It was Tesla who removed the tower on Long Island, not the U.S. government. He was not told to remove the tower. Tesla removed it at his own loss. Because it was thought it would be used against the U.S. by the Germans. (WWI) By all means do not get information from books. Get true facts from Tesla lectures, articles, patents and his own life story in 'The Wall of Light' - This is the only true story.<br />
<br />
Yours truly,<br />
Arthur<br />
<br />
PS: Tesla was a wise man. No one cheated him. Some did try. He got a million cash from Westinghouse in 1893 - it was invested. So think it over. Also, Tesla sold all of his patents. He died happy, and rich. Don't believe writers of old books.<br />
<br />
<br />
What you have just read are two personal letters that Arthur wrote on index cards to me; one in 1980 and one in 1983. Let us go over the various blasphemies in the Matthews' letters.<br />
<br />
There are Tesla experts and authors that would be outraged at these statements...<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Arthur makes the point that many writers have written about Tesla but never knew him. Matthews knew Tesla very well. We should not believe something because it is repeated in print. Tesla books have been written from earlier books and the earlier authors have misunderstood.</li>
<li>Arthur wrote that Nikola Tesla 'married in 1890 - he had a son. And he died a very rich man.' This bombshell is not what virtually all other sources on Tesla report. It makes a better story if an unrecognized genius invented our modern age and died penniless.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
After receiving the 1980 letter, I immediately wrote back to Arthur and asked him: Are you Tesla's son?<br />
<br />
He did not answer me. He completely went around the question... so I dropped it. I felt like I was asking Clark Kent if he was Superman. If Arthur was his son, why the secrecy? My guess is that this is too human a thing for such a Nikola Tesla Superstar.<br />
<br />
Or, was this biological connection with the master hidden to protect his son?<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrb0LDwaeJniJvYtBAqUfIckZLtT0UlbQNxudha8JpchiTa8oc2LwnNcW2E4PJZmDp7oBu8SRQULCyUj6eRAub344TrjPU8u-JVze_V7xrcMSPLgLPFx-l05XJBf0xvkQAObPcw7O_vfQ8/s1600/teslson.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wardenclyffe Project on Long Island" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrb0LDwaeJniJvYtBAqUfIckZLtT0UlbQNxudha8JpchiTa8oc2LwnNcW2E4PJZmDp7oBu8SRQULCyUj6eRAub344TrjPU8u-JVze_V7xrcMSPLgLPFx-l05XJBf0xvkQAObPcw7O_vfQ8/s320/teslson.gif" title="Wardenclyffe Project on Long Island" width="230" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFWizq4VsoOyHyOU6_xVfDkdDwGpVDTbCgaPh0A8Wp8rK4xx7kMoePnjrNrKhttvV4ofpjuWANjXSvz7ayAnSIl5yGclnEZplYqosqtZMjNNi6RBtSWVofrnaEKWJ69jKsmZ2-1uuTyQ37/s1600/tesla1son.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="J. P. Morgan and Tesla" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="254" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFWizq4VsoOyHyOU6_xVfDkdDwGpVDTbCgaPh0A8Wp8rK4xx7kMoePnjrNrKhttvV4ofpjuWANjXSvz7ayAnSIl5yGclnEZplYqosqtZMjNNi6RBtSWVofrnaEKWJ69jKsmZ2-1uuTyQ37/s320/tesla1son.gif" title="J. P. Morgan and Tesla - Wardenclyffe" width="234" /></a></div>
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* J. P. Morgan and Tesla were always friends and the financier did not remove funding for the Wardenclyffe Project on Long Island. Tesla was rich and invested wisely. He had all the money he needed to complete his tower which would have given the planet an endless power source of wireless electricity.<br />
<br />
Wardenclyffe was the culmination of his life's work. The famous Stanford White designed the non-technical architecture. But, the Magnifying Transmitter could be misused as a Doomsday weapon splitting the Earth in two! The Force cuts both ways. What could power the world could also destroy it. What was Tesla feeling while deconstructing his 200-foot transmitter?<br />
<br />
We were not ready for this tremendous, new power source in 1900. Over a hundred years later, we still are not ready for utopia.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMna15F2gu-rZ7qP3o3wPxC4Kh6Pp5OPnWOAo19h-xTWC2jaLo6BFIAADy_1pOqRdG7gLxOMfmN6DOX3qeVLSYgZMBvqHjKAA_hk7g5FaWxZgPuk4BKog7rmw9NHrsVLXyh50PiqDmQ9g/s1600/ready+for+this+tremendous.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Arthur Matthews and Son of Tesla" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="350" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMna15F2gu-rZ7qP3o3wPxC4Kh6Pp5OPnWOAo19h-xTWC2jaLo6BFIAADy_1pOqRdG7gLxOMfmN6DOX3qeVLSYgZMBvqHjKAA_hk7g5FaWxZgPuk4BKog7rmw9NHrsVLXyh50PiqDmQ9g/s320/ready+for+this+tremendous.gif" title="Arthur Matthews and Son of Tesla" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Examine these two images. Each are from 'The Wall of Light.'<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The painting of Matthews is so similar to the photo of Tesla; the pose, the clothes, the face and widow's peak. Was Arthur giving us a clue that he was Tesla's son?</li>
<li>The revelations of little-known Arthur Matthews are extraordinary. Yet, I believe in Arthur. I am honored to have corresponded with him. We did speak on the phone once. I asked him: 'When will we have Tesla Technology?'</li>
</ul>
<br />
Sadly, he told me that it will be so far in the future that no one then would even remember who Tesla was. Arthur died in 1986.<br />
<br />
Arthur taught me to not just believe something because it is repeated in books. I'll take the word of the man who knew Tesla. Matthews might have been Tesla's son. Tesla may have originated from within Venus. If anyone was an alien; a Man Who Fell to Earth, it was Tesla.<br />
<br />
Where did all that knowledge come from when he visualized his beautiful machines?<br />
<br />
I find it amazing that the one person responsible for creating our technological world was probably an alien.<br />
<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-81966043542238472272019-08-05T20:31:00.003-07:002020-05-21T19:29:31.156-07:00A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices: Motionless Pulsed Systems<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> Author: Patrick J. Kelly</span><br />
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Special Note: Posting of this document on Blog does not imply approval or disapproval by the Department of Energy. This work is made available to illustrate innovative energy research by multiple researchers involving new concepts. Scientific method requires replication and independent test and verification, and an additional research prototype build-up for those purposes is presently underway by the authors.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: white;">✔ </span></span></span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Generate generators without rotating motion</b>, but based on the principle of rotating magnets. Because magnetism varies based on electronic circuit design: coils, capacitors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance" target="_blank">Negative resistance</a>, etc.The change of magnetism does not require the rotation of the magnet.</span></span></span></span><br />
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The pulsed devices mentioned so far have had moving parts but rotating or fluctuating magnetic fields can be created without moving parts. An example of this is Graham Gunderson’s solid-state electric generator shown in US Patent Application 2006/0163971 A1 of 27th July 2006 which is shown on page A-1038 of the appendix. Another example is:<br />
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<span style="color: #000099;"><b>Charles Flynn's Magnetic Frame</b></span><br />
Another device of this type comes from <b>Charles Flynn</b>. The technique of applying magnetic variations to the magnetic flux produced by a permanent magnet is covered in detail in the patents of Charles Flynn which are included in the Appendix. In his patent he shows techniques for producing linear motion, reciprocal motion, circular motion and power conversion, and he gives a considerable amount of description and explanation on each, his main patent containing a hundred illustrations. Taking one application at random:<br />
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He states that a substantial enhancement of magnetic flux can be obtained from the use of an arrangement like this:</div>
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<br /><br /><br />Here, a laminated soft iron frame has a powerful permanent magnet positioned in it’s centre and six coils are wound in the positions shown. The magnetic flux from the permanent magnet flows around both sides of the frame.</span><br />
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<br /><br /><br />The full patent details of this system from Charles Flynn are in the Appendix, starting at page A - 338.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: #000099;">Lawrence Tseung</span></b><br />Lawrence has recently produced a subtle design using very similar principles. He takes a magnetic frame of similar style and inserts a permanent magnet in one of the arms of the frame. He then applies sharp DC pulses to a coils wound on one side of the frame and draws off energy from a coil wound on the other side of the frame.<br /><br />He shows three separate operating modes for the devices as follows:</span><br />
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<br /><br />Lawrence comments on three possible arrangements. The first on shown above is the standard commercial transformer arrangement where there is a frame made from insulated iron shims in order to cut down the "eddy" currents which otherwise would circulate around inside the frame at right angles to the useful magnetic pulsing which links the two coils on the opposite sides of the frame. As is very widely known, this type of arrangement never has an output power greater than the input power.<br /><br />However, that arrangement can be varied in several different ways. Lawrence has chosen to remove a section of the frame and replace it with a permanent magnet as shown in the diagram below. This alters the situation very considerably as the permanent magnet causes a continuous circulation of magnetic flux around the frame before any alternating voltage is applied to the input coil. If the pulsing input power is applied in the wrong direction as shown here, where the input pulses generate magnetic flux which opposes the magnetic flux already flowing in the frame from the permanent magnet, then the output is actually lower than it would have been without the permanent magnet.</span><br />
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<br /><br />However, if the input coil is pulsed so that the current flowing in the coil produces a magnetic field which reinforces the magnetic field of the permanent magnet then it is possible for the output power to exceed the input power. The "Coefficient of Performance" or "COP" of the device is the amount of output power divided by the amount of input power which the user has to put in to make the device operate. In this instance the COP value can be greater than one:</span><br />
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<br /><br />There is a limitation to this as the amount of magnetic flux which any particular frame can carry is limited by the material from which it is made. Iron is the most common material for frames of this type and it has a very definite saturation point. If the permanent magnet is so strong that it causes saturation of the frame material before the input pulsing is applied, then there can't be any effect at all from positive DC pulsing as shown. This is just common sense but it makes it clear that the magnet chosen must not be too strong for the size of the frame, and why that should be.<br /><br />As an example of this, one of the people replicating Lawrence's design found that he did not get any power gain at all and so he asked Lawrence for advice. Lawrence advised him to omit the magnet and see what happened. He did this and immediately got the standard output, showing that both his input arrangement and his output measuring system both worked perfectly well. It then dawned on him that the stack of three magnets which he was using in the frame were just too strong, so he reduced the stack to just two magnets and immediately got a performance of COP = 1.5 (50% more power output than the input power).<br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: #000099;">The Transformers of Thane Heins</span></b>.<br />Thane has developed, tested and applied for a patent for a transformer arrangement where the output power of his prototype can be thirty times greater than the input power. He achieves this by using a figure-of-eight double toroid transformer core. His Canadian patent CA2594905 is titled "Bi-Toroid Transformer" and dated 18th January 2009. The abstract says: The invention provides a means of increasing transformer efficiency above 100%. The transformer consists of a single primary coil and two secondary coils.<br /><br />Magnetic flow is a thousand times easier through iron than it is through air. Because of that fact transformers are generally constructed on a frame made of iron or a similarly magnetic material. The operation of a transformer is nothing like as simple as school teaching would suggest. However, leaving parametric excitation aside for the moment, let us consider the effects of magnetic flow.<br /><br />The way that off-the-shelf transformers work at the moment is like this:</span><br />
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<br /><br />When a pulse of input power is delivered to Coil 1 (called the "Primary winding"), it creates a magnetic wave which passes around the frame or "yoke" of the transformer, passing though Coil 2 (called the "Secondary winding") and back to Coil 1 again as shown by the blue arrows. This magnetic pulse generates an electrical output in Coil 2, which flows through the electrical load (lighting, heating, battery charging, video displays, or whatever) providing it with the power which it needs to operate.<br /><br />This is all well and good but the catch is that when the pulse in Coil 2 finishes, it also generates a magnetic pulse, and unfortunately, that magnetic pulse runs in the opposite direction, opposing the operation of Coil 1 and causing it to have to boost it's input power in order to overcome this magnetic flow in the opposite direction, shown here by the red arrows:</span><br />
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<br /><br />This is what makes current scientific "experts" say that the electrical efficiency of a transformer will always be less than 100%. This effect is caused by the magnetic path being symmetrical. Like the flow of electricity, magnetic flow passes along every possible path. If the magnetic path has low magnetic resistance (generally due to having a large cross-sectional area), then the magnetic flow through that path will be large. So, faced with several paths, magnetic flow will go along all of them in proportion to how good each path is for carrying magnetism.<br /><br />Thane Heins has made use of this fact by making a transformer like this:</span><br />
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<br /><br />This style of transformer has got quite complicated magnetic flows when it is operating, although the diagram above only shows some of the flow paths generated when the input coil “Coil 1” is pulsed. The really interesting result is seen when that input pulse cuts off and we expect return magnetic flow from coil 2 and coil 3. What happens is this:</span><br />
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<br /><br />Assume that coil 2 and coil 3 are identical. The reverse magnetic flux coming out of coil 2 immediately encounters a junction with one path being far easier to use than the other. As a result, the vast majority of that magnetic flow follows the broad path, and only a small percentage flows through the narrow path. The broad path flow meets and is opposed by an identical large flow coming from coil 3, and those flows effectively cancel each other out. This produces a major improvement over an ordinary transformer. But, the small flow reaching the entrance to Coil 1 encounters two identical paths, and only one of those paths goes to coil 1, so the flux divides with half going towards coil 3 and half going through coil 1. That halves the strength of the already small percentage of the original, unwanted reverse magnetic flow into coil 1. The other half runs into the reduced flow from coil 3 and those halves cancel each other out. The overall effect is a really major improvement in the performance of the transformer as a whole.<br /><br />In the patent document, Thane quotes a prototype test which had a primary coil winding with 2.5 ohms resistance, carrying 0.29 watts of power. The secondary coil 1 had a winding with 2.9 ohms resistance, receiving 0.18 watts of power. The Resistive load 1 was 180 ohms, receiving 11.25 watts of power. The secondary coil 2 had a winding with 2.5 ohms resistance, and received 0.06 watts of power. Resistive load 2 was 1 ohm, receiving 0.02 watts of power. Overall, the input power was 0.29 watts and the output power 11.51 watts, which is a COP of 39.6 and while the document does not mention it directly, the primary coil should be driven at it's resonant frequency.<br /><br />A variation of this arrangement is to attach an outer toroid to the existing bi-toroid arrangement, like this:</span><br />
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<br /><br />This prototype, as you can see, is fairly simple construction, and yet, given an input power of 106.9 milliwatts, it produces an output power of 403.3 milliwatts, which is 3.77 times greater.<br /><br />This is something which needs to be considered carefully. Conventional science say that "there is no such thing as a free meal" and with any transformer, you will get less electrical power out of it than you put into it. Well, this simple looking construction demonstrates that this is not the case, which shows that some of the dogmatic statements made by present day scientists are completely wrong.<br /><br />At <a href="https://youtu.be/-LBnnL4v8MQ?list=PLkH1zLdXy1Sy3_St1tUwtY_6qiusDkyG9">YouTube</a> Thane shows a video where he constructs his bi-toroidal transformer from three ordinary toroids held together with cable ties:</span><br />
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<br /><br />Thane then goes on to demonstrate the performance of this combination:</span><br />
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<br /><br />The LED associated with the power being fed to the primary winding is so low that no light is visible. The output LED is lit so powerfully that the camera has difficulty in displaying it. The dummy load is a single resistor placed across the third winding and there is a major performance difference when it is plugged into place. This video demonstrates very clearly, the difference caused by using a bi-toroidal transformer.<br /><br />This simple and elegant modification of the humble transformer, converts it into a free-energy device which boosts the power used to drive it and outputs much greater power. Congratulations are due to Thane for this technique and for his sharing it openly with anyone who is interested.<br /><br /><br /><b>Professor Markov’s Transformers</b></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b>Professor Gennady Markov, General Director of STC "Virus" and author of many inventions and discoveries, received an international patent for a new a transformer design which he created. His work involves a new law in the field of physics and electrical engineering. He says: <span style="color: #000099;">In 1831 Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. Then his ideas were further developed by Maxwell. For more than 160 years following that, no one advanced fundamental electrodynamics by even a single step. Eight years ago, I applied for an international patent, valid in 20 countries, as I had created a transformer, which has already received four Russian patents. My discovery was made despite the "laws" of the great physicist Faraday who said that “magnetic fluxes in a magnetic circuit should be combined separately with the resulting combined flux moving in only one direction. Only then can you have a working transformer”.<br /><br />I dared to do the opposite: take a coil with two identical windings and operate them towards each other. This creates equal magnetic fluxes, moving toward each other, which cancel each other out, but do not destroy each other as Faraday and Maxwell claimed. I determined a new law: ‘The Principle of Superimposition of Magnetic Fields in Ferromagnetic Materials’. The superimposition - is the addition of magnetic fields. The essence of the law is that the magnetic fields are added, cancel each other, but they are not destroyed. And here the important part is "they are not destroyed" and that is the key fact on which my law is based.<br /><br />I wrote an article on this subject, which was published in the journal "Applied Physics". I demonstrated a transformer at an international exhibition in China, where it caused great interest among scientists and other experts. That transformer had excellent performance and in fact, it can raise or lower the voltage without any need for a secondary winding. My new law allows us, firstly, to create high-power transformers where the weight and size per unit of capacity is 20 to 30 times lower than in conventional Faraday transformers. Second, I created a transformer which, despite its large dimensions and power-handling capabilities, can operate at frequencies up to several megahertz (at the present time, a conventional transformer operates at frequencies of only 30 to 50 Hertz, and if you operate them at 100 Hz or higher, the metal overheats and the transformer breaks down). My transformer can operate safely at frequencies of millions of Hertz.<br /><br />Conventional transformers tend to be very bulky because they contain a great deal of iron with the weight of a standard 4 MW transformer being 3670 Kg. My 4 MW transformer weighs a total of 370 kg. When constructing a new transformer you can use any quality of steel quality and there are virtually no restrictions on the frequency range in which it can operate. Unlike conventional transformers, a new transformer can be transported from the place of manufacture to the point of use quite easily. This new transformer design gives us a huge opportunity to create a new generation of technology. </span><br /><br />Please note that the transformer does not operate at low frequencies. Its frequency range is 10 kHz to 40 MHz, and the voltage needs to be at least 40 volts.<br /><br />Here is most of Professor Markov’s patent EP 844,626:</span><br />
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<b>Patent Application EP 0844,626 27th May 1998 Inventor: Gennady A. Markov</b><br /><br /><b><u>TRANSFORMER</u></b></span></center>
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<br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br />Several types of transformers are proposed which may be used as the main electrical engineering equipment of electric power stations, substations, power lines, in radio engineering, in devices for measuring, automatic control and regulation. At the heart of the invention lies the principle where the primary winding consists of two sections wound and connected to each other in such a way that during operation of the transformer, the magnetic flux created by one section of the primary winding compensates the magnetic flux created by the other section of the primary winding.<br /><br />The transformer comprises (Fig.2) a magnetic circuit, a primary winding consisting of two sections having an identical number of turns, wound in one direction on a core of the magnetic circuit. The windings of the two sections are connected to each other by their outputs, while the inputs of the windings serve as entrances for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on the primary winding on the same core of the magnetic circuit, a load RH is connected to the secondary winding.<br /><br />The developed embodiments of the transformer are distinctive in that the sections of the primary winding are wound on one core of the magnetic circuit (3 embodiments) or on two cores of one magnetic circuit (4 embodiments), in that the direction in which the sections of the winding are wound is different (in one or opposing directions), and consequently there is a different connection of the windings, and are also distinguished by the presence of a secondary winding (in one embodiment there is no secondary winding).<br /><br /><br /><b>Description:</b><br /><br /><br /><b>Background Art</b><br />Transformers are electromagnetic static converters of electrical energy which have two or more inductively coupled windings and are designed for the conversion of a sinusoidal alternating current of one voltage into an alternating current of another voltage with the same frequency.<br /><br />The principle of operation of a transformer is based on the effect of electromagnetic induction found by M. Faraday in 1831 (B.N. Sergeenko, V.M. Kiselev, N.A. Akimova. Electrical Machines. Transformers. Pub. "Vysshaya Shkola," Moscow, 1989). In accordance with specific features of construction and use, transformers can be divided into power, welding, measuring and special transformers.<br /><br />Power transformers, which are a necessary element of an industrial power network, have attained the most widespread use. Transformers have two basic parts: a magnetic circuit and windings. Furthermore, high-power transformers have a cooling system. The magnetic circuit is the structural base for mounting and fixing windings, taps and other elements of a transformer, and serve for amplification of the magnetic coupling between the windings.<br /><br />The part of the magnetic circuit upon which the windings are arranged, is called the ‘core’, the remaining part, closing the magnetic circuit, is called the ‘yoke’. The windings of a transformer serve to create a magnetic field by means of which electrical power is delivered. The winding of the transformer to which electrical power is applied is called the primary winding, while the winding from which power is taken is called the secondary winding.<br /><br />Known inventions are concerned with the creation of special transformers or with changes of particular structural elements of the transformer; realisation of magnetic circuits from certain materials and their structural appearance, connection of magnetic circuits to each other where there is a number of magnetic circuits n, use of different types of insulation and cooling systems, realisation of the windings, additional elements in order to enhance noise immunity.<br /><br />A transformer for vehicles is known [PCT (WO), 93/14508]. The small-size, light transformer, comprises a shell-type iron core on which inductively coupled input and output windings are wound. A magnetic element with an air gap is provided between the input and output windings, while a magnetic element creating strong magnetic coupling is located between the output windings. The element is disposed in a gap 5d surrounded by the core and consists of a magnetic circuit without gaps and an insulating plate holding the magnetic circuit and insulating it from the core and windings.<br /><br />A transformer is known [PCT (WO), 93/16479], in which the core is made from ferromagnetic wire. A spirally wound core from ferromagnetic wire is proposed. The core is used in a differential current sensor in a switch to open a circuit, which operates when there is a short circuit to ground. The ferromagnetic wire is wound in a spiral, the turns of which are parallel to each other and extend over the whole length of the core. The latter is positioned near current lines, with monitoring of a short circuit therein, wherein both lines are connected to a power source. The currents in them flow in opposite directions. The core interacts with a magnetic field created by those currents. Where a ferromagnetic wire is used, it is possible to increase substantially, the surface area of the core without increasing its cross section, and consequently, its size.<br /><br />A transformer is known [RU, C1, 2041514] consisting of one or several strip cores made from a magnetic alloy comprising silicon, boron, iron and several windings inductively coupled to the core, wherein the magnetic alloy additionally comprises copper and one or several components selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and vanadium, with the following ratio of alloy components, atom percent: copper - 0.5-2.0; one or several components from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium - 2-5; silicon - 5-18; boron - 4-12; iron - balance.<br /><br />A transformer is known [PCT (WO), 93/18529] comprising 3 or 4 types of insulation units with one winding. Transformers of this type are easily assembled with small expenditure of time.<br /><br />A current transformer with strip insulation is known [RU, C1, 2046425] comprising a single-turn or multi-turn primary winding and secondary windings which are placed in a damping screen and have terminals. Wherein the windings are secured by means of insertion support and connecting bushings and are covered with epoxy compounds. The transformer is additionally provided with insulation bushings, a screen which is placed on the primary winding, and support clamps. Insulation bushings are mounted in semi-oval slots of the clamps, the damping screen is made open and consists of two parts, with an insulating pad mounted in the gap between the two parts, and the insertion support bushings are mounted on the insulating bushings in a manner adaptable for securing the damping screen.<br /><br />A high-voltage transformer is known (RU, C1, 2035776] comprising a porcelain housing mounted on a socket on which an active portion enclosed in the housing, is positioned on compressing posts. The active portion consists of a mixed rectangular magnetic circuit with yokes, upper and lower horizontal cores on which windings are positioned. In order to reduce the noise immunity the transformer is provided with additional screens - a middle one, upper and lower ones, and a capacitive screen.<br /><br />A winding for a high-voltage transformer is known [PCT (WO), 93/18528]. A connecting element is secured to the conductive portion of the winding to enhance its mechanical properties, and a second connecting element is connected to the aforesaid connecting element by means of insulating elements. Such, a winding can be used as a low-voltage winding with a small number of turns in dry transformers with a resin poured over them.<br /><br />A heavy-current transformer is known [RU, C1, 2027238] comprising a primary winding disposed on a toroidal core and a secondary winding encompassing the primary winding. Wherein the secondary winding is made by a bundle of flexible conductors placed in the inner cavity of the torus in N sections, and from the outer side of the torus in N-1 sections, where N is the number of turns of the secondary winding, wherein the bundle is arranged in one or more layers on the outer side of the torus.<br /><br />However, all the known transformers are built according to one principle, in, particular - supplying electrical power to the primary winding and taking electrical power from the secondary winding, and they all have these drawbacks: multi-turn secondary windings in step-up transformers, which nevertheless operate in a rather narrow frequency range (50-400 Hz); the limited frequency range of the transformers being related to losses in the magnetic circuit at higher frequencies; high resistance of the windings, i.e. the necessity that the no-load condition of the transformer be taken into account during calculations of the number of turns in the secondary winding to obtain a predetermined output voltage; the complexity of the construction of the transformers when all possible kinds of additional elements, insulation etc. are used to reduce the above drawbacks.<br /><br /><b>Disclosure of the Invention</b><br />At the base of the invention lies the object of creating such a transformer in which the possibility of winding the secondary winding with wire, including wire with a cross-section equal to the cross-section of the primary winding, is realised, and the reduction of the number of turns in the secondary winding of high-voltage transformers and expansion of the number of variants of existing transformers are attained.<br /><br />This object is achieved in that a construction of a transformer is proposed which comprises a magnetic circuit, at least two windings, inlets for a power supply, outlets for a load, wherein the primary winding consists of two sections with an identical number of turns, the sections being connected to each other in a series circuit.<br /><br />A transformer is proposed in which two sections of a primary winding are wound in one direction on one core of the magnetic circuit, the sections are connected in a series circuit by connection of the outputs of the windings, and the point of their connection serves as an outlet for the load, while the inputs of the windings of the sections serve as inlets for the power supply.<br /><br />The above technical result is achieved by creating a transformer, two sections of the primary winding of which are wound in one direction on one core of the magnetic circuit, the outputs of the windings of the sections are connected in a series circuit, while the inputs of the section windings serve as inlets for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on the same core of the magnetic circuit, over the sections of the primary winding.<br /><br />The aforesaid technical result is achieved by creating a transformer, two sections of the primary winding of which are wound in opposing directions on one core of the magnetic circuit, the output of the winding of the first section and the input of the winding of the second section are connected to each other in a series circuit, while the input of the winding of the first section and the output of the winding of the second section serve as inlets for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on the same core of the magnetic circuit over the sections of the primary winding.<br /><br />The indicated object is achieved by creating a transformer in which both sections of the primary winding are wound in one direction on two cores of one magnetic circuit, the output of the winding of the first section and the input of the winding of the second section are connected to each other in a series circuit, while the input of the winding of the first section and the output of the winding of the second section serve as inlets for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on both sections of the primary winding, encompassing both cores of the magnetic circuit. The same technical result is achieved by creating a transformer in which both sections of the primary winding are wound in opposing directions on two cores of one magnetic circuit, the outputs of the windings of the sections are connected to each other in a series circuit, while the inputs of the windings of the sections serve as inlets for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on both sections of the primary winding, encompassing both cores of the magnetic circuit.<br /><br />The same technical result is achieved when both sections of the primary winding are wound in one direction on two cores of one magnetic circuit, where the input of the winding of the first section is connected to the output of the winding of the second section, the output of the winding of the first section is connected to the input of the winding of the second section, the points of their connection serve as inlets for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on both sections of the primary winding, encompassing both cores of the magnetic circuit.<br /><br />The indicated object is achieved by creating a transformer in which two sections of the primary winding are wound in opposing directions on two cores of one magnetic circuit, both sections are connected to each other by connection of the inputs and outputs thereof respectively, and the points of their connection serve as inlets for the power supply. The secondary winding is wound on both sections of the primary winding, encompassing both cores of the magnetic circuit.<br /><br />The following lies at the base of the invention: sections of the primary winding are wound and connected to each other in such a manner that the magnetic flux created by one of such sections during operation of the transformer compensates the magnetic flux created by the other section of the primary winding.<br /><br />If the two sections of the primary winding of the proposed transformer are connected to an alternating current network having a voltage U1, then a current io will flow along them. The magnetomotive force of one section of the winding iow1 due to the current io creates an alternating magnetic flux F1 in the magnetic circuit of the transformer. Similarly, a magnetomotive force iow2, which is equal to the mmf of the first section iow1, appears in the second section of the winding. Since the sections are connected to each other in a series circuit, the alternating magnetic flux F2 appearing in the second section of the primary winding and directed counter to the magnetic flux F1 will compensate the magnetic flux of the first section F1. However, due to the induction of the mmf the permeability of the magnetic circuit changes.<br /><br />When the network current drops during half-cycles, restoration of he permeability occurs in the magnetic circuit, and consequently, an electromotive force (emf) is induced in the primary and secondary windings. Wherein, during a half-cycle of current in the primary winding, the voltage in the secondary winding passes through a whole period.<br /><br />In the case where both windings are wound in opposing directions with an identical number of turns, but are connected to each other in a series circuit by opposing leads (the output of the winding of the first section and the input of the winding of the second section), the magnetic flux in the primary winding io will also be equal to zero, i.e. the same technical result can be attained as in the case where the windings of both sections are wound in one direction. When RH is connected to the secondary winding, the form of the voltage does not change. The output voltage depends on an increase of the number of turns in the secondary winding as compared with the number of turns in the primary winding.<br /><br />Such a realisation of the proposed transformer results in:<br />1) a reduction in the number of turns in the secondary winding by 10 to 20 times, and consequently, the dimensions of the transformer are reduced;<br />2) the possibility of winding the secondary winding with a thick wire having a cross section equal to the cross section of the wire in the primary winding;<br />3) the secondary winding having a number of turns either greater or less than the number of turns in the primary winding, depending on the necessity of a high voltage at the output of the transformer.<br /><br /><b>Brief Description of the Drawings</b><br />Further the invention will be explained by a description of concrete examples of its embodiment and the accompanying drawings in which:</span><br />
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<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5lw8sPuXJ7USKpPS3xs2GCVPYTE744ftJrEkl7VjVTaBwyIi1ZjObfjqefbd9PuyBXFYHdrJrWE6srbKH80d3dOUIAnu-q1nrb8HAHra767KP83rODwxMjPrkYGKDXo3M94vg8cuPsOaU/s1600/14.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5lw8sPuXJ7USKpPS3xs2GCVPYTE744ftJrEkl7VjVTaBwyIi1ZjObfjqefbd9PuyBXFYHdrJrWE6srbKH80d3dOUIAnu-q1nrb8HAHra767KP83rODwxMjPrkYGKDXo3M94vg8cuPsOaU/s400/14.gif" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br />Fig.1 shows the device being patented - a transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Vc2Uw1EwfUdp0f0PeTQyyMI7ZlqeiSWC8yRwDkrBOTy1_0hz1bkHIeICYXiezXEIbahGHWUMShd9k6hHYn1Y4p3wCD4ZKAdh9kTFTSPLuJMxk1oAPiQrnFmcmxeQNpl2Vel_08k-Udp9/s1600/15.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Vc2Uw1EwfUdp0f0PeTQyyMI7ZlqeiSWC8yRwDkrBOTy1_0hz1bkHIeICYXiezXEIbahGHWUMShd9k6hHYn1Y4p3wCD4ZKAdh9kTFTSPLuJMxk1oAPiQrnFmcmxeQNpl2Vel_08k-Udp9/s400/15.gif" /></a></span></center>
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<br />Fig.2 shows another embodiment of the transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGtlD-A0kbXNq39MG8wtr0az8H5qN_Wd0HeSu9g7vBx9iSIdtXo-k6JMfQ2YYSjyxFk3bqKgiLN1TLGTJAuEscYC7fCVlvWVwiYBF1EAfKzhXGMzCIZI5v4xnnFSLYuAhZNbNyWZQnUir1/s1600/16.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGtlD-A0kbXNq39MG8wtr0az8H5qN_Wd0HeSu9g7vBx9iSIdtXo-k6JMfQ2YYSjyxFk3bqKgiLN1TLGTJAuEscYC7fCVlvWVwiYBF1EAfKzhXGMzCIZI5v4xnnFSLYuAhZNbNyWZQnUir1/s400/16.gif" /></a></span><br />
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<br />Fig.3 shows one of the embodiments of the transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YK2MXyXD6Q4EyVacLqfwep7RtbIapuyLB89_DAswKMGQM_BeOD1BoMfN4mAZBYLZOptEfkF84ItCyRutv7Y0NpidyWb0fIjRZAzhURiZflhd4nyKisMDVr7tqyXvZItYqoZ6SALD8eb_/s1600/17.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YK2MXyXD6Q4EyVacLqfwep7RtbIapuyLB89_DAswKMGQM_BeOD1BoMfN4mAZBYLZOptEfkF84ItCyRutv7Y0NpidyWb0fIjRZAzhURiZflhd4nyKisMDVr7tqyXvZItYqoZ6SALD8eb_/s320/17.gif" width="320" /></a></span><br />
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<br />Fig.4 shows one more embodiment of the transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxYpk0T9bnlyhy836bU8ZL7a7qZFbsQ5BbWwzQq-z1-nb98bjZEAk_2DOgy2DO7T5VCKTT1WjclqM9SgO1ULcycuBgNwoxea3_Eo13-Gh2WmJZ-W-OMvRgSHXNommJn0RYQ664VK9gHxur/s1600/18.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxYpk0T9bnlyhy836bU8ZL7a7qZFbsQ5BbWwzQq-z1-nb98bjZEAk_2DOgy2DO7T5VCKTT1WjclqM9SgO1ULcycuBgNwoxea3_Eo13-Gh2WmJZ-W-OMvRgSHXNommJn0RYQ664VK9gHxur/s320/18.gif" width="320" /></a><br /><br /><br />Fig.5 shows one more embodiment of the transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZA4wfr0eFoH7e6o6Ii6vzGpYN8CiQrRIvmZS-s982HZmiv-fFVHWB2v3mqhglZpNU6a3J6aZVRpBFWr2F0EkYsSzfnc0s7atVTmgn0jJhJzGNnMZNc8eQJ0xutU3_DrAPymsF4F-sR4Kl/s1600/19.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZA4wfr0eFoH7e6o6Ii6vzGpYN8CiQrRIvmZS-s982HZmiv-fFVHWB2v3mqhglZpNU6a3J6aZVRpBFWr2F0EkYsSzfnc0s7atVTmgn0jJhJzGNnMZNc8eQJ0xutU3_DrAPymsF4F-sR4Kl/s320/19.gif" width="320" /></a></span><br />
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<br />Fig.6 shows one of the embodiments of the transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh72mk3fXCnKf3CVnVh0B_sJl2xjQrZxo1_sicC0RzrlJWQ43nLW2clYRxvo0PafEWlwJ5JmP8qN7pKi6SX-c7U7sEqP46kGW76D43PmahOCkLWghn1tPFCoV4eVxPv-tsH0REEc9GXNAtU/s1600/20.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh72mk3fXCnKf3CVnVh0B_sJl2xjQrZxo1_sicC0RzrlJWQ43nLW2clYRxvo0PafEWlwJ5JmP8qN7pKi6SX-c7U7sEqP46kGW76D43PmahOCkLWghn1tPFCoV4eVxPv-tsH0REEc9GXNAtU/s320/20.gif" width="320" /></a></span><br />
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<br />Fig.7 shows one of the embodiments of the transformer in accordance with the invention (circuit);<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgizE_g4qO8kAM1Ik225djEzdrfPxAw2sRe_woNTPHbIfaLJOpsFIdPeSLMl2Zu3skX9GQSPp-xkkev7mppH7OU9HPuuKTA9qRVkkrW8SeTBz6IKvxL7Z7EsDDRz5xJh4BnYf2Pc0nheDlU/s1600/21.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgizE_g4qO8kAM1Ik225djEzdrfPxAw2sRe_woNTPHbIfaLJOpsFIdPeSLMl2Zu3skX9GQSPp-xkkev7mppH7OU9HPuuKTA9qRVkkrW8SeTBz6IKvxL7Z7EsDDRz5xJh4BnYf2Pc0nheDlU/s320/21.gif" width="320" /></a></span><br />
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<br />Fig.8 shows a stylized dependence of the increase of current and voltage in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer with a ferrite magnetic circuit; Fig.9 shows a stylised dependence of the increase of current and voltage in primary and secondary windings of sheet steel<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Best Variants of Carrying Out the Invention</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZoOPa82VbrdlZ_LcOEcZD1sv57PcidOyM3ssTglVuqXAa5EHV-XomPSXgsMg0wxj5IICA11ZoMASX9Ggi-MSbYQdAkTZn1krbnRtvsQTu6RkFEnim4sCmRMo-XlZGHwboXEBRs1zRIwje/s1600/22.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZoOPa82VbrdlZ_LcOEcZD1sv57PcidOyM3ssTglVuqXAa5EHV-XomPSXgsMg0wxj5IICA11ZoMASX9Ggi-MSbYQdAkTZn1krbnRtvsQTu6RkFEnim4sCmRMo-XlZGHwboXEBRs1zRIwje/s400/22.gif" /></a></span></center>
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<br />A transformer in accordance with the invention, according to the embodiment shown in Fig.1 comprises a magnetic circuit 1, a first section 2 of a primary winding, a second section 3 of the primary winding, a1 and x1 - the input and output of the winding of the first section, a2 and x2 - the in and out of the winding of the second section of the primary winding, RH1 - the resistance of a load connected to the first section, RH2 - the resistance of a load connected to the second section of the primary winding. The two sections of the primary winding are wound on the magnetic circuit 1: the first section 2, the second section 3 thereon in one direction, and they have an identical number of turns. The outputs x1 and x2 of the windings are connected to each other in a series circuit, while the inputs a1 and a2 of the windings are separately connected to a power supply. A load resistance is connected parallel to each section of the winding: RH1 in the path of the current from the power supply to the first section of the winding and to the point of connection of the windings of the sections, and RH2 correspondingly to the second section of the primary winding<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4UxxC6ALKHcBzqTnWt8bVAS2440YjBU9QPghfgpTtw-nsS9Z_JVxy6z7XTu7dg_A99T4UyHG03cJhghsD_5KIG-vRGJLzhAXIurVshnat3pKx2UqiM-YgOFazUfSBMCWvplH1-ZGI43r1/s1600/23.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4UxxC6ALKHcBzqTnWt8bVAS2440YjBU9QPghfgpTtw-nsS9Z_JVxy6z7XTu7dg_A99T4UyHG03cJhghsD_5KIG-vRGJLzhAXIurVshnat3pKx2UqiM-YgOFazUfSBMCWvplH1-ZGI43r1/s400/23.gif" /></a></span><br />
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<br />A transformer in accordance with the invention according to the embodiment shown in Fig.2 is made similar to the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.1. A distinction is in the presence of secondary winding 4, which is wound in a third layer on the sections 2 and 3 of the primary winding on the same core of the magnetic circuit 1. A and X designate the inlet and outlet (in and out of the phase) of the secondary winding, RH - the resistance of the load connected to the leads A and X of the secondary winding.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB8a9eI0-tWT3wGHY88dG6U-yHuADMs3yLHCS8YaHIxSap8CseaKaKc2j_FXWBXyFpfFPF4x6Q9_dvHghMKZ5Knw1fHHFYHGwJqRRJ6xOhyBmGRZ2Vmy769c5t3S8x1CdYs53hMMbrxovP/s1600/24.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB8a9eI0-tWT3wGHY88dG6U-yHuADMs3yLHCS8YaHIxSap8CseaKaKc2j_FXWBXyFpfFPF4x6Q9_dvHghMKZ5Knw1fHHFYHGwJqRRJ6xOhyBmGRZ2Vmy769c5t3S8x1CdYs53hMMbrxovP/s400/24.gif" /></a></span><br />
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<br />A transformer in accordance with the invention according to the embodiment according to Fig.3 is made similar to the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.2. A distinction is that the sections of the primary winding are wound in opposing directions. The output of the winding of the first section x1 and the input of the winding of the second section a2 are connected to each other in a series circuit, the other leads of the sections a1 and x2 serve as inlets for the power supply.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8PKvtK5YdMqpmwL53x5ogZFKt8HlFeHfRgLAGLCRBHsy3Xfw2zwzVrSMvo6WVcqsPmL2HKic6MUHGwi_JglgWOoqGbZO-ATF7iAZF4U8JF0ItRViJBXizeFMvIcw1Jq6wK-BfBpdT5r3/s1600/25.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8PKvtK5YdMqpmwL53x5ogZFKt8HlFeHfRgLAGLCRBHsy3Xfw2zwzVrSMvo6WVcqsPmL2HKic6MUHGwi_JglgWOoqGbZO-ATF7iAZF4U8JF0ItRViJBXizeFMvIcw1Jq6wK-BfBpdT5r3/s320/25.gif" width="320" /></a></span><br />
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<br />A transformer in accordance with the invention according to the embodiment shown in Fig.4 is made similar to the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.2. A distinction is that the sections of the primary winding 2 and 3 are wound on two cores of the magnetic circuit 1. The sections are connected to each other via opposite leads - the out of the winding of the first section and the in of the winding of the second section. Secondary winding 4 is wound on both sections of the primary winding and encompasses both cores of the magnetic circuit.</span><br />
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<br />A transformer in accordance with the invention according to the embodiment shown in Fig.5 is made similar to the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.4. A distinction is that the two sections of the primary winding are wound in opposing directions, the outputs x1 and x2 of the windings of the sections are connected to each other in a series circuit, while the inputs a1 and a2 of the windings of the sections serve as inlets for the power supply.</span><br />
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<br />A transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.6, is made similar to the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.4. A distinction is that the in of the first section a1 and the out of the second section x2, and also the output of the first section x1 and the input of the second section a2 are connected to each other, and the points of their connection serve as inlets for the power supply.</span><br />
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<br />A transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.7, in accordance with the invention, is made similar to the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.6. A distinction is that the sections are wound in opposing directions, by the inputs a1 and a2 and by the outputs x1 and x2 the windings of the sections are connected to each other, and the points of their connection serve as inlets for the power supply.</span><br />
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<br />The principle of operation of the proposed transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.1 is as follows:<br /><br /><b>1. Open circuit (no-load conditions)</b><br />The inputs a1 and a2 of the windings of sections 2 and 3 are separately connected to a power supply U (not shown), the outputs x1 and x2 of the windings of those same sections are connected to each other in a series circuit. A current i flows through the windings of those sections, this current causes a magnetomotive force mmf in each section of the winding which is equal to iw. Since the fluxes in each section are equal and directed in opposing directions they are mutually compensated and reversal of magnetisation of the core does not occur, but as a consequence of maintenance of the principle of superimposition of magnetic fields in a magnetic circuit, the latter interacts with the fields on a microscopic level which results in stressed interaction of a domain structure and a change in the magnetic permeability of the material of the magnetic circuit.<br /><br />Thus, a change of the current passing through the sections of the primary winding in time results in a change of the permeability, while a change of the latter causes an emf to appear in those windings between the point of connection of the sections and the inputs of the windings, but shifted by phase in time relative to the current passing from the supply source. Due to this, the voltage at the output of the transformer is increased by 10 to 20 times with actually just one primary winding.<br /><br /><b>2. Operating mode (with a load connected)</b><br />The load resistance RH1 is connected in the path of the current i from the power supply U to the first section 2 of the winding and to the point of connection of the outputs of the sections, the load resistance RH2 is connected accordingly to the second section 3 of the winding. The current i from the power supply is passed through the formed closed loop, wherein the primary current i is increased in each loop proportionally to the load RH, which results in a change of the emf in the loop - an increase of the emf.<br /><br />At a low load resistance (equal to the resistance of the winding) the voltage U will be equal to the voltage drop on the winding, when the load resistance tends to increase to infinity, the secondary voltage U will increase proportionally, as a result of which the emf at the output of the transformer will increase dozens of times when there is one primary winding.<br /><br />The principle of operation of the transformer according to the embodiments shown in Fig.2 to Fig.7 is similar to the principle of operation of the transformer according to the embodiment shown in Fig.1. A distinction lies in the presence of a secondary winding 4. Since the primary winding for the mmf in those embodiments remains open, a no-load emf is always induced therein, i.e. a self-inductance current is not created in the winding and all the mmf energy is provided as an emf of the secondary winding. Under such conditions, the intensity of the electric field per unit of length of the conductor of the winding in the secondary winding can exceed by ten times, the intensity of the electric field in the primary winding, which is set by the power supply. As a result the secondary winding can have fewer turns as compared to the primary winding, while the voltage is dozens of times greater than the mains voltage. Wherein the form of the voltage and current in the secondary winding repeats the form of the voltage and current in the primary winding.</span><br />
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<br />Fig.8 shows a stylised dependence of the increase of current and voltage in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer with a ferrite magnetic circuit. It should be noted that the permeability mu of the magnetic circuit changes with time in the following manner with a sinusoidal form of current: it increases from 0 to pi /4, then from pi /4 to pi /2 it drops, and from pi /2 to pi 3/4 the speed of restoration of the permeability again increases and from pi 3/4 to pi the restoration of mu is slower. As a result of such a change of the magnetic permeability, an emf is induced in the secondary winding at a doubled frequency and there is a complete period of the secondary current for one half-period of the current in the primary winding.<br /><br />Fig.9 shows a stylised dependence of an increase of current and voltage in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer with a magnetic circuit of sheet steel. With this type of magnetic circuit there is a shift of the form of the primary and secondary current curve from pi /6 to pi /4 while the form of the current is maintained.<br /><br />The transformation ratio for each type of transformer was determined experimentally. Concrete examples of the operation of different types of transformers are given below in order to better understand the invention. The same results were obtained with embodiments of transformers for which examples are not provided.<br /><br /><b>Example 1.</b><br />M600HH-8 K100-60-15 ferrite rings were used as the magnetic circuit. Two sections of the primary winding, one over the other, were wound on a core of the magnetic circuit assembled from four rings. The outputs of the windings of both sections were connected in a series circuit, a load resistance RH was connected parallel to each section - one end to the point of connection of the sections, the other - to the inputs of the sections, the inputs of the windings of each section were connected to the power supply. The number of turns in the sections was identical and equal to 60. The transformation ratio for this transformer was 11. The results of measurement of the voltage at the output of the transformer are presented in Table 1, Example 1. Similar results were obtained when the transformer was made with a ferrite U-shaped magnetic circuit.<br /><br /><b>Example 2.</b><br />A ring-type magnetic circuit made from sheet steel and designed for a power of 2.5 kW was used as the magnetic circuit. Two sections of the primary winding were wound on the core of the magnetic circuit, wherein both sections were wound in one direction with their outputs connected in a series circuit, the inputs of the sections connected to the power supply. A secondary winding was wound on the primary winding (the direction in which it is wound does not affect the operation of the transformer). The transformation ratio was determined experimentally and was equal to 5. The number of turns of one section of the primary winding was 110, the number of turns of the secondary winding was also equal to 110, the diameter of the wires in the primary and secondary windings was identical and equal to 1.2 mm. A load was connected to the leads of the secondary winding. The voltage was measured at the input of the primary winding and at the output of the secondary winding, i.e. on the load. The results of measurements are presented in Table 1, Example 2.<br /><br /><b>Example 3.</b><br />U-shaped ferrites were used as the magnetic circuit. The magnetic circuit was assembled from four units. Two sections of the primary winding were wound on the two cores of the magnetic circuit, each section on one core. The sections were wound in opposing directions, but with an identical number of turns. The total number of turns in the primary winding was 120. The outs of the windings of the sections were connected in a series circuit, the inputs were connected to a power supply. A secondary winding, encompassing both cores, was wound on the primary winding. The number of turns in the secondary winding was 120. The transformation ratio was determined and found equal to 10. The results are presented in Table 1, Example 3.<br /><br /><b>Example 4.</b><br />A U-shaped magnetic circuit made from sheet steel was used as the magnetic circuit. Two sections of the primary winding were wound on both cores of the magnetic circuit, each section on one core. The sections were wound in one direction, the number of turns in each section was 120. The output of the winding of the first section and the input of the winding of the second section, and also the input of the winding of the first section and the output of the winding of the second section were connected to each other, and the points of their connection were connected to the power supply. The secondary winding was wound on the primary winding, the number of turns in the secondary winding was 120. The transformation ratio of this transformer was 8.5. The results of measurement are presented in Table 1, Example 4.</span><br />
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<br /><b>Industrial Applicability</b><br />Samples of all types of transformers were made and have been working for from three to five years. All these examples were tested and can serve as electrical engineering equipment in laboratory practice and in industrial enterprises.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>A Lenz-Law-Free Transformer</b><br />This is an extract from a document dated January 2014 by an anonymous author whose ID is “Jack Noskills”. He says: This short paper describes a simple method how to build a Lenz-Law-free resonant transformer. Lenz law is not violated but it is used to create more efficient transformer. Without Lenz law this setup could not work.<br /><br />First some simple tests are presented which forms foundation of the device. Then based on the results of these tests I built the transformer which confirmed my test results. It is important to understand the method as that will give you understanding. When you understand it, you can build it using different components than I used.<br /><br /><br /><b>1. The Effect of capacitors in resonant LC-circuits</b><br />The capacitor’s value in a Parallel Resonant LC-circuit controls the attenuation level of band-stop filter. A low value of C makes the resonant area smaller and attenuation steeper. A high value of C makes the resonant area wider and the attenuation level lower. When investigating resonant effects, it is wise to start with a high value of C. I used 440 nF to 2000 nF.<br /><br />In any Series Resonant LC-circuit the frequency response has a notch at the resonant frequency. The frequency response is the opposite of that in a Parallel LC-circuit.<br /><br />To get maximum effect it is therefore best to have high attenuation level at a primary Parallel LC-circuit (low C) and a high amplification level at a secondary LC-circuit (also low C).<br /><br />The “Q-factor” is the inductive reactance of a coil divided by its DC resistance. The Q-factor determines the resonant rise in a resonant circuit and so the higher the Q factor is, the higher the power output will be. In a coil, the DC resistance can be minimised using thicker wire and fewer turns. Inductive reactance can be maximised using a higher resonant frequency which is controlled by the L and C components of the circuit. Smaller L and C values produce an increased resonant frequency.<br /><br />There is plenty of information about the Q-factor on the web. I just wanted to put a short introduction to Q-Factor here so that you will understand that a high Q resonant LC-circuit can be dangerous.<br /><br /><br /><b>2. Two Kinds of inductances </b><br />Any simple helical coil wound on a core affects only another helical coil which has been wound underneath it or on top of it. If two coils are placed beside each other there is little interaction between them. Let’s call this the ‘local inductance field’.<br /><br />A coil wound on a closed-loop core affects any coil on that same core and the coil also has a much higher inductance than an air-core coil. Does this mean that the local field disappears? No, it doesn't. This effect can be used to make a simple over unity device.<br /><br /><br /><b>3. Testing of closed-loop cores </b><br />I used E-shaped parts from low power, laminated iron transformers and put those E parts together. I used a primary coil of very high inductance and fed AC through it. The E plates snapped together and stayed that way even after power was disconnected. I tried several times, sometimes the force was strong and sometimes they did not stick together at all. The strength clearly depended on the input AC waveform. When I separated the E plates they no longer stayed together, so something was interrupted in the core. While the cores were fixed together they did not have any external magnetic effects and another piece of iron would not stick to the core. This demonstrated Ed Leedskalnin’s perpetual motion holder effect.<br /><br /><b>Conclusion:</b> There is something moving inside the core and the core has zero resistance to that flow. Let’s call the flow “magnetic current”.<br /><br />I then put three identical coils on the core, one had a load connected to it and the others were left unconnected. I applied AC to the primary. There was same voltage at both output coils. Short-circuiting one output coil caused power to began to flow in the primary and at the same time voltage dropped to half in the unconnected output coil. The following, seemingly unimportant and obvious conclusion can be made:<br /><br /><b>Conclusion:</b> A secondary coil also creates magnetic current and different secondary coils affect each other in opposite ways.<br /><br />Next, I connected various points in the core with iron. Points that I used for testing are shown here:</span><br />
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Figure 1. E-I core with coils and probe points.</span></center>
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<br /><br />When iron was connected between points 1 and 2 there was no effect. When connected between points 2 and 3 there was a notable effect: a sound and sort of vibration when iron approached the core which seized when both ends touched the core. When connected between points 4 and 5 there was the same effect but stronger. In this case power output of the core dropped while power input remained the same.<br /><br /><b>Conclusion:</b> Magnetic current inside the core wants to loop back to itself through every possible route it can.<br /><br />For the next test I used a nanoperm core, and I wound coils of about 50 turns for both the primary and the secondary. The primary was fed with AC from the output of an audio amplifier and the secondary was connected to a loudspeaker. I then played some music from my PC through the audio amplifier. I heard the music and higher frequencies were attenuated while lower frequencies sounded fine. What I had got was a low-pass analogue audio filter.<br /><br /><b>Conclusion:</b> There can be all frequencies active in the output coil at the same time. Hence there can also be magnetic current active at the same time at all frequencies in the core.<br /><br />Based on these simple tests I then reached the following overall conclusion:<br /><br /><b>In a closed-loop core there can be a flowing magnetic current which varies with time when the core is energised using AC electric current. The magnetic current has summing/subtracting properties and it also has a perpetual motion property. It can be modelled as a sine wave and sine waves can be manipulated to our advantage.</b><br /><br /><br /><b>4. Using two coils in a resonant LC-circuit </b><br />Below are pictures of C-I shaped and E-I shaped cores which show how coils should be wound. All coils are wound in the same direction and connected from the ends. When coils are used like this their closed loop magnetic currents cancel each other and only a local inductance field remains. This is why there is a resonant frequency but much higher than otherwise possible. For example, I used two 160 turn coils and resonant frequency was between 12-13 kHz. One coil of 20 turns in my nanoperm core blocks everything above 1.5 kHz. And I can push 260 watts from my audio amplifier.</span><br />
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<b>Figure 2. C-I and E-I resonant setup.</b></center>
<br /><br />Now you may think that this is of no use. If there is a power collection coil then it will not collect anything as magnetic currents inside the core are cancelled. But if these two coils are used as outputs and they are driven by a primary coil which is wound over both of them then the result is that power is generated. Both outputs will then be in exactly the same phase and when connected correctly they amplify each other while the primary circuit does not see a thing as the opposing phase magnetic currents cancel each other out - see Figure 3.<br /><br /><center>
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Figure 3. C-I and E-I with primary on top.</center>
<br /><br />The primary coil is in fact a solenoid, it has no magnetic loops and it has low inductance. Secondary coils form closed loops and they have higher inductance. The more secondary coils which are used, the more magnetic current (in correct phase) will be circulating inside the core. Don Smith called this ‘resonant magnetic flux’.<br /><br />Thick multi strand wire (not Litz type!) should work best, few turns and a capacitor. But any thickness of wire will do.<br /><br /><b>Warning: Begin using small diameter wires, something below 0.5mm. I haven't tested thick wires but resonant rise will occur. Also, you had better start with low-Q resonant circuits as you don't want kilovolts generated near you.</b><br /><br />Tuning is now easy. First you make a parallel LC-circuit using secondary coils, see Figure 2. For the core you can use a toroid shape, C-I or E-I core pieces. The E-I shape pieces should be the most efficient. Next find the resonant frequency of the L-C circuit which you have just created. Now disconnect the secondary coils and do the same for your primary coil. Adjust the number of turns in the primary coil or amount of capacitance until you get a close enough resonant frequency in the primary matching with the secondary coil’s resonant frequency which you have just found.<br /><br />Now connect the load and feed the primary coil with a pure AC sine wave. Pulses do not work because a square wave pulse contains all frequencies which in turn creates magnetic currents at all frequencies resulting in a total mess of magnetic flow inside the core. The input definitely has to be a pure sine wave.<br /><br />There has got to be amps running in the primary LC-circuit so that the primary capacitor is filled. If you get resonance but see no power then try using a higher frequency.<br /><br />If you use E-I or C-I type cores, make sure that there are no air gaps between the pieces forming the core. There has to be a closed magnetic circuit in the core. Using an LED as a load obviously does not work because it prevents resonant rise in the output LC-circuit. I suspect that E-I works best when core dimensions are such that the core area in the middle leg is twice that of the outer legs. Magnetic currents created by the secondary coils should be equal so that their sum is always zero.<br /><br />Permeability of the core does not matter and you can use iron or ferrite. You need to use a frequency that is within the limits of what the core material can handle. The Nanoperm material which I used can handle frequencies up to 1 MHz.<br /><br /><br /><b>5. My results</b><br />My input source was an audio amplifier, I expect that it outputs power at 5 volts but I really don’t know. I cannot measure it as I have no meters. I used the GoldWave audio editor to create a sine wave input. It has a nice expression evaluator that allows you to do frequency sweeps easily. GoldWave is a free software download available from www.goldwave.com.<br /><br />I used a M-088 Nanoperm core from Magnetec (µ was 80,000) with 0.3 mm wire. First I had about 160 turns in each secondary and 20 meters wrapped in the primary, about 120 turns or so (far too much but that was my initial guess). I had to use high number of turns because my input was limited below 20 kHz. I was lucky to find suitable L and C combinations so I could see a glimpse of the resonant action.<br /><br />Since I don’t have any meters I used halogen bulbs. I put a 5-watt 12 volt bulb in the primary and 10-watt and 8-watt 12 volt bulbs in the output. I did a sweep and as the frequency went through the sweet spot output power increased. At resonant frequency somewhere between 12 - 13 kHz there was no light at all in the primary halogen but both of the output bulbs were lit to about half brightness.<br /><br />Now that I got it, I reduced the number of turns in the secondary coils to half and changed the capacitance from 440nF to 1000nF. The resonant frequency at the output changed a bit but since the resonant area was wide it did not make a notable difference. Now I got more light, almost full brightness and halogens were way too hot to touch. Again no light visible in the primary side bulb.<br /><br />So what did I just do? DC resistance dropped to half in the output coils so their Q factor was doubled giving double the resonant rise in the output LC-circuit. Cool!<br /><br />I observed the same action in the primary LC-circuit. There I used 40 meters of wire in the primary and I got much less power output. In that case the Q-factor dropped to half which explains the results nicely.<br /><br /><br /><b>6. Things to try after a successful replication</b><br />Bi-filar windings should lower the total value of L and so a higher resonant frequency can be used. At the output there could be bi-filar windings without capacitors because high voltage capacitors are expensive and dangerous when loaded. Then place a correct capacitor in primary LC-circuit to tune in.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>The Screened Transformer of David Klingelhoefer</b><br />David Klingelhofer was impressed with the Thane Heins transformer designs and so he started experimenting with variations and improvements to the design while Thane moved on to motor design. David’s design is called the “Gabriel Device” and it uses a ‘Nanoperm’ M-416 toroid size 150 x 130 x 30 mm available from <a href="http://www.magnetec.us/shop/details.php?id=73&kategorie=5&main_kat=&start=50&nr">Magnetec GmbH</a> which is wound with 300 feet (92 metres) of AWG #16 enamelled copper wire which is 1.29 mm in diameter. That wire was used primarily because it was to hand at the time. The coil wound directly on the toroid forms the secondary coil and it is wound in the way generally known as CCW for Counter-Clock-Wise. For this, the wire passes over the toroid, down through the hole, up the outside and continues on the right hand side of the first turn. The toroid looks like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX-t-0VXtA1kNrMm_Pd9T5thx777hRB1qUdji0RkTj_MY_x7CXFhuFDlIbcl0lVh5B_edGxrvIqhPkxy7zIPdwUNW6LpHOtXdOsnUCaKfxt-kn5FwLba2R0a0GpukO3wMKCvkYAOkSRcKJ/s1600/37.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX-t-0VXtA1kNrMm_Pd9T5thx777hRB1qUdji0RkTj_MY_x7CXFhuFDlIbcl0lVh5B_edGxrvIqhPkxy7zIPdwUNW6LpHOtXdOsnUCaKfxt-kn5FwLba2R0a0GpukO3wMKCvkYAOkSRcKJ/s400/37.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The highly unusual feature of the design is that this high-permeability toroid is now encased in cold-rolled steel half-doughnut shaped pieces:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkiajhX6rdZmiHUfkL3hiltOF-b1kecCn01YJTYx184w4rnlGwTcSuJD9GFoTq6FmPdrZcmvcP8eXNBMH7VZqdDK6tvNSGCImnKB42TlHpdoLbFoj-qlcUfNv9yzWJ4hIukjApWJn-EI8u/s1600/38.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkiajhX6rdZmiHUfkL3hiltOF-b1kecCn01YJTYx184w4rnlGwTcSuJD9GFoTq6FmPdrZcmvcP8eXNBMH7VZqdDK6tvNSGCImnKB42TlHpdoLbFoj-qlcUfNv9yzWJ4hIukjApWJn-EI8u/s400/38.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />David places this steel screen between the primary and secondary windings of the transformer. On the surface, it looks impossible for the device to work, but it does work, the best performance being an output of 480 watts for an input of 60 watts which is COP=8. The actual values are an input of 0.5A at 120V and an output of 4A at 120V. Every transformer has a limit and that limit is reached when the magnetic power flowing through the toroid reaches the maximum amount which that toroid can handle.<br /><br />However, the construction of the toroid is completed by the two half-toroid steel pieces being connected together in a way which does not allow electrical current flow between them, possibly, glued together using epoxy resin. Finally, some 400 feet (122 metres) of the same AWG #16 wire is wound around the steel shell.<br /><br />The critical part of this arrangement is the thickness of the metal shield. In his patent 433,702, Tesla discusses the use of such a protective shell with the intention of delaying the response of the secondary winding to the magnetic field of the primary winding. For that, the shield needs to saturate in exactly the right length of time and Tesla states that experimentation is needed to determine the thickness of the shield. He used iron wire or insulated thin iron sheets or strips to construct his shield.<br /><br />In my opinion, iron is needed rather than steel as steel magnetises permanently (unless it is good quality stainless steel) while iron does not become permanently magnetised, but we need to go with the recommendation of those people who have built and tested this design, and they find steel to work well in use, although it is specified as “cold-rolled” steel. In this design it is not the same requirement as that of Tesla in that the objective is to catch the return magnetic field going from the secondary coil back into the primary coil where it opposes the input power.<br /><br /><br /><br />While the brilliant dual-toroid technique of Thane Heins is very effective, it is not the only way of achieving spectacular performance from a transformer as can be seen here:<br /><br /><br /><b>The High-power Motionless Generator of Clemente Figuera</b><br />In 2012 a contributor who uses the ID ‘Wonju-Bajac’ started a forum to investigate the work of Clemente Figuera at <a href="http://www.overunity.com/12794/re-inventing-the-wheel-part1-clemente_figuera-the-infinite-energy-achine/#.UXu9gzcQHqU">www.overunity.com</a> and member ‘hanlon1492’ contributed enormously by producing English translations of Figuera’s patents.<br /><br />Clemente Figuera of the Canary Islands died in 1908. He was a highly respected individual, an Engineer and University Professor. He was granted several patents and was known to Nikola Tesla. Figuera’s design is very simple in outline.<br /><br />In 1902 the Daily Mail announced that <span style="color: blue;">Mr. Figuera, a Forestry Engineer in the Canary Islands, and for many years Professor of Physics at St. Augustine’s College, Las Palmas, had invented a generator which required no fuel. Señor Figuera has constructed a rough apparatus by which, in spite of it’s small size and it’s defects, he obtains 550 volts, which he utilises in his own house for lighting purposes and for driving a 20 horse-power motor.</span><br /><br />The Figuera Device looks like a complicated transformer, but in fact, it isn’t. Instead, it is two sets of seven opposing electromagnets with an output coil positioned between each opposing pair of electromagnets. The physical position of the electromagnets and output coils is important as they are positioned very close to each other and there are induced magnetic fields between adjacent electromagnets and between the output coils due to their close proximity.<br /><br />The two sets of electromagnets are wound with very low-resistance, high-current wire or possibly, even with thick foil. The information given in the Figuera patent states that the electromagnets will be referred to in the patent by the letters “N” and “S” and it is now thought that those two letters are deliberately misleading as people tend to think of those letters referring to “North magnetic pole” and “South magnetic pole” while in reality, the electromagnets almost certainly oppose each other, that is, with North poles facing each other or possibly, with South poles facing each other. The arrangement is believed to be like this when seen from above:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZbnBfhhu7MttVLV3CM2RwShCwCcgIYZWIy6JacCKaOPoPF_tp54_Wua9si9Y5YVC8cZEONK2q0pTZ6wHCWZhVfXFicArIBqhxOjlxWhefN2w5838wCAtlNK_OTqNefClTAV7B_FHS0vE/s1600/39.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZbnBfhhu7MttVLV3CM2RwShCwCcgIYZWIy6JacCKaOPoPF_tp54_Wua9si9Y5YVC8cZEONK2q0pTZ6wHCWZhVfXFicArIBqhxOjlxWhefN2w5838wCAtlNK_OTqNefClTAV7B_FHS0vE/s1600/39.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This arrangement creates a magnetic Bloch wall (or magnetically null point) in the centre of the yellow output coils and the position of that magnetic balance point is very easily moved if the power supply to the two sets of electromagnets is altered slightly and any movement of that magnetic balance point creates a substantial electrical output due to the alteration of the magnetic lines cutting the turns of wire in the yellow output coils. While the sketch shown above indicates a small gap between the electromagnets and the output coils, it is by no means certain that any such gap is needed and while winding the three coils is more convenient if they are separate, when wound and being assembled, their cores may well be pushed together to form one continuous magnetic path.<br /><br />Another thing which has confused people (including me), is the drawing in the patent which looks like an electrical commutator, but which is <b>not</b> part of the Figuera generator design. It looks like this:<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaIZP_F68m28XPfSq-ZVDoMeXPbhlZtCv6bwvqKEO6r28NgzRfhpOSSyQVmOfolf6NKKVUYvsq2gEelk8eUQJJg-jIsNWx8-iyeXYo7cwMng4CPww8_FCinDaZGNhCb1Z4gupJKBq6Gir/s1600/40.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaIZP_F68m28XPfSq-ZVDoMeXPbhlZtCv6bwvqKEO6r28NgzRfhpOSSyQVmOfolf6NKKVUYvsq2gEelk8eUQJJg-jIsNWx8-iyeXYo7cwMng4CPww8_FCinDaZGNhCb1Z4gupJKBq6Gir/s400/40.gif" /></a><br /><br /><center>
</center>
<br /><br />The dotted lines indicate internal electrical connections, so for example, contact 14 is connected to contact 3, but let me stress again that this unit is <b>not</b> part of the design and while it is used to “explain” the actual operation, I would not be surprised if it were not intended to misdirect people from the actual operation.<br /><br />This point has been stressed and it has been suggested that the actual working device is magnetic in nature and could be constructed like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsoQye0Euu4NPI47MLwiUXBXOCQGuAfrkHhmOSXPfnKKZihAneYLoib2M5iaVYS-fhVl0EEssFptv4mOpSSInhqJgw9rMUrjEtAmQVUlzk0JNr5O4-V3aLEn3TaBqVN32WQTbs1mLfagEb/s1600/41.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsoQye0Euu4NPI47MLwiUXBXOCQGuAfrkHhmOSXPfnKKZihAneYLoib2M5iaVYS-fhVl0EEssFptv4mOpSSInhqJgw9rMUrjEtAmQVUlzk0JNr5O4-V3aLEn3TaBqVN32WQTbs1mLfagEb/s1600/41.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This looks like a very simple device but it is an item of major importance in the Figuera design. First, the core is solid iron (sometimes called “soft iron” but if you were beaten with a bar of it you certainly wouldn’t call it “soft”). The most important characteristic of such a core is its magnetic properties as it is able to store energy. Please remember that this switching device is primarily magnetic in nature. It looks like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZRFr7aRPcNwMk_X7MLBNBIxWIkEDn3ehluJQBF6jNzrfxTB3uQgeFTIPtJ7cY3OnbNOlXH2uGxYx7U5APAPVjQzCR1q4JHqFXH4OrPhHCeyTIRVVZ-oeEo6Tuu5fayMFna5T0bJPr-ZF/s1600/42.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZRFr7aRPcNwMk_X7MLBNBIxWIkEDn3ehluJQBF6jNzrfxTB3uQgeFTIPtJ7cY3OnbNOlXH2uGxYx7U5APAPVjQzCR1q4JHqFXH4OrPhHCeyTIRVVZ-oeEo6Tuu5fayMFna5T0bJPr-ZF/s400/42.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This core is then wound with thick wire – perhaps AWG #10 or 12 SWG (2.3 x 2.3 mm square wire) . The turns of wire should be tight, side by side and sit exactly flat on the top surface as the wire there will be contacted by the sliding brush:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirv2NrueA4OwcrNZUyWMQZF-Fo6x3kKJJ0uuxEgQpjMpK0r6ki2rNpE35dEZTLHOxCaPVzLvVf2-NArIXSplvaIc3ZqnkU3bYhyA9nyRO56Lem97pREQ-Y77cCyXS5RNWzJ4BNr19oMQfC/s1600/43.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirv2NrueA4OwcrNZUyWMQZF-Fo6x3kKJJ0uuxEgQpjMpK0r6ki2rNpE35dEZTLHOxCaPVzLvVf2-NArIXSplvaIc3ZqnkU3bYhyA9nyRO56Lem97pREQ-Y77cCyXS5RNWzJ4BNr19oMQfC/s400/43.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The sliding brass contact or “brush” is dimensioned so that it connects across two adjacent wires so that there is never any sparking as the brush contact slides around the circle of wires. The brush is driven by a small DC motor. In order for the sliding brush to contact the wire, the plastic insulation needs to be removed from the top half of the wire with the remaining insulation keeping the turns from short-circuiting together. The wire is wound half of the way around the iron core and a short length of wire is left to make an electrical connection. An additional winding is then made to cover the remaining half of the core and again, a length for connection is left before cutting the wire. This gives you two windings each covering 180 degrees around the core. The wire turns are strapped tightly with tape or cord wound around the side of the core as that holds the wires securely in place. The two wire ends on each side are connected together, giving a 360 degree winding with good electrical connections 180 degrees apart.<br /><br />There are many ways to arrange the small DC motor so that it drives the brush slider. The motor could be mounted on a strip passing over the core, or on the baseboard, or to one side using a belt or gearwheel drive link. It does not matter which direction the brush moves around the core. The speed of rotation is not critical either although it does determine the alternating frequency of the output. In most cases, the output will power a heating element or will be converted to DC to give the local mains frequency and voltage.<br /><br />When we first look at a device like this, we immediately think of the flow of electric current passing through the wire wound around the iron core. It appears as if the current is limited by the overall length of the wire between the brush position and the two outputs, but the reality is that while that is correct to a certain extent, the main control of the current flow is the magnetic field inside the circular iron core, and that field causes reluctance (resistance to current flow) proportional to the number of coil turns between the brush and each output. This alters the current flow to the set of “N” electromagnets compared to the current flow to the set of “S” electromagnets.<br /><br />As the magnetic intensity generated by the set of “N” electromagnets increases, the magnetic intensity generated by the set of “S” electromagnets decreases. But, as the magnetic power of the set of “N” electromagnets overcomes the magnetic field of the set of “S” electromagnets, that magnetic field gets pushed back into the soft iron core of the commutator device, essentially storing energy in that core. When the system needs to replace the energy lost in heating, it can use that stored magnetic energy in the commutator core, raising the overall efficiency. In this design, the current flowing through the electromagnets is always in the same direction and never drops to zero, merely oscillating in its intensity.<br /><br />The overall arrangement is like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6km6kFcN2TJ3BU2suojqOTLT0igjzoW04KLQpDdDfV0diGj1iE_r_nbxGjtxFxZS6LH4a4A9bwSh77t6b8nc-pF_MxdTHPXbxh4wN89xbMZMkaOJcpnCGdQRQzgWIgsWy1IXVzsEsfqYC/s1600/44.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6km6kFcN2TJ3BU2suojqOTLT0igjzoW04KLQpDdDfV0diGj1iE_r_nbxGjtxFxZS6LH4a4A9bwSh77t6b8nc-pF_MxdTHPXbxh4wN89xbMZMkaOJcpnCGdQRQzgWIgsWy1IXVzsEsfqYC/s1600/44.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />While the sketch above shows a 12-volt battery, there is no great reason why it should not be 24-volt or higher, especially if the wire used to wind the electromagnets is smaller diameter. The amount of power needed to create a magnetic field is not related to strength of the magnetic field and a larger number of turns of thinner wire with a small current flowing through the wire can create a stronger magnetic field than few turns of thick wire with a large current flowing through those turns.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>The Alexkor Zero-Back-EMF Coils</b><br />Alex in Russia who has shared several of his motionless pulse-charging systems for batteries, now shares his design which does not appear to have any back-EMF effect on the primary coil. If that is the case, then any increase in output current draw does not have a corresponding increase in the current flowing through the primary coil. That is completely different to the way in which a conventional transformer operates.<br /><br />The arrangement is somewhat like the Transmitter / Receiver arrangement of Don Smith and while it looks to be a simple arrangement, is isn’t. Alex draws his coil configuration like this:<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWxZ_sa8cuXlY7fR7AMh01fk2IkrIe7NbwLAEwuo07FsOsjrE4Mvjh9YghX-Cc5ZYP0ms2UJZiajgPz7g-Td64Hj0WtNA76xUunbD6fc4wO8PyXDwmqExgMBRibSQ-rzfZxEXnOrcdW5i/s1600/45.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWxZ_sa8cuXlY7fR7AMh01fk2IkrIe7NbwLAEwuo07FsOsjrE4Mvjh9YghX-Cc5ZYP0ms2UJZiajgPz7g-Td64Hj0WtNA76xUunbD6fc4wO8PyXDwmqExgMBRibSQ-rzfZxEXnOrcdW5i/s1600/45.png" /></a> <br />
<br />Here, his chosen form of construction is a frame of twelve lengths of 20 mm diameter plastic pipes – four at the top, four at the bottom and four verticals. Each pipe is filled with ferrite powder and there is an output coil wound on each of the four vertical pipes. Suspended in the centre is the primary coil which is 15 mm in diameter. All five coils are wound using 0.5 mm diameter enamelled copper wire (swg 25 or AWG #24). While Alex’s drawing shows a single strand of wire, the actual arrangement for the four output coils is that they are wound as a single layer bi-filar coil:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRneL-QX5tnrGPoELdHLzy9mrc5fL1n0aX5_2bAKhs6ptQWIF1Kf6HaZ3c_tvyFit4DizwLT_jCgHWVNnYIo_pd9P6SMLOWbFUnKxfLYia6X45CFSicIu_Ghv-bsZPQPPgljKLVPCZr2ht/s1600/46.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRneL-QX5tnrGPoELdHLzy9mrc5fL1n0aX5_2bAKhs6ptQWIF1Kf6HaZ3c_tvyFit4DizwLT_jCgHWVNnYIo_pd9P6SMLOWbFUnKxfLYia6X45CFSicIu_Ghv-bsZPQPPgljKLVPCZr2ht/s1600/46.gif" /></a></center>
<br />For this, the output coils are wound with two strands of wire side by side, in a single layer along the length of the plastic pipe. Then, the start of one wire is connected to the end of the other wire. As the coils are filled with ferrite, they can operate at high frequency, when the 15 mm primary coil is fed with either DC pulses or an AC sine wave. Each output coil can provide a separate output or the output coils can be connected in series to give a higher voltage or connected in parallel to give a higher output current.<br /><br />Alex also shows how ferrite toroids can be used, even with 220V mains, to give back-EMF-free transformer operation. If the input frequency is as low as the mains, then the toroids may be iron-dust types or they can be constructed from iron shims in the same way that ordinary mains transformers are constructed. However, please understand clearly that the current flowing through any coil connected across a high voltage source such as 110V or 220V and using any of the following configurations, is limited by the impedance of the coil itself. ‘Impedance’ is effectively ‘AC resistance’ at the frequency of the AC voltage supply. If the coil impedance is low, then the current flowing through the coil will be high and since the power dissipated by the current flow is Voltage x Current, the power dissipation with increased current goes up very quickly when the voltage level is as high as 220 volts. The power dissipation is in the form of heat which means that with excessive power dissipation, the wire in the coil is liable to melt or ‘burn out’ in an impressive flash of flame, smoke and blackened wire. Consequently, the coil winding needs to have many turns and the wire diameter needs to be sufficient to carry the current flow – the wire table on page 1 of the Appendix shows the current which can be carried by each size of wire when wound into a coil. If there is no back-EMF effect with the following configurations, then the current in the primary winding connected across the mains will not be affected by the other coils, so remember that when preparing the primary coil.<br /><br />The first arrangement uses three toroids to give four separate outputs. The amount of current which can be drawn from any secondary depends on the amount of magnetic flux which can be carried by the magnetic core or cores between the primary coil and that particular secondary coil. Obviously, the output current draw will also be limited by the current-carrying capacity of the wire used in the secondary coil. If that level of current is exceeded for any length of time, then the insulation of the wire will fail, turns will short-circuit together, the coil impedance will drop, the current increase further and the coil will burn out – so, common sense is called for<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wiu-FcqQLG82fJtSljNgLNMGDXiNW2udB76Io-kU96qIV5vEvcZpGFUD3bk5XZWHgXO0WeUDeMYJMXp36bcDRvc96eZHlKN8U6uv28OK7rv7AyGZDLgaL9WISSbZBYh6oOYrLIzQs_Ku/s1600/47.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wiu-FcqQLG82fJtSljNgLNMGDXiNW2udB76Io-kU96qIV5vEvcZpGFUD3bk5XZWHgXO0WeUDeMYJMXp36bcDRvc96eZHlKN8U6uv28OK7rv7AyGZDLgaL9WISSbZBYh6oOYrLIzQs_Ku/s1600/47.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Here, the primary coil “1” is wound on a toroid which is horizontal in the picture above, and the secondary coils “2” are wound on toroids which are shown as vertical in the drawing. The important point here is that the toroids with the secondary coils, touch the primary coil toroid at right angles, that is, at 90-degrees. For convenience of winding the coils, any toroid can be assembled from two half toroids which allows the coil to be wound separately and when completed, slid on to one of the C-shaped half toroids before the two halves are placed together to form the complete toroid.<br /><br />The second arrangement uses three toroids:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOL7PfJgwP0X3eE5XW57FH780GG0w9FDgCXocZci5ujf2H3X0cPHrNkgFL3WIb_iyyouetLcxp-yrC-OwyoOOw5DIUd-FTDV4C7XADLrGBivDT4L81q1996qaIL-2_NsXGqEz9jZWS6Ko2/s1600/48.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOL7PfJgwP0X3eE5XW57FH780GG0w9FDgCXocZci5ujf2H3X0cPHrNkgFL3WIb_iyyouetLcxp-yrC-OwyoOOw5DIUd-FTDV4C7XADLrGBivDT4L81q1996qaIL-2_NsXGqEz9jZWS6Ko2/s1600/48.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The third arrangement uses four toroids in a more powerful arrangement where the magnetic flux carrying capacity of the transformer is doubled as the cross sectional area of the toroids inside each coil is doubled. This is a more difficult arrangement to construct and if the coils are to be wound on a separate coil winder, then the toroids each need to be made from one half-toroid plus two quarter toroids so that the coils can be slipped on to two separate quarter-toroid sections which are curving in opposite directions, unless of course, the inside diameter of the coils is a good deal larger than the toroid cross section (which reduces the number of turns for any given length of coil wire):<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYQXhD3s2PgtCH0Fkb79acC0OLzuGLrdUzT4qO_fZwiQKftlVzFVVgO3rOwan5Bom1WzHvUs6zYm_M8bcQOzZVmvbtzuBVtEI-c3RbmmPUP72jIX_viqFBLX6dCcZsMJpDF4t-GtsRBRm/s1600/49.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYQXhD3s2PgtCH0Fkb79acC0OLzuGLrdUzT4qO_fZwiQKftlVzFVVgO3rOwan5Bom1WzHvUs6zYm_M8bcQOzZVmvbtzuBVtEI-c3RbmmPUP72jIX_viqFBLX6dCcZsMJpDF4t-GtsRBRm/s1600/49.gif" /></a></center>
<br />If these simple transformer arrangements operate as back-EMF-free devices as claimed, then the current draw from any, or all, of the secondary windings does not have any effect on the current flowing through the primary coil. This is quite unlike present day commercial transformers which are wound symmetrically, which in turn causes the current draw in the secondary coil to force an increased current in the primary winding.<br /><br />Alex (<a href="http://www.radiant4you.net/">www.radiant4you.net</a>) also shows another arrangement which uses seven toroids. He states that this arrangement is also free from the energy-wasting back-EMF designs used at present in most commercial items of equipment. He specifies that the intended operating frequency is 50 Hz which is the frequency of the mains as the difference between 50 Hz and the 60 Hz used in America is not significant in any way. This frequency suggests that the toroids could readily be made of iron as in commercial transformers. The prototype was wound with 0.5 mm diameter wire and aimed at a power level of 100 watts. The capacitors are high-power oil filled with capacitances up to 40 microfarad and rated at 450V when using 220V mains input. The tuning is very much like that of the RotoVerter shown in chapter 2. The physical layout is:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC3XCOq_y6K-Hm-C68ufhtZlAUSYibEaW03Si8OSI6XzEvkLNvU3JEKMJITxHqd5wtAvW4hrTdGX3rzIHJCUV5KbFzFLRVfwSXfOG3TrVFLowv0szM7VpxekuqLhx_yImBQ_2SIRPP2et6/s1600/50.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC3XCOq_y6K-Hm-C68ufhtZlAUSYibEaW03Si8OSI6XzEvkLNvU3JEKMJITxHqd5wtAvW4hrTdGX3rzIHJCUV5KbFzFLRVfwSXfOG3TrVFLowv0szM7VpxekuqLhx_yImBQ_2SIRPP2et6/s1600/50.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The central toroid is wound all around its circumference as indicated by the blue colour. This winding is fed directly with the input current source which would normally be from the mains or from a mains transformer, probably at a lower voltage.<br /><br />There are then twelve output coils, six shown here in green and six shown in red. For best operation, each of these output coils need to be ‘tuned’ to the central coil and that needs to be done by altering the capacitor size by experiment to get the best performance from each coil. When properly set up, increasing the current draw from any of the output coils does not increase the power flowing into the central input coil. This contradicts what is normally taught in schools and universities as they are only familiar with symmetrically wound transformers and motors where increased output current does indeed oppose the input power, causing increased input current and heat waste. The circuit is:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjme1LLnURQftRf-pMXJNVmmhVQXJ6kr37ci-4WJzO8T2DcybYWJjUoVnJzM0byPteAxGC7-BOMqiAFR3N9ylnGQVsUcd06htcULDMrSJw5fWNhHep6aX1o3i7bTdjDCAlCxwlHnIjL1OmZ/s1600/51.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjme1LLnURQftRf-pMXJNVmmhVQXJ6kr37ci-4WJzO8T2DcybYWJjUoVnJzM0byPteAxGC7-BOMqiAFR3N9ylnGQVsUcd06htcULDMrSJw5fWNhHep6aX1o3i7bTdjDCAlCxwlHnIjL1OmZ/s400/51.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The blue coil has the power input at “A” and the capacitor in series with each coil is there to get all of the windings to resonate at the same frequency. The items “B” and “C” represent the useful load being powered by each coil, although, obviously, only two of the twelve output coils are shown in the circuit diagram above, and there are an additional five green and five red coils which are not shown in the circuit diagram.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFpIoGjuhBfeEulbPVKsqG-71wt0UkqZfgTnVinhJfXIIn93bBSku2WMYgx_Wgpdf9twuCFljR_5Oq8hXBLhBcBO9L_5KGa7vlJxp1oheMpmtFajUvlvYcvYXBAtN86BA_HLFBePvA5rqk/s1600/52.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFpIoGjuhBfeEulbPVKsqG-71wt0UkqZfgTnVinhJfXIIn93bBSku2WMYgx_Wgpdf9twuCFljR_5Oq8hXBLhBcBO9L_5KGa7vlJxp1oheMpmtFajUvlvYcvYXBAtN86BA_HLFBePvA5rqk/s1600/52.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />It is probably worth remembering that adding a magnet to a toroid or closed-loop core transformer can boost the output provided that the permanent magnet is not strong enough to saturate the core completely and prevent oscillation of the magnetic flux. This has been shown by Lawrence Tseung, Graham Gunderson and others, and so it might be worth while to experiment further with these configurations along the lines shown in the video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTb5q9o8F8c&list=UUaKHAdY13gp-un2hn_HJehg&index=1&feature=plcp">here</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>The Easiest Version:</b><br />Alexkor has produced a simplified Lenz-law-free design, using commercial toroids already wound as step-down mains transformers. One supplier is <a href="http://www.electro-mpo.ru/card8524.html#.VXsfKlIon7s">here</a> with transformers of this type on offer:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVhz8yLoZxnfS_U9BQ-klzAE0gNMaDYZ-_2HPQTBxdpg9cSUQ4XdDIteHmxcjbE5t-kzT5OXmode1HkN6VR_0cl-tOblmOuB1w4hH9JHVisd0-x68CAx2eq2oJ7BM42iVer3Od6iVEPNW9/s1600/53.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVhz8yLoZxnfS_U9BQ-klzAE0gNMaDYZ-_2HPQTBxdpg9cSUQ4XdDIteHmxcjbE5t-kzT5OXmode1HkN6VR_0cl-tOblmOuB1w4hH9JHVisd0-x68CAx2eq2oJ7BM42iVer3Od6iVEPNW9/s1600/53.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The technique is to remove the plate covering the central opening and connecting the 220V and 110V windings in series. Two of these transformers are used, each of them connected with their 220V and 110V windings wired in series and then the toroids either placed side by side or alternatively stacked on top of one another with a 1 millimetre thick sheet of plastic between them.<br /><br />In the configuration where the toroids “A” and “B” are placed side by side, a power extraction winding “D” is wound between them:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSvHlFEyBAscJ_hXEQBd8v74D7zGAahlvhn0rbVrSqUJdSDQg2z-B-Edc8LOxVMdKZQYeclHeWWvq_NOt1t_LMuDmw31HtxGTxszREqy7ODTlAahC05jIvYt8WJ763wxHDSwfgtMdJPRFI/s1600/54.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSvHlFEyBAscJ_hXEQBd8v74D7zGAahlvhn0rbVrSqUJdSDQg2z-B-Edc8LOxVMdKZQYeclHeWWvq_NOt1t_LMuDmw31HtxGTxszREqy7ODTlAahC05jIvYt8WJ763wxHDSwfgtMdJPRFI/s400/54.gif" /></a></center>
<br />In the case where the toroids “A” and “B” are arranged in a stack with 1 mm plastic sheet between them, the power extraction winding “D” is wound around the two toroids, enclosing them both:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnqNblRVjjk7d6WSeL2jD_fKvDA5_LspzPHEdDRHPe7Upz36Hy-jy7Qk2MYICJQKFk6RLnkTNPaBuTD_ykQieUtOzWvk8qh9XlBJebTfj-B364plmBhhsePAt8S5Kl_AQHsqVUjdN4RD_r/s1600/55.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnqNblRVjjk7d6WSeL2jD_fKvDA5_LspzPHEdDRHPe7Upz36Hy-jy7Qk2MYICJQKFk6RLnkTNPaBuTD_ykQieUtOzWvk8qh9XlBJebTfj-B364plmBhhsePAt8S5Kl_AQHsqVUjdN4RD_r/s1600/55.gif" /></a></center>
<br />While the winding “D” is shown as a narrow strip in the diagram, that is only to make the drawing easier to understand as in reality, the winding “D” is continued all the way around the whole of the circumference of the toroids and it can be many layers deep to suit the desired output voltage.<br /><br />Toroid “A” has a tuning capacitor “C1” which is adjusted in value to achieve resonance in that circuit as that minimises the current flowing into toroid “A” from the mains.<br /><br />Toroid “B” has a capacitor “C2” which is adjusted to give the highest output voltage (typically 600 volts) coming from toroid “B”. The purpose of toroid “B” is to divert the reverse magnetic flow in Toroid “A” and so, produce an efficient working system. The load “L” is in theory, a dummy load, but in reality there is no reason why it should not be considered to be an actual working load if that output is convenient to use.<br /><br />The output winding “D” is free of the Lenz law effect and the input current from the mains is not affected in any way when the current draw from coil “D” is increased, or even short-circuited. Alexkor stresses the fact that as the toroids are supplied already wound, this is actually a very easy design to replicate.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSWvD8QwHau9rr19BZPm19RIZERQqocHhhvxdDf9zSOnJ8LKKp4tsZd8PmyKJElXXQtpehR00J4fXglJtyummFEJr1tTKdinBJtfxrWtf2fuO4ptaaC_HaJOTCvIGPQNSi974pEi_cn-8T/s1600/56.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSWvD8QwHau9rr19BZPm19RIZERQqocHhhvxdDf9zSOnJ8LKKp4tsZd8PmyKJElXXQtpehR00J4fXglJtyummFEJr1tTKdinBJtfxrWtf2fuO4ptaaC_HaJOTCvIGPQNSi974pEi_cn-8T/s400/56.png" /></a> <br />
<br /><br /><b><span style="color: #000099;">The Self-Powered Generators of Barbosa and Leal</span></b><br />In July 2013, two Brazilian men, Nilson Barbosa and Cleriston Leal, published a series of patents which appear to be very significant. Their patent WO 2013/104042 published on 18th July 2013, is entitled “Electromagnetic device for Capturing Electrons from the Ground to Generate Electricity” and has some very interesting features. It describes a simple device which they describe as an “electron trap”. Their patents are written in Portuguese and an attempted translation of three of them is included at the end of the Appendix.<br /><br />An unusual feature of this design is the fact that it has a continuous conductive loop, in which it is claimed, current flows continuously, even without the need for an applied voltage. Instead, it is the magnetic fields of electromagnets which keep the current flowing. They state that an insignificant amount of input power produces a substantial power output, and they consider a COP of 100 to be about the minimum performance which can be expected from the design. That is a 1 watt input for a 100 watt output. One version of the electron trap looks like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbGnYI2pM0ErKTS6hKwRjpO1PIJlAu4zGebt-AjnO-NQmIq4c4LOaAu-McfUEn_CyhJW2Hbn-lmgclnJuU1IgjQR9OmklniKj0NOIzFW6drOm40zZLdKjgO17pIM6JdSx8eplwkiV-V0_1/s1600/57.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbGnYI2pM0ErKTS6hKwRjpO1PIJlAu4zGebt-AjnO-NQmIq4c4LOaAu-McfUEn_CyhJW2Hbn-lmgclnJuU1IgjQR9OmklniKj0NOIzFW6drOm40zZLdKjgO17pIM6JdSx8eplwkiV-V0_1/s1600/57.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The inventors describe their device like this: “this electromagnetic-field-generating device, powered by a power source, produces an electromagnetic field which induces an electric current in a closed conductive circuit, creating an interaction between the magnetic poles of the equipment and the magnetic poles of the earth - through both electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. An endless supply of electrons is drawn from the earth into the conductive closed loop, which is connected to the ground through a conductive interconnected grid. The attracted electrons add to the current already flowing in the conductive closed loop, making power available for driving high-power loads, although the device itself is supplied with only a small amount of power.”<br /><br />One very interesting feature is that the continuous-loop coil formed by wire 4 in the diagram above, is literally, only two turns of wire. The power-gaining mechanism, amazingly, is the earth wire (shown in blue) which is merely wrapped around wire 4 and not directly connected to it as the electron-transfer link is by induction. With this arrangement, the current circulating in the closed loop wire 4, attracts more electrons from the ground, flowing through the wrapped connection of wire 5, into wire 4, augmenting the current flow there by a major amount. Wire 3 can have an alternating voltage applied to it in order to get alternating current in wire 4, but please understand that the current flowing in wire 4 is not the result of the current in wire 3. If the current in wire 3 is DC, then the current in wire 4 will be DC as this is not a conventional transformer, but instead, it is an electron trap, operating in an entirely different way.<br /><br />The electron trap can be connected in an AC circuit of this type:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqFYCgFAMmQjqvM1p9R2DDwnSAFDhSymHJlzrOlSiqEEK2-5jF8Li790WtBb4liBcOwGIYQGY2QzPF_JWZNjvZXi81yTye6fWQv-fmSTx1fH1ly-84g9W60zQs6nUWyRpqcfSDxq4-3Ym8/s1600/58.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqFYCgFAMmQjqvM1p9R2DDwnSAFDhSymHJlzrOlSiqEEK2-5jF8Li790WtBb4liBcOwGIYQGY2QzPF_JWZNjvZXi81yTye6fWQv-fmSTx1fH1ly-84g9W60zQs6nUWyRpqcfSDxq4-3Ym8/s400/58.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, the earth wire 5 is wrapped around the continuous loop wire 4, feeding it additional electrons captured from the ground. The ends of wire 4 are connected together to form the loop, and that connection also forms the positive side of the output (where a DC output is being produced). The magnetic field produced by the current flowing in wire 3, acts on the electron flow coming from the earth, but as it does not provide any of the electric power flowing in wire loop 4, the current flowing in wire 3 can be tiny, without affecting the power output.<br /><br />In their patent WO 2013/104043, also of 18th July 2013, they show several different ways of connecting their electron trap in a useful circuit. For example, like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-WhAMU79aOaRZL2SU5HgB7EHPIhtMT5jPa-XxCyb-j3L8zRfhY5S7qTdtuk78bEGuO4yHwgt6DiRQt3eTIfVFS10_XJJSxW0EKShX4ql-9D5mFeqdgD1sJOy16_aH_EKHjvuBT1bvCjZ/s1600/59.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-WhAMU79aOaRZL2SU5HgB7EHPIhtMT5jPa-XxCyb-j3L8zRfhY5S7qTdtuk78bEGuO4yHwgt6DiRQt3eTIfVFS10_XJJSxW0EKShX4ql-9D5mFeqdgD1sJOy16_aH_EKHjvuBT1bvCjZ/s1600/59.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, the battery 13, is used to power an ordinary inverter 12, which produces a high alternating voltage, in this case, at very low power. That voltage is applied to the wire 3.1 to 3.2 of the electron trap, creating an oscillating magnetic field, which creates an oscillating inflow of electrons into the closed loop wire (4), which creates an amplified electrical output at the same frequency – typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz as those are the common mains frequencies. That amplified power output from the electron trap 14, is passed along wire 18 to an ordinary diode bridge 10, and the pulsing DC from the bridge is smoothed and used to replace the battery input to inverter 12. The battery is now switched out of the circuit and, as well as making the overall circuit self-powered, the power coming from the electron trap is used to recharge the battery if it needs recharging (and/or, perhaps, to charge the batteries of an electric car). Because the electron trap needs almost no input power at all, the input power to the inverter is very small, and so a good deal of additional AC power can be drawn off through cable 17, and used to drive powerful electrical loads, with no electrical power being needed from the battery. Being self-powered, the COP value for the circuit is infinity.<br /><br />Just as there are several different ways of using an electron trap in a circuit, there are several ways of constructing and connecting an electron trap. While it is possible to arrange the components so that the power output is 2-phase or 3-phase, here we will just deal with the ordinary, household, single-phase power supply.<br /><br />The first variation is to use more than one frame. Two frames can be connected like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0oEYEypbjVRP9dbw-pkZM2mSuQMpSP9RIPeGaxGv6U2xjCm1wErG2CAfwetE9RuTottQcrdX9xseUQRi8eddtV9T5Yrk_gAwN4ZiRfrs2gZJzgG-2bKVHonvNDG1faA5VbOPS-9jVy9K/s1600/60.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0oEYEypbjVRP9dbw-pkZM2mSuQMpSP9RIPeGaxGv6U2xjCm1wErG2CAfwetE9RuTottQcrdX9xseUQRi8eddtV9T5Yrk_gAwN4ZiRfrs2gZJzgG-2bKVHonvNDG1faA5VbOPS-9jVy9K/s1600/60.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This is the actual drawing from the patent and it presents a slight problem in that it is not physically possible to implement the number 4 wire in the way shown. Each frame will have two complete turns wound on it, although the drawing does not show this. Because of the inaccuracy of the drawing, I am not able to say if the coil turns on frame 2, are in the same direction as those on frame 1. There are four possible ways of winding these 2-turn coils when interconnecting them, so perhaps experimentation can be used to determine which method works best.<br /><br />With this two-frame arrangement, there is just the one earth wire 5, as before, again, it is wrapped around wire 4 rather than being physically connected to it. The continuous wire loop 4 has two ends as before, but there are now two 3.1 wire ends and two 3.2 wire ends. The Portuguese translation programs produce highly questionable results for this area of the patent, but I gather that the inventors intend the two 3.1 ends to be connected together and the two 3.2 ends to be connected together, and then the joined ends are treated exactly as before, effectively putting the two windings in parallel.<br /><br />One disadvantage of this design is that it is not portable due to the earth connection. Barbosa and Leal deal with this problem in their patent WO 2013/104041 of the same date where they show a method of constructing an electron trap which collects excess electrons from the air. If you feel that there are no excess electrons in the air, then consider the fact that all of the aerial designs in chapter seven all extract and use those electrons. Also, consider the amount of electricity in a lightning strike, where much of the electrical energy comes from the air, and remember that world wide, there are between 100 and 200 lightning strikes every second.<br /><br />The free-electrons-in-the-air electron trap is somewhat more complicated than the earth-wire electron trap, with four pairs of coils (3 and 4) being mounted inside two aluminium hemispheres (1):<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KSH-X2RAGpxamgNDZEBd1Fqew3HsxGcKMPMR_puA9U9qstz4c-prI4jpEB5VtjGbhJAXvFz6pzY8u664b9qrVkdTtQVjVTPuC4iIjVgrf5nj_etoHUh7uctvKU8y7dt7idYSp1Hi8BEt/s1600/61.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KSH-X2RAGpxamgNDZEBd1Fqew3HsxGcKMPMR_puA9U9qstz4c-prI4jpEB5VtjGbhJAXvFz6pzY8u664b9qrVkdTtQVjVTPuC4iIjVgrf5nj_etoHUh7uctvKU8y7dt7idYSp1Hi8BEt/s1600/61.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The methods for using the air-electrons trap are the same as those for the earth-wire electron trap. An earth-wire video demonstration is here: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvcrqODpDY4">here</a> with 22 watts producing 6 kilowatts. To further research this invention, try the extensive information available via <a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Barbosa+e+Leal">here</a>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSTzRyYQA7OLbufV8Q_dFug7VAwaEkf1yZ9epP8NzWAeRJZKeXWqmlMmlC2yiOeijxaNDQivCS5qPlXFV4Y4wf6jQSORLjRYvP126rv7OMa0I2vBfLtnXv1oJKfKlgWKMiIc59gIUME2q5/s1600/62.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSTzRyYQA7OLbufV8Q_dFug7VAwaEkf1yZ9epP8NzWAeRJZKeXWqmlMmlC2yiOeijxaNDQivCS5qPlXFV4Y4wf6jQSORLjRYvP126rv7OMa0I2vBfLtnXv1oJKfKlgWKMiIc59gIUME2q5/s1600/62.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />An attempted translation of the three Barbosa/Leal patents is here:<br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>WO Patent 2013/104043 18th July 2013 Inventors: Nilson Barbosa and Cleriston Leal<br /><br /><br />ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM WITH FEEDBACK<br /><br />Inventors: Nilson Barbosa et Cleriston de Morales Leal</b><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP091hdykv3rR2rAFjrY02pI0XrJdwSPvUiwrhBPVggVNqs8jf1RKFv4LRR7vh9VjKJc9Pg97ACZ7n4umfbc8iJa2leG5538UHlnIFqw1hOwAveblBHbb5_JOVJkbaIxQ_1TFcm869MyWT/s1600/63.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP091hdykv3rR2rAFjrY02pI0XrJdwSPvUiwrhBPVggVNqs8jf1RKFv4LRR7vh9VjKJc9Pg97ACZ7n4umfbc8iJa2leG5538UHlnIFqw1hOwAveblBHbb5_JOVJkbaIxQ_1TFcm869MyWT/s1600/63.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Abstract:</b><br />The present invention relates to electric energy generation equipment comprising a basic circuit formed by a rectifier (10), for example, an AC/DC converter connected in series to an inverter (12), for example, a DC/AC converter, and a bank of batteries (13) connected in series between the rectifier (10) and the inverter (12). An electron-capturing element (14), which can be either a free space electron-capturing element or, alternatively, an earth electron-capturing element, is connected in series to the basic circuit formed by the rectifier (10), the inverter (12) and the battery assembly (13). The bank of batteries (13) powers the basic circuit because it is connected to the system. Consequently, the inverter (12) converts direct current into alternating current and supplies this current to the electron-capturing element (14). After receiving the electric current from the inverter (12), the electron-capturing element (14) starts capturing electrons from the alternating current and powering the rectifier (10), which converts the alternating current into a direct current in order to recharge the bank of batteries (13) and power the inverter (12) which powers the electron-capturing element, closing the feedback loop, and also providing electric energy for consumption by external loads.<br /><br />WIPO Patent Application WO/2013/104043 Filing Date: 01/11/2013<br />Application Number: BR2013/000016 Publication Date: 07/18/2013<br /><br />Assignee: EVOLUÇÕES ENERGIA LTDA (Rua Santa Tereza 1427-B Centro - Imperatriz -MA, CEP -470 - Maranhão, 65900, BR)<br /><br /><br /><b><center>
SELF-POWERED ELECTRICITY GENERATOR</center>
</b><br /><br /><b>Technical field</b><br />The present invention relates to a device for generating electricity, in particular self-powered equipment for generating electricity.<br /><br /><b>Description of the Related Art</b><br />There are many methods for generating electricity using electromagnetism, but all of these are electromechanical devices using magnets and have limited generating capacity and an ecological impact which makes them unsuited to large scale projects.<br /><br /><b>Objectives of the Invention</b><br />The aim of this invention is the sustainable generation of electricity, using a generator which is able to produce large amounts of electricity from an extremely low input current, which initially is supplied by a bank of batteries, but subsequently is supplied by the output from the generator which is also able to power external loads.<br /><br />The above objective, and other objectives, are achieved by the present invention through the use of a typical Uninterruptible Power Supply circuit comprising of an AC/DC rectifier feeding a battery bank which powers a DC/AC inverter, which is connected to a device to trap electrons from space (as described in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008378 of 13th January 2012) or alternatively, a device which extracts electrons from the Earth (as described in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008386 of 13th January 2012), which then passes the extracted electrons to the AC/DC rectifier, charging the battery bank, thus closing the loop as well as providing electricity to power external loads.<br /><br />The self-powered system for generating electricity from the present invention can be fixed or mobile. It is fixed when using electron capture from the earth due to the ground connection, or mobile when using electron capture from space.<br /><br />The self-powered electricity generating system of this invention may be configured in several different ways, each using the same inventive concept but using different arrangements of components. Different versions include single-phase, two-phase or three-phase versions, producing outputs of any power and voltage.<br /><br /><b>Brief Description of the Drawings</b><br />The present invention will now be described with the aid of drawings, but this patent is not limited to the versions and details shown in these drawings, although they show additional details and advantages of the present invention.<br /><br /><b>The drawings:</b><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjf55sQTRFXnYKsmVjj-6RHikftEbkgJcuvwji-3idozxnxt0m5JjoKxaOHL9_ZOAXfElXAbnhAFZWZN_FqCveZjn3hVOuUmreAJ2-ddYdJ3uKf-sDDzfq3GaoNHrpZGE7CE4PnzHHybB/s1600/64.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjf55sQTRFXnYKsmVjj-6RHikftEbkgJcuvwji-3idozxnxt0m5JjoKxaOHL9_ZOAXfElXAbnhAFZWZN_FqCveZjn3hVOuUmreAJ2-ddYdJ3uKf-sDDzfq3GaoNHrpZGE7CE4PnzHHybB/s1600/64.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.1 - shows a basic circuit system for self-powered electricity generation of the present invention<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Mta5xm2t46yfnIDtyxcTDOiZe1codwNfArovX3Iv4-w59WjXaISCJU4gkFJfLz-7zmRAK2KJ2H816NMQbUZTZGhx3mTulYUWjx_LTdrS5CaAZCjnXAGCcsnzBsHML8xX3cg-1Wv8Wd7s/s1600/65.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Mta5xm2t46yfnIDtyxcTDOiZe1codwNfArovX3Iv4-w59WjXaISCJU4gkFJfLz-7zmRAK2KJ2H816NMQbUZTZGhx3mTulYUWjx_LTdrS5CaAZCjnXAGCcsnzBsHML8xX3cg-1Wv8Wd7s/s1600/65.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.2 - shows a first embodiment of the constructive system for self-powered electricity generation of the present invention<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo73t-7EV23Rlldg9zQ4MN7sSlSRcPhRHOs6dWWihSp7TSu5HVYZlUu3quhOgirUwEZx_9ITrAVPM2SZRLr0GKE8OzROchQAWWegAoP7Gd7_iNSe-4cGitQ5G3AMTc9zjv43ZSWVyJ_tJx/s1600/66.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo73t-7EV23Rlldg9zQ4MN7sSlSRcPhRHOs6dWWihSp7TSu5HVYZlUu3quhOgirUwEZx_9ITrAVPM2SZRLr0GKE8OzROchQAWWegAoP7Gd7_iNSe-4cGitQ5G3AMTc9zjv43ZSWVyJ_tJx/s1600/66.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.3 - shows a second embodiment of the self-powered system for generating electricity of the present invention<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjcW3CYvaPLIWIqbGYKCtcN0CopFW2JFTyNgLm34uO7l2HIAt4sIaiTFAh8xWz5__QCqWXCrSPKUQwBwrUpvf1AGyoJVsB-obAst4asLVeeE5zwf27Qfs8ImQSxm7fA2ibCk8_JkFFW17F/s1600/67.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjcW3CYvaPLIWIqbGYKCtcN0CopFW2JFTyNgLm34uO7l2HIAt4sIaiTFAh8xWz5__QCqWXCrSPKUQwBwrUpvf1AGyoJVsB-obAst4asLVeeE5zwf27Qfs8ImQSxm7fA2ibCk8_JkFFW17F/s1600/67.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.4 - shows a third embodiment of the self-powered system for generating electricity of the present invention<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXEymGk4ga1abAygT6KGL9Y7ORdfnC8zb8ti6rVulN2w1pDo4fRLVPpo4xusauUepU3QVZSADMRjHNCy4JzJvdMTkAOeJ4vlj-iSW_ibh7wWgABiKklkIEwCqpyiYSafa19MJS1YbjrKal/s1600/68.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXEymGk4ga1abAygT6KGL9Y7ORdfnC8zb8ti6rVulN2w1pDo4fRLVPpo4xusauUepU3QVZSADMRjHNCy4JzJvdMTkAOeJ4vlj-iSW_ibh7wWgABiKklkIEwCqpyiYSafa19MJS1YbjrKal/s1600/68.gif" /></a><br /><br /><center>
</center>
<br />Fig.5 - shows a fourth embodiment of the self-powered system for generating electricity of the present invention<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjas1ykQi_guOCRckkVd1NYcZ5T0FAluYdGwdXwwjUXHbU91Y3Tn4aZC32JUnR9BP-8gtqqQSvW0oorcbgc3cEi4B3R2p1_YVSjfy-4OwLQn2rixaddsRex9WSMTYmd6D28YHJUJ5KFwmBz/s1600/69.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjas1ykQi_guOCRckkVd1NYcZ5T0FAluYdGwdXwwjUXHbU91Y3Tn4aZC32JUnR9BP-8gtqqQSvW0oorcbgc3cEi4B3R2p1_YVSjfy-4OwLQn2rixaddsRex9WSMTYmd6D28YHJUJ5KFwmBz/s1600/69.gif" /></a><br /><center>
</center>
<br />Fig.6 - shows a fifth embodiment of the self-powered system for generating electricity of the present invention;<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixSGHqF8_bmn7QbECbXcua5PocLJJBtNU-htJvaPES_uwz9gfBhhREVW4CN8F_zf9QXj9VN5OTL63_ouKF3yhUG6OWbLWlkmvqGPxEyaXnAMEIQov0KJMsm7yXgduJW5fYM0RvNqaUnU-Q/s1600/70.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixSGHqF8_bmn7QbECbXcua5PocLJJBtNU-htJvaPES_uwz9gfBhhREVW4CN8F_zf9QXj9VN5OTL63_ouKF3yhUG6OWbLWlkmvqGPxEyaXnAMEIQov0KJMsm7yXgduJW5fYM0RvNqaUnU-Q/s1600/70.gif" /></a><br /><br /><b>Detailed description of the Invention: </b><br />There are different ways of closing the self-feeding cycle depending on the circuit configuration chosen. Some of these arrangements are shown in Figures 2 to 6, wherein the main circuitry continues to oscillate, continuously generating instant electricity.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8V0J2pRRLLW_6fgwTJ_ZnJysaDGJn4QFYc3Iq412ugzUGypnqFbqyuml1k4hHoiPN8XYqNhBAz8kWLP-tY4NDiARx-M51ZLqY3CtQI0fWV9oWw-H7xTfxHMI0CEQacsFr5EjLMHAYo-B2/s1600/71.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8V0J2pRRLLW_6fgwTJ_ZnJysaDGJn4QFYc3Iq412ugzUGypnqFbqyuml1k4hHoiPN8XYqNhBAz8kWLP-tY4NDiARx-M51ZLqY3CtQI0fWV9oWw-H7xTfxHMI0CEQacsFr5EjLMHAYo-B2/s1600/71.gif" /></a></center>
<br />As shown in Fig.1, the self-powered system for generating electricity comprises a basic circuit consisting of a rectifier (AC/DC converter) 10 which is connected in series to an inverter (DC/AC) 12. A bank of batteries 13 is connected between the rectifier 10 and the inverter 12. The output from the DC/AC inverter 12, connects to an electron-trap 14 which can extract electrons from space (as described in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008378 of 13th January 2012) or alternatively, extracts electrons from the Earth (as described in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008386 of 13th January 2012).<br /><br />When connected, the battery bank 13 provides power to the DC/AC inverter 12 which converts the direct current into alternating current and provides current to the electron-trap 14. The output of the electron trap 14 is passed through wire 18, to the AC/DC bridge rectifier 10, which keeps the battery bank charged as well as powering the DC/AC inverter 12. Additional power is passed to external equipment through wire 17.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0GtyAswZ-_D4bXAvVSzdamXjwdtGt3GIiViOD4b-8XJa6X7fp4hZ3LHWHfp6DL9GIrljg_o6DynzEXAVgzXoUynFX4mi0zYwGXj-hNGlPmuKEKcLMDRli41WKuno92nJdvguDKCv2Etf/s1600/72.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0GtyAswZ-_D4bXAvVSzdamXjwdtGt3GIiViOD4b-8XJa6X7fp4hZ3LHWHfp6DL9GIrljg_o6DynzEXAVgzXoUynFX4mi0zYwGXj-hNGlPmuKEKcLMDRli41WKuno92nJdvguDKCv2Etf/s1600/72.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.2, shows another embodiment of the system of this self-powered electric power generation equipment. It comprises a typical Uninterruptible Power Supply circuit of a battery charger (AC/DC converter) 21 connected to a drive device (a DC/AC inverter) 23 and between them, a battery bank 22 forming the basic circuit. Additional devices are an electron-trap 27 which may collect free electrons from space (as defined in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008378 of 13th January 2012) or, alternatively, collects electrons from the Earth (as described in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008386 of 13th January 2012). The 3-phase electronic switch 24 normally connects 24.1 to 24.3 connecting the electron trap 27 to inverter 23. Connected in parallel is the surge suppressor 25, which, when activated, via filter 26, causes switch 24 to disconnect the 24.3 to 24.1 link and instead, connect 24.3 to 24.2.<br /><br />An alternative arrangement for use in emergency situations, is to use the system no longer self-powered. For this, the system is comprised of a power input from an external power source, directly to the interconnection point 29 to provide power to surge suppressor 25, which provides power to feed the power output point 28 in order to power external loads. When the electron-trap 27 is turned off, the electronic transfer switch 24 reverts to its default position which connects point 24.1 to point 24.3 causing the circuit to function, once again, in its self-feeding mode. As soon as the electron sensor 27 provides sufficient power to the over-voltage sensor 25, it operates the transfer switch 24 through filter 26, ending the self-feeding phase and supplying energy directly to the power output point 28, in order to feed external loads.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL07MjCFX_jwKANQgFCtGkxlJ6VHgJKPbkHOCeDXWy2ZdX8jhyt_ZdnLDs00sJRc2TtbMC-19M0IP4w-RnXU8QDejC3uBku5INrm4lR-siadNRjl-n8xFbjbMV3OaMgvhEw51ejsGCIKVQ/s1600/73.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL07MjCFX_jwKANQgFCtGkxlJ6VHgJKPbkHOCeDXWy2ZdX8jhyt_ZdnLDs00sJRc2TtbMC-19M0IP4w-RnXU8QDejC3uBku5INrm4lR-siadNRjl-n8xFbjbMV3OaMgvhEw51ejsGCIKVQ/s1600/73.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.3 shows another embodiment of the self-powered system for generating electricity, comprising a device which includes the basic circuit of a typical Uninterruptible Power Supply, consisting of a battery charger (AC/DC converter) 31 connected to a drive device (inverter DC/AC) 35 and attached to them, a battery bank 32. This basic circuit together with other devices is connected to an electron-trap 37 for collecting free electrons from surrounding space or, alternatively, an Earth-connected electron trap 37. We have then, a bank of batteries 32 connected to the DC/DC converter 33, which is connected to the phase transfer switch 34 / 34.1 which is connected to point 34.3, which connects to the inverter 35, and so, the electron-trap 37.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauTA7pCIo-pnSCBxIy-6FTHfeYRSSVOEjU9iMuLHiu3-JscRVfSEz4s2hdUZfO1hb3omOcgaXz4ROrvpPNcdCJp9mEB9mEHNHo3t0s6AI-St3XNuKLlW_WXkvQMtu5l37DyQpO-zzfWbS/s1600/74.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauTA7pCIo-pnSCBxIy-6FTHfeYRSSVOEjU9iMuLHiu3-JscRVfSEz4s2hdUZfO1hb3omOcgaXz4ROrvpPNcdCJp9mEB9mEHNHo3t0s6AI-St3XNuKLlW_WXkvQMtu5l37DyQpO-zzfWbS/s1600/74.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.4 shows another embodiment of the system for self-powered electricity generation which is comprised of a basic circuit of a typical uninterruptible power supply, consisting of a battery charger (AC/DC converter) A connected to an inverter (DC/AC) 42 and attached to them, battery bank 41, and this basic circuit together with other devices are connected to a free space electron-capture device 44 or an earth-connection electron-trap 44. Comprising thus, a battery charger A connected to a battery bank 41, which is connected in series with inverter 42 at point B which is in series with point C of inverter 42 which is in series with the electron sensor 44, which is in series with the phase transfer switch 43 via the three-phase load output connection point 45. The phase transfer switch 43 is in series with the inverter 42, which is connected in series the (AC/DC converter) battery charger A feeding the battery bank 41.<br /><br />An alternative construction for use in emergency situations, in which the system ceases to be self-powered, the system may include power input from an external power source, via the interconnection point 46, thus providing electricity output 45, to power external loads. The battery bank 41 provides power to the inverter 42 which converts the direct current into alternating current and feeds the electron trap 44. The phase transfer switch closes when the batteries need recharging.<br /><br />Sensor 44 captures electrons, producing alternating current, which feeds the phase transfer switch 43 with alternating current input power. The phase transfer switch 43 feeds the inverter 42 which charges the batteries, closing the self-powering loop which provides power at the output 45, feeding both the power input and any external loads.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz2MhQCznLstejPUyg9uQi7-0lgiDE3mvq5bCSMa9oNCIWqUxQ7fnnMZzjkrnchOHtzbO2rFx4umqpm80eXEeG0QOABMnd4SsdGiN2GoWDHN1yYDX0ATT_jaku2SgCuDOwApqkeu654Iox/s1600/75.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz2MhQCznLstejPUyg9uQi7-0lgiDE3mvq5bCSMa9oNCIWqUxQ7fnnMZzjkrnchOHtzbO2rFx4umqpm80eXEeG0QOABMnd4SsdGiN2GoWDHN1yYDX0ATT_jaku2SgCuDOwApqkeu654Iox/s1600/75.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.5 shows another embodiment of the system for self-powered electric power generation equipment comprising a circuit which includes a typical uninterruptible power supply comprising a battery charger (AC/DC converter) 51 connected to a DC/AC inverter 53 and attached to them, a battery bank 52. This basic circuit together with other devices are connected to a space free-electron capture device 56 (as defined in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008378 of 13/1/12) or, alternatively, an earthed free-electron collector 56 (as defined in Brazilian patent application No. BR1020120008386 of 13/1/12). This then comprises a battery charger 51 which is connected in series with a battery bank 52, which is connected in series with the inverter 53, which is connected in series with the transformer 55 at its point C, which is in series with its point B which is in series with the electron collector 56, which is in series with the battery charger 51 which is connected to the load exit point 58, which is also the circuit entry point 59, which is in series with the phase transfer switch 54 section 54.1, which is connected to terminal 54.3, which is in series with point A of the transformer 55 which exits at point B. Points A and 54.3 as well as the parallel points 54.1 and 54.2, are all parallel to the battery charger 51, the battery bank 52, the inverter 53 and to point C of the transformer 55.<br /><br />An alternative construction for use in emergency situations, in which the system ceases to be self-powered, the system may include an external power input point 59, allowing phase transfer switch 54 to provide power output 58, to feed external loads. Battery bank 52 provides power to the inverter 53, which converts the direct current into alternating current, feeding point C of the transformer, which comes out at points B and A of the transformer 55. Point B of the transformer feeds the electron-trap 56 producing alternating current which feeds the battery charger 51, recharging the battery bank 52.<br /><br />The battery charger 51 is connected in parallel with the transfer switch 54 via connection points 54.1 and 54.3, feeding point A of the transformer, which comes out at point B. Point A of the transformer and the switch transfer points 54.3 and 54.1 are in parallel to the battery charger 51, the battery 52, the inverter 53 and point C of the transformer 55.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD94wnycIRynJ4-mFYyspd06EvR-CNIMMyZcVhcJLOl3KM0XgGQB6A7J8r9uoSWs8J-rpOLZJU6crFm8sPLqJI06YDUGeEgf-_peRu0RULktuC5M1Go1GIId49WLROeCGCPr-0fX5lcV29/s1600/76.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD94wnycIRynJ4-mFYyspd06EvR-CNIMMyZcVhcJLOl3KM0XgGQB6A7J8r9uoSWs8J-rpOLZJU6crFm8sPLqJI06YDUGeEgf-_peRu0RULktuC5M1Go1GIId49WLROeCGCPr-0fX5lcV29/s1600/76.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.6 shows another embodiment where a rectifier 61 is connected to an inverter 63 and a battery bank 62, and to a space free-electron trap 64 or alternatively, an earth electron trap 64 comprising thus, a delta (AC/DC) converter 61, which is connected in series to a battery bank 62, which is connected in series with the (DC/AC) inverter 63, which is in series with the electron collector 64 which is connected in series with the delta converter (AC/DC) 61 whose AC part is in series with the alternating AC current inverter 63 via a connecting wire 65 which is in parallel with the DC part of the delta converter 61 with the battery bank 62 and the DC part of inverter 63. An alternative construction for use in emergency situations, in which the system ceases to be self-powered, the system may comprise a power input from an external power source, via the interconnection point 66 connected to the delta converter 61, the output 67 supplying power, to the external loads.<br /><br />Battery bank 62 provides power to the inverter 63, which converts the direct current into alternating current, powering the free-electron collector 64. The captured electrons from collector 64 form an alternating current which feeds the delta converter 61 via an output power load wire 67. The alternating part of the three-phase delta converter 61 is fed with alternating current from inverter 63 via connecting wire 65, which is connected in parallel to the continuous DC delta converter 61, which feeds the battery bank 62 and with the continuous portion the inverter 63, closing the cycle of self-feeding and supplying power at the output 67, which is the output power point. Having described examples of preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the scope of the present invention encompasses other possible forms of construction, using the electron collectors connected to a basic circuit of a typical uninterruptible power supply of energy, known as a UPS, comprising a rectifier device (an AC/DC converter) 10, connected to one inverter (DC/AC converter) 12, and attached between them, an energy storage device (typically, a battery bank).<br /><br /><center>
*****************</center>
<br /><span style="color: blue;">A very important part of the above patent is the device described as a “collector of free-electrons”, either from the earth or from space. We have to go to the patent applications mentioned above to find the details of these designs: </span><br /><br /><br /><br />Application Number: BR2013/000015, Publication Date: 07/18/2013, Filing Date: 01/11/2013<br /><br />Assignee: EVOLUÇÖES ENERGIA LTDA (Rua Santa Tereza 1427-B Centro - Imperatriz, MA- CEP -470 - Maranhäo, 65900, BR)<br /><br /><center>
<b>ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTRON TRAP FOR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION</b></center>
<br /><br /><b>Technical Field</b><br />The present invention refers to electromagnetic equipment for electric power generation or alternatively for thermal power generation. More specifically equipment capable of producing abundant electricity and thermal energy from a tiny amount of input electrical energy.<br /><br /><b>Description of the Related Art</b><br />According to Lenz's law, any induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field it generates opposes the change in magnetic flux which produced it. Mathematically, Lenz's Law is expressed by the negative sign (-) that appears in the formula of Faraday's Law, as follows. The magnitude of the induced emf (ε) in a conducting loop is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux (ΦΒ) with time:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_DSn9FPZyh-aCloq625xdMYyxtW9G0eQiXY893smYXyF6zoSvS_Fsr2CXzppvwCEv92keEREfqgiL5cFrDFWKGKu6a87tdOMM8-P0lD8PyAtSvmLCDI0zTKcDW9zlVqJo5bGpKHGlXpl/s1600/77.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="39" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_DSn9FPZyh-aCloq625xdMYyxtW9G0eQiXY893smYXyF6zoSvS_Fsr2CXzppvwCEv92keEREfqgiL5cFrDFWKGKu6a87tdOMM8-P0lD8PyAtSvmLCDI0zTKcDW9zlVqJo5bGpKHGlXpl/s320/77.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />As an example of application of Faraday's Law, we can calculate the electromotive force induced in a rectangular loop that moves in or out, with constant speed, a region of uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field flux through the surface limited by the loop is given by:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDG2T4wz79PK9fvLH5l-fimdf3Jy7Nase2IKXoY3RSR3KhjNyANnSr4CBd0-HdazbFyQDbbWEMYeGzc6VXwIci1zFSnh3m-NZm_hos6gVMQbVqiUdck8jMoS3YObLeUxyCWZIVyFSpEVv/s1600/78.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDG2T4wz79PK9fvLH5l-fimdf3Jy7Nase2IKXoY3RSR3KhjNyANnSr4CBd0-HdazbFyQDbbWEMYeGzc6VXwIci1zFSnh3m-NZm_hos6gVMQbVqiUdck8jMoS3YObLeUxyCWZIVyFSpEVv/s320/78.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><center>
and if the coil has a resistance (R) and the induced current:</center>
<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKzXNPhyw-NMXWvbFkQydc4inB-jHlKM1BYDz_JRjP1TsMuA117dFO_BaEcgCBrQECRPqSQ64Q3u78KLFFCvCVgdOnQqw-hk4l6KYJjPv5G48bMvURPAPC28XfTOHwAC-Tr7wBFANPDr4/s1600/79.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="44" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKzXNPhyw-NMXWvbFkQydc4inB-jHlKM1BYDz_JRjP1TsMuA117dFO_BaEcgCBrQECRPqSQ64Q3u78KLFFCvCVgdOnQqw-hk4l6KYJjPv5G48bMvURPAPC28XfTOHwAC-Tr7wBFANPDr4/s320/79.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />A conductor traversed by an electric current immersed in a magnetic field undergoes the action of a force given by:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFL8AKDNSL9djckGWrpYsF6-MgruvOnEEXhLI__eXCBQh0-13VoBx-UXoWjsYQ4KHAeW0vL7ApI6YZjBPQl75XZAPJlsLOah0smyIFSeps_xljImk-9hwQh5e1uhhf0GI_Yzh2SHFLZdZx/s1600/80.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="25" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFL8AKDNSL9djckGWrpYsF6-MgruvOnEEXhLI__eXCBQh0-13VoBx-UXoWjsYQ4KHAeW0vL7ApI6YZjBPQl75XZAPJlsLOah0smyIFSeps_xljImk-9hwQh5e1uhhf0GI_Yzh2SHFLZdZx/s320/80.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />Thus, the effect of the current induced in the loop appears as forces Ff, and F - FM. The first two cancel each other out and the third is cancelled by an external force P<sub>ext</sub> needed to maintain the constant speed loop.<br /><br />As the force FM must oppose the force F<sub>ext</sub>, current (i) induced in the loop by varying the magnetic flux must have the meaning indicated in Fig.3. This fact is a particular example of Lenz's Law.<br /><br />Considering the experimental activities discussed with Faraday's law, when a magnet approaches a coil, the induced current in the coil has a direction as shown in Fig.1. This generates a magnetic field whose north pole is facing the north pole of the magnet, that is, the field generated by the induced current opposes the motion of the magnet.<br /><br />When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the current induced in the coil has a direction opposite to that shown in Fig.1, thereby generating a magnetic field whose south pole is facing the north pole of the magnet. The two poles attract each other, that is, the field generated by the induced current opposes the movement of the magnet away from the coil. This behaviour is present in all current power generators, and known as ‘engine brake’ is highly undesirable as it increases the resistance and so, the energy loss.<br /><br />When two electromagnetic coils are placed facing each other, as shown in Fig.2, there is no current in either of them. At the instant of power-up of one of the coils, the current in the coil, generates an induced current in the second coil. When powered up, the current in the coil goes from zero to its maximum value, and then remains constant.<br /><br />Thus, when the current is changing, the magnetic field generated by it, (whose north pole faces the second coil) is also changing and so the magnetic flux of this field through the second coil is also changing. Then there is a current induced in the second coil whose sense is such that the magnetic field it generates tends to decrease the flow mentioned above, that is, its north pole confronts the north pole of the first field coil.<br /><br />When the power switch is opened, the current in the first coil drops from its maximum value to zero, and correspondingly its magnetic field decreases. The flux of the magnetic field in the second coil also decreases, and the induced current now flows in the opposite direction. This current flow direction produces an enhancing magnetic field, that is, it has a south pole facing the north pole of the field of the first coil.<br /><br />Thus, there is a realisation of the principle of conservation of energy, expressed by Lenz's law, wherein any induced current has an effect which opposes the cause that produced it. Assuming that the induced current acts to favour the variation of the magnetic flux that produced the magnetic field of the coil, it would have a south pole facing the north pole of the approaching magnet, causing the magnet to be attracted towards the coil.<br /><br />If the magnet were then released, it would experience an acceleration toward the coil, increasing the intensity of the induced current and thus create an enhanced magnetic field. This field, in turn, would attract the magnet with increasing force, and so on, with a continuing increase in the kinetic energy of the magnet.<br /><br />If energy were to be withdrawn from the magnet-coil system at the same rate at which the kinetic energy of the magnet increases, then there would be an endless supply of energy. So it would be a perpetually operating motor, which would violate the principle of conservation of energy. Therefore, it can be concluded that current generators feature a large energy loss during the generation of electricity.<br /><br /><br /><b>Objectives of the Invention</b><br />An objective of the present invention is to contribute to the generation of sustainable energy, proposing an electromagnetic machine capable of producing abundant electricity from an extremely low input of electrical energy.<br /><br />The above objective and other objectives are achieved by the present invention by a device comprised of at least one electromagnetic field-generating device (without a core or with at least one core) powered by an electrical power source (without a core or with at least one core) having their coils, or sets of coils, wound on at least one common conductive member in a closed circuit which itself has a polarised voltage which is connected to at least one conductive interconnection element which is connected to a grounding grid, these interconnections creating a new technical effect, namely, the appearance of an electric current which keeps circulating in a closed conductive loop, and which can therefore be used to power external loads.<br /><br />The device which is the object of the present invention operates as follows: the electromagnetic field generating device, powered by a power source, produces an electromagnetic field which induces an electric current in a closed conductive circuit, creating an interaction between the magnetic poles of the equipment and the magnetic poles of the earth - through both electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. An endless supply of electrons is drawn from the earth into the conductive closed loop, which is connected to the ground through a conductive interconnected grid. Attracted electrons add to the current already flowing in the conductive closed loop, making power available for driving high-power loads, although the device itself is only supplied with a small amount of power. Thus, advantageously, the device which is the object of the present invention, acts as a trap for electrons from the earth and this allows the generation of electricity.<br /><br />Advantageously, the present electromagnetic equipment generates either electricity or thermal energy, providing access to this new source of energy is through an electromagnetic field. The interconnections of the components of the electron-trap of the present invention, cause an advantageous new technical effect, namely, the appearance of an electric current which keeps circling in the conductive closed circuit, with or without voltage being applied and even without a load being connected to the loop - provided that the electron-trap is connected.<br /><br />The proposed sensor can also be used to generate thermal power, depending on the form in which you want to use the effect of the flow of electrical current produced in this electromagnetic equipment.<br /><br />For the generation of thermal energy in amounts proportional to the power of the electron-trap, through the movement of electrons in the conductive closed loop itself, the resistance should be increased by increasing the number of turns around the cores in the conductive element of the closed circuit, and in that instance, the coils of the electromagnetic field generating device, will then be made of heat-insulated electrical circuit components, bearing in mind the required temperature which is to be produced. The thermal energy generated by the electron-trap can be used in any application from domestic to industrial applications.<br /><br />This technology can also be used for various technical purposes in electric machines. By "electrical machines", it should be understood to include: static electrical machines, transformers, ballasts, rotating electrical machines, synchronous machines, dual power supply machines, current rectifiers in synchronous cascade, external pole machines, synchronous current machines alternating current machines and/or direct current machines, electronic equipment and electrical resistances. The capture of electrons can provide single-phase, two-phase or three-phase supplies, operating at low, medium or high voltage.<br /><br />The capture of electrons by induction, does not impact on the environment. The fact is that we use as the capturing force, only a negligible amount of electricity relative to the current captured by the sensor. The relationship between power input and the quantity of electricity generated by the electron-trap is at least 1 to 100, that is, for each 1 watt provided to the sensor, there is at least 100 watts of power available for external loads. This relationship, however, is not limited, as it depends on the mounting of the electron-trap and the objectives of the circuit, and so, the generated power can be greater than 100 times the input power.<br /><br />Another advantage of the earthed electron- trap proposed in the present invention is that the electron-trap can transport electrons from point "A" to point "B" without a voltage drop across the closed-loop conductive element - if it is biased with a voltage - regardless of the distance between the points depending on the strength and quantity of the electromagnetic field generating devices. It is also possible to transport electrons when the conductive element in a closed circuit is itself not polarised. Thus, the electric current is transported without voltage, just by the magnetic field formed between the device and the generator of the electromagnetic field.<br /><br /><br /><b>Brief description of the Drawings</b><br />The present invention will now be described with the aid of drawings, but the design is not limited to the implementations shown in these drawings, although they show other details and advantages of the present invention.<br /><br /><br /><b>The figures show: </b><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFdPLGvOAWM2VzHCP6iCApUWc2rddpYjAyl-kSFZGN7xHWvr5I9pTb-sX6QDRXxlrXbpUlAnpQ4ZaQxH-Vvwo-ZNX9L_eZQug8O0k234iVUsQBFw85nSaISP3CHoZqBCKCFfQsiNlGjkU/s1600/81.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFdPLGvOAWM2VzHCP6iCApUWc2rddpYjAyl-kSFZGN7xHWvr5I9pTb-sX6QDRXxlrXbpUlAnpQ4ZaQxH-Vvwo-ZNX9L_eZQug8O0k234iVUsQBFw85nSaISP3CHoZqBCKCFfQsiNlGjkU/s400/81.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.1 - illustrates Faraday’s law.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNKcj0J3Id6-3U4N1D9AijSD2xxNTNKaOPW7yJ3wH9Kgr1BngnqkL_-tn0uA9FtdMZn7G_A_wTVDd7jcg83eKqRjK-jt90o-Cd9CXCgFZOu6BXnU-QEWunAUAH_8mK57AFiRBF_-M6FDI/s1600/82.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNKcj0J3Id6-3U4N1D9AijSD2xxNTNKaOPW7yJ3wH9Kgr1BngnqkL_-tn0uA9FtdMZn7G_A_wTVDd7jcg83eKqRjK-jt90o-Cd9CXCgFZOu6BXnU-QEWunAUAH_8mK57AFiRBF_-M6FDI/s400/82.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.2 – is a representation of Faraday’s law.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbZBtOqvTaJJbasKweqC5RHWO4dFMainlKulMtKbuesUVoqcyYM_9uXy4X0U8uZJzO9rgSiOTn6asVD-X_ykJn_RoQG_w-TIeVv1BNyS44EwxhFyeHyHkkr26L0fGBln-nF3LLD6j1C31Q/s1600/83.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbZBtOqvTaJJbasKweqC5RHWO4dFMainlKulMtKbuesUVoqcyYM_9uXy4X0U8uZJzO9rgSiOTn6asVD-X_ykJn_RoQG_w-TIeVv1BNyS44EwxhFyeHyHkkr26L0fGBln-nF3LLD6j1C31Q/s1600/83.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig. 3 – is a representation of Faraday’s law.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDglC7_HdBI32jP-_Ya3-07NVYI32hJ78iJfzEZgyhsKdXFKkLJpMubvJlspjDiYJW-990i0sjegVEKzBzeVYZU0-TT8kjqhtWcj-q2nWPGnlQlR6QiaPMIylk7dADRtWZSEaFJh01ymHs/s1600/84.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDglC7_HdBI32jP-_Ya3-07NVYI32hJ78iJfzEZgyhsKdXFKkLJpMubvJlspjDiYJW-990i0sjegVEKzBzeVYZU0-TT8kjqhtWcj-q2nWPGnlQlR6QiaPMIylk7dADRtWZSEaFJh01ymHs/s1600/84.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig. 4 - is a perspective view of an electron-trap with a single phase coil.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsHz3R-jp23_j9X97DkYy8LIEdxKkcEHf0QeDMMtNfQ8phrG2ad6Sg6Y6ue04WqeaKfM0u5d3MgVg2ktb_g4Tsg8cOkeAoLngZcnaZgpJqxtvBF3E1_g6mZvKiZtnYqvz_GJ88xd-8Cf_H/s1600/85.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsHz3R-jp23_j9X97DkYy8LIEdxKkcEHf0QeDMMtNfQ8phrG2ad6Sg6Y6ue04WqeaKfM0u5d3MgVg2ktb_g4Tsg8cOkeAoLngZcnaZgpJqxtvBF3E1_g6mZvKiZtnYqvz_GJ88xd-8Cf_H/s1600/85.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.5 – is a perspective view of a single-phase electron trap with two coils.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9IHZp7doBw7rrr6zxlrFzjNcNfYNS0sBo3ltiiWMRdGKsfEtTjEa6zhQW3_rstsydg0i_NAXcpS-RlKFi7PK41HVAiLoNbqbFeFxqpWh8BHPoQuPCcgLjF1mGIQjZ9q_IC05ZMcyjWx-/s1600/86.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9IHZp7doBw7rrr6zxlrFzjNcNfYNS0sBo3ltiiWMRdGKsfEtTjEa6zhQW3_rstsydg0i_NAXcpS-RlKFi7PK41HVAiLoNbqbFeFxqpWh8BHPoQuPCcgLjF1mGIQjZ9q_IC05ZMcyjWx-/s1600/86.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.6 - is a representation of the effect of electromagnetic flux in the coils around the cores of the electron trap.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmc1k1SytaTDlrJnLlh6qOW6DdOkBNN6LVq7eiI7Bx8k2oS5yKb_vxDCAUSGjOvfbyySoMDZmMePk0S2fmTGNAnHOQsPMTC1PABNnYAeJPU2uF2rlQ_TC3W0UjcYRFNzyN2_lfcf3Z8CK/s1600/87.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmc1k1SytaTDlrJnLlh6qOW6DdOkBNN6LVq7eiI7Bx8k2oS5yKb_vxDCAUSGjOvfbyySoMDZmMePk0S2fmTGNAnHOQsPMTC1PABNnYAeJPU2uF2rlQ_TC3W0UjcYRFNzyN2_lfcf3Z8CK/s1600/87.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.7 - is a representation of an electrical circuit with two coils of the link/coil conductor polarised.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHTo50Gh35NqWutKULeeSIBV7ByIw8bjKUViUqVzBMxrdo5VzNgPLk19UiOJEXOjl_obbHB3c2of28NehgVHRAQ71uwS9LxLXEcMX6vh8sybWhGJ_PoTTvbjW7ICNq2YmaLJUblBZ6jblP/s1600/88.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHTo50Gh35NqWutKULeeSIBV7ByIw8bjKUViUqVzBMxrdo5VzNgPLk19UiOJEXOjl_obbHB3c2of28NehgVHRAQ71uwS9LxLXEcMX6vh8sybWhGJ_PoTTvbjW7ICNq2YmaLJUblBZ6jblP/s1600/88.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.8 - is a representation of an electrical circuit with two coils of the link/coil conductor not polarised.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>Detailed Description of the Drawings</u></b><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8_Mac4EQtc_St_I3oFWEEUW9uRmSlHKhFBHPcYnhmaP07SLhzQUjHZvD9fGm5z9CdUt97ccjdGE4CPcodd5Z4tK63h4fHpa4j9L8qbSetUy1HEiFZLG-1nYHrTr9g_Ik3sGnjRjJJXl1X/s1600/89.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8_Mac4EQtc_St_I3oFWEEUW9uRmSlHKhFBHPcYnhmaP07SLhzQUjHZvD9fGm5z9CdUt97ccjdGE4CPcodd5Z4tK63h4fHpa4j9L8qbSetUy1HEiFZLG-1nYHrTr9g_Ik3sGnjRjJJXl1X/s1600/89.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.4 shows one of several types of electron-trap proposed by the present invention, where the electron-trap is single-phase and consists of at least one electromagnetic field-generating device with at least one set of coils, in this case it happens to be an electromagnetic type coil with one common magnetic core, but it could alternatively have any number of windings of any kind and shape. However, the electron-trap proposed by the present invention can be constructed with a different type of electromagnetic field generating device, such as an electromagnetic inductor or magnet of any type or shape, or any combination of them, and in unlimited numbers for each phase of the electron trap.<br /><br />When winding these coils, for example, coil 4-4, each coil must have at least one complete turn, preferably two turns if the objective is to generate electricity, and preferably four turns if the objective is provide thermal energy. The number of turns in the coils wound around the common core, is directly related to the amount of current to be generated.<br /><br />At least one conductive interconnection element, in this case the driving member 5 - which can be copper or any other suitable conductive, material whether insulated or not insulated, connects or loop-links wire 4 to the ground grid. The connection between the conductor 5 and wire 4 is by electromagnetic induction. Winding 4 is also the power supply for the loads which are to be powered by the captured electrons.<br /><br />Also in Fig.4, the power wires 3.1 and 3.2 (live phase and neutral) have an input from an external power coil 1 which can be energised from any external source of electricity such as a power grid. The trapped electrons can be configured to supply DC or AC current. Thus, if the coil 1 power source is alternating electrical current - AC, then the electron-trap provides alternating electrical current. If the power source is continuous electrical current - DC, then the electron-trap provides continuous electrical current - DC. The electrical supply provided by the trapped electrons can be single-phase, two-phase or three-phase, and at low, medium or high voltage.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMu7eV8gOi1vAAk1F2sbPIcIh29wp5fYw1QFqdVawBgczbe3For9zBymi3jEmhuh3A6L4okyQcqVXByqcqxApSptWs1wNa52xVPonoUsBVuHrU9qg8yZj_NeWzZTmZ-jLJvAsZQGWYuKFh/s1600/90.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMu7eV8gOi1vAAk1F2sbPIcIh29wp5fYw1QFqdVawBgczbe3For9zBymi3jEmhuh3A6L4okyQcqVXByqcqxApSptWs1wNa52xVPonoUsBVuHrU9qg8yZj_NeWzZTmZ-jLJvAsZQGWYuKFh/s1600/90.gif" /></a><br /><center>
</center>
<br />Fig.5 shows an electron-trap with two single-core phase coils: 1 and 2, although these coils may be of any type and shape. However, the electron-trap proposed by the present invention can be constructed with other types of electromagnetic field generating device, with at least one electromagnetic inductor or electromagnet which can be of any type and shape, with any combination of them, and in unlimited quantities in each phase of the electron-trap.<br /><br />The coils on frames 1 and 2 may have other shapes, but they must each have at least one complete turn, particularly in coil 4. The number of turns in this winding are directly related to the amount of current to be generated. This coil also makes the interconnection between the coils 1 and 2 forming the link between their two cores.<br /><br />At least one conductive interconnection element, in this case the driving member 5 - which can be copper or any other suitable conductive, material whether insulated or not insulated, connects or loop-links wire 4 to the ground grid. The connection between the conductor 5 and wire 4 is by electromagnetic induction.<br /><br />In electron-traps which have numerous sets of coils 1 and 2, the ends of all of the power-supply conductors 3.1 can all be connected to each other, and all of the 3.2 conductor ends may be connected together. Thus, all of the coils 1 and 2 can be fed exactly the same voltage. The power to energise coils 1 and 2 can be provided from any external source of supply of electricity such as a power grid.<br /><br />In electron-traps which have numerous coils 1 and 2, a single coil winding 4 connects the cores of all of the coils 1 and 2.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLISbxEBHPrbBrgKoQynCneezX0IFh6ZfQzateEr7cOhES1SEY72a1pnX2RbfMsb3SGhxabeMte5uCztLEwlKl_yUY-cwl9suPFm9IiBclroaaYMtC0z4_6_eORSQbzff6q__7jsGWvlXj/s1600/91.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLISbxEBHPrbBrgKoQynCneezX0IFh6ZfQzateEr7cOhES1SEY72a1pnX2RbfMsb3SGhxabeMte5uCztLEwlKl_yUY-cwl9suPFm9IiBclroaaYMtC0z4_6_eORSQbzff6q__7jsGWvlXj/s1600/91.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The diagram shown in Fig.6, illustrates the magnetic induction 6 around the core "X" of the coil 1. This induction causes electrical current flow in the conductor coil link 7/4, attracting electrons from the earth, through the conductive member 5, to the magnetic field of the electron-trap, where those electrons are added to the current generated by induction in the link coil 4 conductor loop circulating between north and south magnetic poles.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr9OFM2Hp9E01YUcaQxBYtCZ70XQ8G_R7Xk_WW3H8tv1Iz_8QUVOXK_24Z-YP5yxz2Dwe4synsyVjfe3rFX4KkVYME3HFrBOYI4-BnBHp9oQW-LRTFz1loeYvjXzNE4hyeFBf3JZV2pHOZ/s1600/92.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr9OFM2Hp9E01YUcaQxBYtCZ70XQ8G_R7Xk_WW3H8tv1Iz_8QUVOXK_24Z-YP5yxz2Dwe4synsyVjfe3rFX4KkVYME3HFrBOYI4-BnBHp9oQW-LRTFz1loeYvjXzNE4hyeFBf3JZV2pHOZ/s1600/92.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.7 shows how the connections should be made in one version of the electrical circuit of the electron-trap proposed in this invention. The diagram shows the electrical circuit of an electron-trap where the link/coil driver 4 is polarised with a voltage. This is one form of construction for an electron-trap which has two coils 1 and 2, where a link/coil loop conductor 4 is biased with a voltage, that is, there is a link connecting the coil conductors 4 of a power supply 3.1 or 3.2, whatever the stage.<br /><br />In this way, earth electron-traps, by adopting this circuit, that is, with the link/conductor loop 4 and polarised voltage on coils 1 and 2, besides being used as a power source for external loads, can also be used for thermal power generation.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwstiRFyAoHujcnX5W8TnZs0tYkbJ66AvdH289qpw_u2QHV4JduWxGjutdry92KPJitgAGjq4MzU1JQaV3dp6XKhe6Mo7tPSdiQJ-Pk5XKv9X9TQqS6skPuOhurEElWVhUMEfBIgAZjWkt/s1600/93.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwstiRFyAoHujcnX5W8TnZs0tYkbJ66AvdH289qpw_u2QHV4JduWxGjutdry92KPJitgAGjq4MzU1JQaV3dp6XKhe6Mo7tPSdiQJ-Pk5XKv9X9TQqS6skPuOhurEElWVhUMEfBIgAZjWkt/s1600/93.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.8 shows how connections should be made in another electric circuit electron-trap proposed in this invention. the circuit illustrates a circuit of an electron-trap with a non-polarised link / coil driver 4. This is one form of construction of the electron-trap where a link / coil conductor 4 of the spiral conductor coils 1 and 2 is not polarised, that is, there is no such link connecting conductor / conductor coil conductors 4 of a coil 3.1 or 3.2.<br /><br />Thus, earth electron-traps adopting this circuit, that is, with the link coil not polarised, the current flows without there being voltage in the link/coil conductor 4 joining the first and second coils by electromagnetic induction. They can also be used for generating thermal energy.<br /><br />The structure of the circuit - in the open or closed coils 1 and 2, and always in the closed link / loop lead 4 - makes it possible to generate current by induction and electron capture by electromagnetism on the link conductor 4 - where current is generated and stays in motion with or without voltage, as the coils 1 and 2 are being fed. Thus, the present invention provides a new concept for electrical energy generation, since it is obtained from an electric current circling without consumption and even without an output load being attached to it.<br /><br />Additionally, because the induced electrical current flows regardless of the voltage present, it can be used as a current stabiliser for electrical networks whether they be single-phase, two-phase or three-phase, with low, medium or high voltage.<br /><br /><center>
_______________________________________________________________</center>
<br /><br /><center>
<b>ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE FOR CAPTURING FREE<br />SPACE ELECTRONS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY</b></center>
<br /><br />Application Number: BR2013/000014<br />Publication Date: 07/18/2013<br />Filing Date: 01/11/2013<br />Assignee: EVOLUÇÕES ENERGIA LTDA (Rua Santa Tereza 1427-B Centro - Imperatriz -, MA - CEP -470 - Maranhão, 65900, BR)<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><b>Abstract</b><br />The invention relates to a device that comprises at least three sets (A, B, C, D) of at least one device for generating an electromagnetic field (3) and (4), powered by an electricity source (without a core or with at least one core) the cores thereof or any extension thereof, preferably the windings or sets of windings thereof, being surrounded by at least a single conductive element forming a polarised and energised closed-circuit (5), the sets of electromagnetic-field generating devices (3) and (4) being linked together by their opposing poles to encourage the interaction of their electromagnetic fields, which ideally, are located between two hollow metal hemispheres (1) so as to concentrate and enhance the electromagnetic fields, these interconnections causing, as a novel technical effect, the emergence of an electrical current that circulates, with or without voltage, in the conductive element forming a closed-circuit (5) - even if no load is connected.<br /><br /><b>Description</b><br /><center>
"ELECTROMAGNETIC EQUIPMENT FOR FREE ELECTRON-CAPTURE<br />FROM SPACE, FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION"</center>
<br /><br /><b>Technical Field</b><br />The present invention relates to electromagnetic equipment for electrical power generation and/or thermal power generation. More specifically, equipment capable of producing abundant electricity and thermal energy from a tiny input of electrical energy.<br /><br /><b>Description of the Related Art</b><br />According to Lenz's law, any induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field it generates opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. Mathematically, Lenz's Law is expressed by the negative sign (-) that appears in the formula of Faraday's Law, as follows.<br />The magnitude of the induced emf (ε) in a conducting loop is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux (ΦΒ) with time:<br /><br /><center>
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<br />As an example of application of Faraday's Law, we can calculate the electromotive force induced in a rectangular loop that moves in or out, with constant speed, a region of uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field flux through the surface limited by the loop is given by:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><center>
and if the coil has a resistance (R) and the induced current:</center>
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<br />A conductor traversed by an electric current immersed in a magnetic field undergoes the action of a force given by:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1Eq4QLo5TiXpm2MHwB4fpNq9OZ6OglRSx_MNgTJtpwcsPiCSyzsjgPyxVxolCHM-7bTPBekcH1mGIl1hvMraQI1TRVN1KY86-9k8gpjfCC8b20_ppBgcJoDlw6P8PhgL-31VEea3O59X/s1600/98.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="25" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1Eq4QLo5TiXpm2MHwB4fpNq9OZ6OglRSx_MNgTJtpwcsPiCSyzsjgPyxVxolCHM-7bTPBekcH1mGIl1hvMraQI1TRVN1KY86-9k8gpjfCC8b20_ppBgcJoDlw6P8PhgL-31VEea3O59X/s320/98.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />Thus, the effect of the current induced in the loop appears as forces Ff, and F - FM. The first two cancel each other out and the third is cancelled by an external force P<sub>ext</sub> needed to maintain the constant speed loop.<br /><br />As the force FM must oppose the force F<sub>ext</sub>, current (i) induced in the loop by varying the magnetic flux flux must have the meaning indicated in Fig.1. This fact is a particular example of Lenz's Law.<br /><br />Considering the experimental activities discussed with Faraday's law, when a magnet approaches a coil, the induced current in the coil has a direction as shown in Fig.2. This generates a magnetic field whose north pole is facing the north pole of the magnet, that is, the field generated by the induced current opposes the motion of the magnet.<br /><br />When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the current induced in the coil has a direction opposite to that shown in Fig.2, thereby generating a magnetic field whose south pole is facing the north pole of the magnet. The two poles attract each other, that is, the field generated by the induced current opposes the movement of the magnet away from the coil. This behaviour is present in all current power generators, and known as ‘engine brake’ is highly undesirable as it increases the resistance and so, the energy loss.<br /><br />When two electromagnetic coils are placed facing each other, there is no current in either of them. At the instant of power up one of the coils, the current in the coil, generates an induced current in the second coil. When powered up, the current in the coil goes from zero to its maximum value, and then remains constant.<br /><br />Thus, when the current is changing, the magnetic field generated by it, (whose north pole faces the second coil) is also changing and so the magnetic flux of this field through the second coil is also changing. Then there is a current induced in the second coil whose sense is such that the magnetic field it generates tends to decrease the flow mentioned above, that is, its north pole confronts the north pole of the first field coil.<br /><br />When the power switch is opened, the current in the first coil drops from its maximum value to zero, and correspondingly its magnetic field decreases. The flux of the magnetic field in the second coil also decreases, and the induced current now flows in the opposite direction. This current flow direction produces an enhancing magnetic field, that is, it has a south pole facing the north pole of the field of the first coil.<br /><br />Thus, there is a realisation of the principle of conservation of energy, expressed by Lenz's law, wherein any induced current has an effect which opposes the cause that produced it. Assuming that the induced current acts to favour the variation of the magnetic flux that produced the magnetic field of the coil, it would have a south pole facing the north pole of the approaching magnet, causing the magnet to be attracted towards the coil.<br /><br />If the magnet were then released, it would experience an acceleration toward the coil, increasing the intensity of the induced current and thus create an enhanced magnetic field. This field, in turn, would attract the magnet with increasing force, and so on, with a continuing increase in the kinetic energy of the magnet.<br /><br />If energy were to be withdrawn from the magnet-coil system at the same rate at which the kinetic energy of the magnet increases, then there would be an endless supply of energy. So it would be a perpetually operating motor, which would violate the principle of conservation of energy. Therefore, it can be concluded that current generators feature a large energy loss during the generation of electricity.<br /><br /><br /><b>Objectives of the Invention</b><br />The present invention aims to contribute to the generation of sustainable energy, proposing electromagnetic equipment capable of producing abundant electricity from an extremely low input of electrical energy. The above objective and other objectives are achieved in the present invention by a device comprising at least three sets of at least one electromagnetic field generating device (without a core or with at least one core) powered by an electrical power source, having their cores or any extension of them, with their coils or sets of coils, wound on at least one common conductive member in a closed circuit which is polarised by a voltage source, and these sets of electromagnetic field generating devices are arranged with their poles in confrontation, to promote the interaction of electromagnetic fields, and, preferably, positioned between two hollow metallic hemispheres, in order to focus and enhance their electromagnetic fields - these interactions cause a new technical effect - the emergence of an electric current which keeps flowing in a closed loop, with or without voltage being applied to that closed loop, current which is capable of powering external loads - even if no load is attached to it.<br /><br />The device which is the object of the present invention operates as follows: Sets of electromagnetic field generating devices to be powered by an electrical power source, produce an electromagnetic field which induces an electric current in a closed conductive circuit, creating an interaction between the magnetic poles, and through repeated electromagnetic attraction and repulsion, provides an endless supply of electrons to the conductive closed loop itself.<br /><br />The electrons attracted by this technique, augment the current flowing in the closed conductive loop, which provides the current to power external loads of high power, in spite of the fact that the device itself is supplied with only a small level of power. Thus, advantageously, the device which is disclosed in the present invention forms a trap for electrons from space, resulting in the generation of electricity. The interconnections of the components of the electron-trap cause, a new technical effect, namely, the appearance of an electric current which keeps circling in a closed circuit, even without any voltage being applied to the closed circuit, and even without a load being connected to it. The present electromagnetic equipment generates electricity or thermal energy, providing access to this new source of energy through the use of an electromagnetic field.<br /><br />The proposed sensor can also be used for the generation of thermal energy depending on the form of circuit which is to be used, resulting from the flow of electric current produced by this electromagnetic equipment.<br /><br />This field generates a flow of electric current induced by electromagnetic coils, which appears in the linking interconnecting devices generating electromagnetic fields with electromagnets, inductors or magnets. This chain operates in a manner favourable to the variation of the magnetic flux produced by the magnetic field in the electron-trap. Thus, it creates a north pole and a south pole, providing an endless supply of electric current without resistance between the links which interconnect the devices which are generating the electromagnetic fields. So, induced electric current is generated with or without voltage in the interconnection links of electromagnetic field-generating devices, depending on the connection method of the electrical circuit of the electron-trap.<br /><br />The free-electrons collected by the space electron-trap can form alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). The ratio of input power to output power is 1 to 100, that is, the generated power can be 100 times greater than the input power when there is at least one link / coil driver between the coils and the inductors or electromagnets. This relationship, however, is not limited to a factor of 100, as it depends on the shape of the electron-trap and its objective.<br /><br />Another advantage of the free space electron-trap of the present invention is that, with thermal insulation of the components in the electric circuit, it is possible to produce thermal energy at low, medium or high temperature, through the movement of the electrons in the conductors, coils and/or electromagnets. The temperature generated is linked directly to the number of turns in the coils.<br /><br />Thermal power generation performed by the sensor can be used for boiling and/or evaporation of liquids to be used in other types of energy generation, for example, replacing the use of coal and natural gas. Another advantage of the proposed electron-trap of the present invention is that the electron-trap can transport electrons from one point "A" to a point "B", without a voltage drop in the link - if it is polarised - regardless of the distance between the points, depending on the strength and quantity of the electromagnetic field-generating devices. It is also possible to transport the electrons when the link devices generating the electromagnetic field are not polarised. In this way, the electric current is conveyed without voltage but only by the magnetic field formed between the coils. This methodology can be used in various fields.<br /><br />Because of its simple construction, the electron-trap is a simple device which is compact, and performs low-cost power generation which can be used in all types of machinery, equipment and devices of all kinds, and many areas of application which require electricity in order to operate. The electron-trap can have single-phase, two-phase or three-phase output, and can generate electric current at low, medium or high voltage.<br /><br /><br /><b>Brief description of the Drawings</b><br />The present invention will now be described with the aid of drawings, but the design is not limited to the implementations shown in these drawings, although they show other details and advantages of the present invention.<br /><br /><br /><b>The figures show: </b><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br />Fig.1 - illustrates Faraday’s law<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiZ1C4YXH14tWzYQs1koU9XaSvB8vt8JWMeqpMfk6UbBE__xM8R7tEat8j5kLzINI9_OlUAOkQiz1bK195c6tFc76DMlIQJJrWoQxsTK_jO_iW3KM1ia0BtbvuRb6yDZ5wTwQQXNZaDQ79/s1600/100.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiZ1C4YXH14tWzYQs1koU9XaSvB8vt8JWMeqpMfk6UbBE__xM8R7tEat8j5kLzINI9_OlUAOkQiz1bK195c6tFc76DMlIQJJrWoQxsTK_jO_iW3KM1ia0BtbvuRb6yDZ5wTwQQXNZaDQ79/s400/100.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.2 illustrates Faraday’s law where a magnet approaches a coil of just one turn.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1KiT5VQbM9ndmtl0uD4EHkkZ8t6An7HlO4oNAV4sVo2StViKEl4w89bS9sq0iG5hPecvck_wS4RIm0zlpvmX3oYRSntAL9h8iOfM2rnfzkQRR2-ZijunPPv2JOm_n5wZOW9ZjUMTZdrr/s1600/101.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1KiT5VQbM9ndmtl0uD4EHkkZ8t6An7HlO4oNAV4sVo2StViKEl4w89bS9sq0iG5hPecvck_wS4RIm0zlpvmX3oYRSntAL9h8iOfM2rnfzkQRR2-ZijunPPv2JOm_n5wZOW9ZjUMTZdrr/s400/101.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.3 is a view of one metallic hemisphere seen from above.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVbQh-CYECgRPnsxLCK0xdBilIgJRE7cGq1VVVS7tfgazb8eRrXKr_EQNVo6KC3gRSpdBsdjI7maW2oUmG08udnC5bmeAI7HMyhRWTV7ev45TEg58ILsu7x9qsUA_7frWDF38bD3JxpZMe/s1600/102.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVbQh-CYECgRPnsxLCK0xdBilIgJRE7cGq1VVVS7tfgazb8eRrXKr_EQNVo6KC3gRSpdBsdjI7maW2oUmG08udnC5bmeAI7HMyhRWTV7ev45TEg58ILsu7x9qsUA_7frWDF38bD3JxpZMe/s400/102.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.4 is a bottom view of the hemisphere with the coils in place.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraHERdG-jPpsWZ31JcCpx72NAv3gtqb8-BHpuzDdshqq-0iWgsAtoHCfXm0jILnt306sG-s3nt1V4QcvirpJdO1mFVHFNyDZqR6WvqJWTjeXh9QmrMtrNwhTBKSXW4ZEpaxHUXKiZYd7P/s1600/103.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraHERdG-jPpsWZ31JcCpx72NAv3gtqb8-BHpuzDdshqq-0iWgsAtoHCfXm0jILnt306sG-s3nt1V4QcvirpJdO1mFVHFNyDZqR6WvqJWTjeXh9QmrMtrNwhTBKSXW4ZEpaxHUXKiZYd7P/s400/103.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.5 is a side view of the free-space electron-trap.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUDsTtSZ_Te7vUEGYQwzJ5x6AgLoUvCZXpboakjIWu0X8vGWajDPGPBAE_hKt3NO5LoKFGrMuFJX7WSajktWZZ3T3L2PGsdDpjUuagWYT_ERxEqWRlOmhHkaW92x02F7PZhq57doh6kzQS/s1600/104.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUDsTtSZ_Te7vUEGYQwzJ5x6AgLoUvCZXpboakjIWu0X8vGWajDPGPBAE_hKt3NO5LoKFGrMuFJX7WSajktWZZ3T3L2PGsdDpjUuagWYT_ERxEqWRlOmhHkaW92x02F7PZhq57doh6kzQS/s320/104.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.6 is an underside view of the space electron-trap, with its coils and electromagnets.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREYY8i8c1QR7jb4DVTk71ffaUCNVR5avUUfrqjRFWK6Rt_RGAo3uBXstxNedSTMah27hj94sp1draZSeSGdxKmro1l0h4KblxTjJm76Aam-7PGmOCjAx5SXzoPKYC7KzCGgmmb17_LyBa/s1600/105.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREYY8i8c1QR7jb4DVTk71ffaUCNVR5avUUfrqjRFWK6Rt_RGAo3uBXstxNedSTMah27hj94sp1draZSeSGdxKmro1l0h4KblxTjJm76Aam-7PGmOCjAx5SXzoPKYC7KzCGgmmb17_LyBa/s400/105.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.7 a view from above of the space electron-trap with its coils and electromagnets.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39iyRNaATvtx0LhvL0-oYdSlB_2yoPJD9dj003AWdedj2WPZF7gbUmnk5IwAoI02nv6kKlybh_CcZRDViWsoHakp3ZTnfrcInGJ6HSKmIiF6C0U4Gc0e9Fu5e50Ca4sKB3SD3_Vjh4dS2/s1600/106.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39iyRNaATvtx0LhvL0-oYdSlB_2yoPJD9dj003AWdedj2WPZF7gbUmnk5IwAoI02nv6kKlybh_CcZRDViWsoHakp3ZTnfrcInGJ6HSKmIiF6C0U4Gc0e9Fu5e50Ca4sKB3SD3_Vjh4dS2/s320/106.gif" width="289" /></a><br /><br /><center>
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<br />Fig.8 is a perspective view of an electron-trap with its coils.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZql4xq8sNztwj5Bsd-Pv9Tsk6N7geJBSmNc9Iy_F4LLp9VIlyGkAJP5H5BnPQNKmnYBWLOtqf1yVk4azuEntpugDxycEcwfyZe4E9-6DbjPMFWZNz_gRStvJeb2V8adXwjYqYGt7xWp-y/s1600/107.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZql4xq8sNztwj5Bsd-Pv9Tsk6N7geJBSmNc9Iy_F4LLp9VIlyGkAJP5H5BnPQNKmnYBWLOtqf1yVk4azuEntpugDxycEcwfyZe4E9-6DbjPMFWZNz_gRStvJeb2V8adXwjYqYGt7xWp-y/s1600/107.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.9 shows the circuit diagram of the device, indicating the effect of electromagnetic field.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAUGR5PNP4SYtmpFRwihfhU3auYO9h88niMcaaZlAlPgDNDOlXt2NyILnUbCRvRBM-EsNlodwSVrDrXBlBEGxTpkOeezL6gPH5smIBR18fS-KrJMa5kqBa5R1IwtysGjMJ99Jhq9D5UnJ/s1600/108.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAUGR5PNP4SYtmpFRwihfhU3auYO9h88niMcaaZlAlPgDNDOlXt2NyILnUbCRvRBM-EsNlodwSVrDrXBlBEGxTpkOeezL6gPH5smIBR18fS-KrJMa5kqBa5R1IwtysGjMJ99Jhq9D5UnJ/s1600/108.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.10 - shows the circuit diagram of the connection of the inductor coils in sets (A, B, C and D).<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-VEneX-dV2KEvGhzJiwZ_a0SKVQzbZYRFlbdQ8DAl-kKHhG39zqApyQ-5TjO_ZWcuyRgHkpUkJnmEoMtIjrBPAAlKQtmJ7ToEwlLabSiEj9-M5Re9SzLE7a5YIkv0AhZPxgb-CboPaDRz/s1600/109.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-VEneX-dV2KEvGhzJiwZ_a0SKVQzbZYRFlbdQ8DAl-kKHhG39zqApyQ-5TjO_ZWcuyRgHkpUkJnmEoMtIjrBPAAlKQtmJ7ToEwlLabSiEj9-M5Re9SzLE7a5YIkv0AhZPxgb-CboPaDRz/s1600/109.gif" /></a><br /><br /><center>
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<br />Fig.11 - is an electromagnetic diagram representation of north and south poles of the sets of coils (A, B, C and D).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsw8lEpWgwyLZrGoPVs1StsvnBjic9FAU4cCH66P6Kg7dmR03hmWoLTDqGfcGvIaofh9lhdw0S0bDa93-AnAbrPshXG3zp3eJNKaz25nsufj0FJKRhr6I4iMROzyAjQQCFNNE5DQoDyCv/s1600/110.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsw8lEpWgwyLZrGoPVs1StsvnBjic9FAU4cCH66P6Kg7dmR03hmWoLTDqGfcGvIaofh9lhdw0S0bDa93-AnAbrPshXG3zp3eJNKaz25nsufj0FJKRhr6I4iMROzyAjQQCFNNE5DQoDyCv/s400/110.gif" /></a><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br />Fig.12 is a representation of the electrons being attracted and repelled by the device.<br /><br /><br /><b>Detailed Description of the Drawings</b><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8kw8jDbKKbfzM72VK5vrq02KM54Fmf8oiV1CnRcowz1gGHU42YZmGU7h4ogwwI9Bxj5V-UwOOGJpfB6OsycUE44wLFQxHfOqX1nhyphenhyphenDK0FR4ytfV2ipIdXTJWWHe_Sow7Z-SKMMyAO_6k/s1600/111.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8kw8jDbKKbfzM72VK5vrq02KM54Fmf8oiV1CnRcowz1gGHU42YZmGU7h4ogwwI9Bxj5V-UwOOGJpfB6OsycUE44wLFQxHfOqX1nhyphenhyphenDK0FR4ytfV2ipIdXTJWWHe_Sow7Z-SKMMyAO_6k/s400/111.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.3 is a top view of one of the two hollow metallic hemispheres 1 which is part of the electron trap of free space proposed in this invention. Hemisphere 1 is preferably made from, but not limited to, aluminium, and it has mounting tabs 2.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo7aKmL5FVgloQfWDax4SOiee3mho6wKLwKYHN55QnWGLMPdRzrYQU0JaAcuns_6q43fxzrbGgOG42eCegXbJ2tM-MOATmp-Dadtn0CrxtUWbBxQZqoirhoDP9L-_u9ANCI3EiFweN_c73/s1600/112.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo7aKmL5FVgloQfWDax4SOiee3mho6wKLwKYHN55QnWGLMPdRzrYQU0JaAcuns_6q43fxzrbGgOG42eCegXbJ2tM-MOATmp-Dadtn0CrxtUWbBxQZqoirhoDP9L-_u9ANCI3EiFweN_c73/s400/112.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.4 is a bottom view of metallic hemisphere 1. It has four electromagnetic field generating devices 3, positioned around the hemisphere and fixed to support 6 which is attached to hemisphere 1 by mounting tabs 2.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAMRd1qUCICOsU0YQ9u7RrkHA-4Q2hcJl0aM7AYgSCDqIxxjZsehdjR5T1hVuF_BqlbMCHDcuW6CV7x3ejL3ZuyQWOQK3QryFWYtAmPUdgnkwBRIC43QZ0A_7pm5lZuob9bddNKpoWoKzj/s1600/113.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAMRd1qUCICOsU0YQ9u7RrkHA-4Q2hcJl0aM7AYgSCDqIxxjZsehdjR5T1hVuF_BqlbMCHDcuW6CV7x3ejL3ZuyQWOQK3QryFWYtAmPUdgnkwBRIC43QZ0A_7pm5lZuob9bddNKpoWoKzj/s400/113.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.5 is a side view of the free space electron-trap. It shows the two metallic hemispheres 1 and 2 (which form an imperfect sphere), and three of the coils 3 which are attached to the mounting tabs 2 and three inductors 4 which form the closed circuit itself, and which are attached by conductors 5, and support member 6 on which are mounted coils 3 and their components.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsi0JFVwDCSq4XSO75m8H27cfUPpXNxv1Sljura_eNh1d8nu9PMFHpxV99QmDILGafGL1EQzC8u2fmm_3zlFhdTwhyphenhyphenChwz_V6-gBbX99t4r1SH_VztUOMypOOTVGVl0_omhtNQ31HxPU38/s1600/114.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsi0JFVwDCSq4XSO75m8H27cfUPpXNxv1Sljura_eNh1d8nu9PMFHpxV99QmDILGafGL1EQzC8u2fmm_3zlFhdTwhyphenhyphenChwz_V6-gBbX99t4r1SH_VztUOMypOOTVGVl0_omhtNQ31HxPU38/s1600/114.png" /></a><br /><center>
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<br />Fig.6 and Fig.7 show the top and bottom views of the metallic hemisphere 1 which accommodates four coils 3 attached to the holder 6 (not shown) which is secured to the hemisphere 1 by its mounting tabs 2. Fig.6 also shows the inductors or electromagnets 4 their corresponding coils 3 and their interconnecting conductors 5. Each coil 3 and its linked inductor 4 forms a set. In Figures 6 and 7 there are four such sets, marked A, B, C and D. The coils 3, connected by their links 5, each have at least one turn, and if the objective is to generate electricity, then preferably two turns, and if the objective is thermal energy, then four turns. The coils 3 may have various different shapes. The number of turns in the coil 3 are directly related to the amount of current to be generated, and the connecting links 5 may be either a single conductor or more than one conductor, the cross-sectional area of conductor 5 being selected to carry the current which is to be generated.<br /><br />In sets A, B, C and D, the link conductors 5 have at least one turn around coils 3. This winding is connected to the respective electromagnets 4 of each set (A, B, C and D) as shown in Figures 6 and 7. Please note that the inductors and electromagnets 4 can be any type of inductor, and other types of coil may be used.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRMsfS5fpKjweSsKUV9VCDcSdiNYhKhElEVk3CSEtlnSDYUZ4za_vMHtjO5TKWPtooRirpZtoAJ2Y-PsJbeILtnEcLxlMPH3k2dCaM4rmCwhYQb56BJXXqcbr3jbhiDoeyQK9_y6emCHyk/s1600/115.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRMsfS5fpKjweSsKUV9VCDcSdiNYhKhElEVk3CSEtlnSDYUZ4za_vMHtjO5TKWPtooRirpZtoAJ2Y-PsJbeILtnEcLxlMPH3k2dCaM4rmCwhYQb56BJXXqcbr3jbhiDoeyQK9_y6emCHyk/s1600/115.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.8 shows the inter-connecting coils 5 for each of the five sets A, B, C or D linking between coils 3 and 4 in each set. As shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7, the link 5 makes the connection between coils 3 and 4. This means that the wires marked 5.1 are all connected together, and the wires marked 5.2 are all connected together. Doing this, establishes the interconnection links 5 shown in the drawings. The power supply wires marked 7.1 are connected together as are the wires marked 7.2. The wires marked 7.1 are connected to the live phase of the external power supply, while the other ends marked 7.2 are connected to the neutral of the external power supply.<br /><br />In the space free-electron trap of the present invention, the coils 3 can be either single-phase, two-phase or three-phase. Also, the coils 3 may be powered by any voltage (V). The power coil 3 can be energised by any source of electrical energy such as a power grid. The electron-trap can be configured to produce alternating current or direct current. So, if the external power supply is alternating electrical current - AC, then the electron-trap provides an alternating electrical current output. If the power supply is DC, then the electron-trap provides an output of continuous electrical current - DC. The electron-trap can be configured for single-phase, two-phase or three-phase operation, with low, medium or high voltage outputs.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuiz68YCjt7anAlZMBO1PFVkgppaQnUNWlb9NyoG6H04pn4w-965aeii_Yy301csr2RWaGVUTkjqbL_mCOpEfTg0u0q6qEFMUlRlicRBfUB-Wvw6_bjMg-vm8_Bx3Fh7SXLy126jUzq08/s1600/116.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuiz68YCjt7anAlZMBO1PFVkgppaQnUNWlb9NyoG6H04pn4w-965aeii_Yy301csr2RWaGVUTkjqbL_mCOpEfTg0u0q6qEFMUlRlicRBfUB-Wvw6_bjMg-vm8_Bx3Fh7SXLy126jUzq08/s1600/116.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.9 shows an electron-trap circuit diagram with four sets A, B, C and D of inductor coils 3 and 4. Induction is produced around core 9 of the three sets of coils A, B, C and D. The effect of the interaction of the electromagnetic fields 11 is shown. The induction via core 9, causes the circulation of electric current in the links 5, attracting the free electrons through the electromagnetic field of the trap. Then, the electrons join with the current generated by induction on link 5, circulating between the magnetic poles north-south and south-north.<br /><br />By way of example, the coils 3 are shown wound on a single phase column type core, but these can also be of any kind or shape. The electron-trap proposed by the present invention can be constructed with another type of electromagnetic field generating device which has at least one electromagnetic coil or magnet or electromagnetic inductor which can be of any kind or shape, or any combination of those, and with any number in each phase of the electron-trap.<br /><br />The electron capture occurs through an electromagnetic field which is formed with the connection of coils 3 with the electromagnets or inductors 4 through the links 5 between the eight components<br /><br />This closure produces the displacement of the electrons in the coil 3 set (A) (for simplicity, referred to as coil 3A), these electrons are attracted by the protons of coil 3D, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of the coil 3D itself. These coil 3D electrons are attracted by the protons of the coil 3B, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of coil 3B. These electrons of coil 3B are attracted by the protons of coil 3C, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of the coil 3C itself. Similarly, the 3C coil electrons are attracted by protons of the 3A coil, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of the coil 3A itself. These coil 3A electrons are attracted by the protons of the 3D coil, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of the 3D coil itself. Analogously, the coil 3D electrons are attracted by the protons of the coil 3B, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of the coil 3B itself. These 3B coil electrons are attracted by the protons of coil 3C, and are repelled by the electrons of the coil itself induced 3C, and then the coil 3C electrons are attracted by protons of coil 3A, and are repelled by the electrons of the electromagnetic field of the coil 3A itself. That cycle continues as the sets of coils A, B, C and D are being fed by a voltage. These endless attractions and repulsions generate an electric current in the link coil 5.<br /><br />In the electron-trap, the voltage is stable. Regardless of the amount of current generated-which can be very high, the voltage will be the same in the electric circuit of the sensor, because the current moves through the attraction and repulsion of the electrons, regardless of voltage.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2wKnX8tck4DvzyxH2bcnHhTWO13txN-LrV8lcPeVkcpmEnDfHEKhXit42SKXrgholhcccPOcl-uWg-q6T2DDw2rAIvbla17u-EjNDSjMwYtj6rl2zYlNl6AQm26i9kG3UJdCo4Bw-Cpv/s1600/117.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2wKnX8tck4DvzyxH2bcnHhTWO13txN-LrV8lcPeVkcpmEnDfHEKhXit42SKXrgholhcccPOcl-uWg-q6T2DDw2rAIvbla17u-EjNDSjMwYtj6rl2zYlNl6AQm26i9kG3UJdCo4Bw-Cpv/s1600/117.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.10 illustrates a circuit diagram of the electrical connection between the coils 3 and 4 in sets A, B, C and D. It can be seen that the sets A, B, C and D are enclosed between the coils 3 and their associated inductors or electromagnets 4. The supply conductors 7.1 and 7.2, of sets A, B, C and D must be interconnected. When feeding power to the coils 3 and 4 the phase should be connected to 7.1 and the neutral to 7.2.<br /><br />The sets A, B, C and D after being fed with electric current, generate voltage through the attraction and repulsion of the electrons in the linking coil 5, where there is at least one output load 8.1, which should be connected joining sets A and C, and at least one load output 8.2, which should be connected joining sets B and D. The output points 8.1 and 8.2 are the respective phases and neutral of power points 7.1 and 7.2.<br /><br />In this way, a singl-phase electron-trap is created by two pairs of sets of coils/inductors 3 and 4. The 3/4 electromagnet coil set can be replaced by a 3/3 coil set, without any disadvantage to the electron-trap. Sets A, B, C and D, are inserted into a hollow metal hemisphere 1 preferably constructed from - but not limited to - aluminium. The hemisphere 1, whose function is to concentrate and maximise their electromagnetic fields, simulating an electron cloud, has a fixed support 6 connected to attachment tabs 2, and to which the coils 3 are fixed.<br /><br /><center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTTqIzEKFoFm4pUxRZgWIIWV-z9t6mdNx_r-D8hsDOK2JN7b5_bzsSQS0HlcpQT7q6k5DNm0_EkdkD6KcDKkC78IDwheDgeUxJ304ShbGvtBHg3DEhIzsgWLLyHN8oeJy_OxuavegbUBhR/s1600/118.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTTqIzEKFoFm4pUxRZgWIIWV-z9t6mdNx_r-D8hsDOK2JN7b5_bzsSQS0HlcpQT7q6k5DNm0_EkdkD6KcDKkC78IDwheDgeUxJ304ShbGvtBHg3DEhIzsgWLLyHN8oeJy_OxuavegbUBhR/s1600/118.gif" /></a><br /><br />Fig.11 is a diagram of the electromagnetic north and south poles of the inductor coils 3 and 4 of sets A, B, C and D of the electron-trap. The electromagnetic behaviour described for Fig.9 is again demonstrated by the formation of the magnet assembly to the North Pole and South Pole being attracted and repelled by the lines of force of the magnet from the point "A" to point "D", point "A" to point "B", the point "B" to point "C", point "C" to point "A", and so on, as long as there is an electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field of the space electron-trap provides that induced current in a direction similar to the variations of the magnetic flux that produced it. So, the magnetic field creates a north pole and a south pole in each of the sets A, B, C and D, as shown in Fig.11.<br /><br />By feeding the coils 3 of the electron-trap with a desired voltage a magnetic field is generated in coils 3, between the four sets A, B, C and D, which form a flow of electrons. This flow of electrons augments the electron flow which is circulating in the closed-loop link-coil 5, thus implementing free electron capture from space. The electromagnetic field of the coil 3A runs north to south, the electromagnetic field of the coil 3B runs north to south, the electromagnetic field of the coil 3C flows from south to north, and the electromagnetic field of the coil 3D flows from south to north, as shown in Fig.11. It should be noted that the sets A, B, C and D can be formed by any combination of coil, magnet and electromagnet.<br /><br />The south to north electromagnetic field induces current flow in the coil 3A. The north to south electromagnetic field induces current flow in the coil 3B. The north to south electromagnetic field induces current flow in the coil 3C and The north to south electromagnetic field induces current flow in the coil 3D. The induced current flow can have any power and it can be single-phase, two-phase or three-phase current.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNHs1VjkS1WPDqjOyW6082WKiz3JE5cMtE02KpcUBh6udDfGjqQ-7HqqasL3m9mnm-R5RfFZ-S6qpS4XPnLOSigzvrUJNPKNF0gCbRb0UlXhPU4PVlI6TE7NgLsaEIj0ToCfVQT2h6_M0g/s1600/119.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNHs1VjkS1WPDqjOyW6082WKiz3JE5cMtE02KpcUBh6udDfGjqQ-7HqqasL3m9mnm-R5RfFZ-S6qpS4XPnLOSigzvrUJNPKNF0gCbRb0UlXhPU4PVlI6TE7NgLsaEIj0ToCfVQT2h6_M0g/s400/119.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Fig.12 shows the electrons being attracted and repelled by the induction coils 3 and 4. Being repelled and attracted by electromagnetic induction, the electric current flows without resistance.<br /><br />The electron-trap produces electromagnetic waves which can be used for various purposes, including signal transmission at any frequency and for any purpose. The capture is caused by these electromagnetic waves. The same physical effect can be achieved by the combination of the capture devices of other technologies, including electromechanical, electric, electronic, electromagnetic, or through the combination of a magnet or any other magnetised materials.<br /><br />The space free electron-trap of the present invention is a renewable source of electrical power production and a new way of generating energy through the capture effect, generating flows of electrons, generating ordered movement of electrons - electric current - as shown in Figures 9, 11, and 12. Electrons can move without any voltage difference in the continuous loop 5. Alternatively, the loop may be biased with any chosen voltage.<br /><br />The relevant Barbosa and Leal patents in Portuguese can be downloaded here:<br /><a href="http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Barbosa1.pdf">http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Barbosa1.pdf</a><br /><a href="http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Barbosa2.pdf">http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Barbosa2.pdf</a><br /><a href="http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Barbosa3.pdf">http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Barbosa3.pdf</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>The First Barbosa and Leal Replication</b><br />While many people have tried to replicate the Barbosa and Leal power generator design which draws power from the Earth, and failed. One man whose forum ID is “Clarence” read the relevant patents and knew immediately how the design works and what items in the patents are misdirection by Barbosa and Leal. He has built his own implementation of the circuit and it works perfectly. He has generously shared the relevant details. Please understand that what follows is not a description of where to start experimenting, but instead it is an actual working design. Build it as described and it will work. Build it differently and it won’t work. Clarence has this to say:<br /><br />In the Barbosa and Leal patent they make a vague reference to the Lenz Law. It just so happens that this is the <b>key</b> to the whole device. On the overunity forum, a circuit diagram posted by member “ZeroZero” showed the exact and complete method of defeating the Lenz Law, although most forum members did not seem to understand the importance of the circuit. However, I knew immediately that Lenz’s Law was just another name for back-EMF. The Lenz Law effect is overcome by winding the single primary coil in a clockwise direction and the AWG #4 2.5 turn windings are wound on the bare core in an anti-clockwise direction and that totally negates the Lenz Law.<br /><br />What does this achieve? It gets rid of the voltage component in the secondary windings, leaving only the amperage component! When you wind two toroids exactly the same using this method and connect them as shown below, you create a loop similar to a horseshoe magnet with a keeper on it and the amperage in the loop just goes on circulating round and round as shown by Ed Leedskalin. This is the same principle. The loop has the ability within itself to add unlimited amperage, instantaneously to the neutral green Ground Return wire accordingly as the load requires. The only limit to the available amperage is the current-handling capacity of the looped black wire.<br /><br />You can touch the black wire loop connections with bare hands because as there is no voltage, there is no resulting shock. The connecting of the AWG #10 phase wire to the bottom loop wire only serves to orient the polarisation of the amperage.<br /><br />The oriented spinning of the amperage in the loop <b>induces</b> the amperage needed by the load, into the Captor output. This little toroid can allow the loop to load an AWG #4 wire enough to <b>melt</b> it !!<br /><br />The toroid primary wires Live to Live and Neutral to Neutral should be powered from the inverter by a separate circuit<br /><br />Another separate circuit should be used with the Live connected to the bottom black looped wire in order to polarise it. The Neutral powers the input to ground.<br /><br />The return ground rods are linked in a series loop and then, from a convenient ground rod to the green 2.5-turn loop around the black captor loop and then on to serve as the captor Neutral to the load.<br /><br />You will know that you have enough ground rods when the Captor rms output voltage <b>matches</b> the rms voltage of the inverter, and then, you will probably have to add about another ten ground rods in order to keep the rms voltage of the Captor output from dropping. If the Captor rms output voltage drops – simple – add more ground rods. Please understand clearly that without sufficient ground rods, the apparatus just will <b>not</b> work. Here is a connection pattern where many earthing rods are used:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLQD22IX0p49km4zhLnjcSYer-KRLHW9Lyy0iEW50N5JBUtyEjnwe8jKelY90ODFaXhocZkNnI3IP78vjpMDSDq4-Qr3DcfIjVx-zNv1R8NIOGUxcHl-EQG-FloeoU7cpKRQawSGomncMp/s1600/120.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLQD22IX0p49km4zhLnjcSYer-KRLHW9Lyy0iEW50N5JBUtyEjnwe8jKelY90ODFaXhocZkNnI3IP78vjpMDSDq4-Qr3DcfIjVx-zNv1R8NIOGUxcHl-EQG-FloeoU7cpKRQawSGomncMp/s1600/120.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The circuit diagram from ZeroZero shows this arrangement:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB63fYal6A1U2cUaDS8UsCX1JR1E9NExH6ktcWG0nObtkpOtmWATCc9kvQopQDHtLimh3VRWtIu4_MyR6tBFVTbFF3J4pCGfXZ7AJXIpEeeRLGMQDSV4yEj1FyLXgnol8XcpUB8vwEA7FZ/s1600/121.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB63fYal6A1U2cUaDS8UsCX1JR1E9NExH6ktcWG0nObtkpOtmWATCc9kvQopQDHtLimh3VRWtIu4_MyR6tBFVTbFF3J4pCGfXZ7AJXIpEeeRLGMQDSV4yEj1FyLXgnol8XcpUB8vwEA7FZ/s1600/121.gif" /></a><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The direction of winding is vitally important as are the wire sizes. You will notice that the windings on the two magnetic frames are in opposite directions, <b>and</b>, the thick wire loop windings are both in opposite directions, <b>and</b>, the thick wire winds also oppose the thin wire winding on the same frame. Looking from above, the thick wire forms the shape of the numeral 8. The thick wire is AWG #4 with a diameter of 5.19 mm and the other core windings are AWG #10 with a diameter of 2.59 mm. The “polarising loop” is produced by taking a few turns of the AWG #10 wire around the insulation of the AWG #4 wire – the wires inside the cables are not actually joined together. The input and output are marked as “mains” as either 110V or 220V can be used, however, not actually fed from the mains as that would create a ground loop, but instead, the input is from an inverter. The earth wire is AWG #6 with a core diameter of 4.11 mm.<br /><br />While the magnetic frames above are shown as rectangular, they are actually circular toroids (which was what Barbosa and Leal used but failed to mention). The ones used by Clarence are type TD300 1120 toroids with a diameter of 5.2 inches (132 mm) and a thickness of 2.3 inches (58 mm) each weighing 6.2 pounds (2.8 Kg) and available from <a href="http://www.tortran.com/standard_isolation_transformers.html">www.tortran.com</a>. Clarance remarks that building this power generator replication is not cheap and he has spent more than US $2000 on his replication. Mind you, with an output power of 3 kW, this unit meets all of his household electrical requirements.<br /><br />It is said that all builders should get a global or national Geomagnetic Map of their area before building, but Clarence says that he is in a “dead” area anyway, so there is probably little point in this as the number of earthing rods needed in your area is found by trial anyway, and knowing in advance does not change that number.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgXwK7D1BIaTHHyqb9dz9MANyA_2FwzhlGh8ukNIAZszTuPNB2WR7z4-Jdkq2RmW6r_Pl_b-wGHtIxVesBhPN_e1rc10EAGakenIAJcbX9eJu3whZNkwVXkjSElyfZlIxgPmlISw1OwnbJ/s1600/122.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgXwK7D1BIaTHHyqb9dz9MANyA_2FwzhlGh8ukNIAZszTuPNB2WR7z4-Jdkq2RmW6r_Pl_b-wGHtIxVesBhPN_e1rc10EAGakenIAJcbX9eJu3whZNkwVXkjSElyfZlIxgPmlISw1OwnbJ/s1600/122.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Another edition of the circuit diagram is:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4yDyMSNnuw7YMVVGEoze6V1RpEyQrM0kToajmGxU1z8sPXrqE0tZtDbPWgCsWcqJu6TEJ5srB1RlnNZVqyqp16tcKXUL38wHyMUoE7B5ZoVflpbSW6UpUj_h5YjaIdk19QhJcy52SyZq_/s1600/123.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4yDyMSNnuw7YMVVGEoze6V1RpEyQrM0kToajmGxU1z8sPXrqE0tZtDbPWgCsWcqJu6TEJ5srB1RlnNZVqyqp16tcKXUL38wHyMUoE7B5ZoVflpbSW6UpUj_h5YjaIdk19QhJcy52SyZq_/s1600/123.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here are some pictures of Clarence’s successful build:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWNADwnBqghOiEQ5MPcISAHLWeecSBxk-qQuH4es-u-QEZuZWEYRJaNGahX7gcAvbz0etk-0Sb_iQah58TbA8a1OveEhas6SbQLHgR6kRnvZ4Zefj9G9keU125xiiUKG__KN0PF74I43Hq/s1600/124.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWNADwnBqghOiEQ5MPcISAHLWeecSBxk-qQuH4es-u-QEZuZWEYRJaNGahX7gcAvbz0etk-0Sb_iQah58TbA8a1OveEhas6SbQLHgR6kRnvZ4Zefj9G9keU125xiiUKG__KN0PF74I43Hq/s1600/124.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS0UdzYQ_af5_bYn20Nasan96NT4kQnOvQQIBye56U1lcBiMR6tngKfERE_jveccP6ybQnYbJllhuWikZ9KN9_w2FZdccQxI6gLX2za4MuAPQ6avOHOo1_2sbUGlmzxqhT8m-wmzH2_FTk/s1600/125.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS0UdzYQ_af5_bYn20Nasan96NT4kQnOvQQIBye56U1lcBiMR6tngKfERE_jveccP6ybQnYbJllhuWikZ9KN9_w2FZdccQxI6gLX2za4MuAPQ6avOHOo1_2sbUGlmzxqhT8m-wmzH2_FTk/s1600/125.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4IUhYsxUwwtklkfHV9LjujHolKWK90disFG-VD_kMqrbMOBylxpgDKUJ806Wb462lTNqWM6YkUhLzzFqQ2aVMHFZ1ttlpdx2w29qmv7tSNYTJovUD4ZJCmYwqDM2DYwiDG_rxbQqNjkeY/s1600/126.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4IUhYsxUwwtklkfHV9LjujHolKWK90disFG-VD_kMqrbMOBylxpgDKUJ806Wb462lTNqWM6YkUhLzzFqQ2aVMHFZ1ttlpdx2w29qmv7tSNYTJovUD4ZJCmYwqDM2DYwiDG_rxbQqNjkeY/s1600/126.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHAq_Ohs1fnaIsEWP8tu4m5chsiTaSEFL6atSEQ9rYARsnw7AnNPi8x80aDQ1j1qwddp-8vlUQqoYNamML5dkRaELxEN7dqH4G6dUsPDPVhBN0RnD0JOVhMhCt3vRtUMpnPNpOyQvWhYpq/s1600/127.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHAq_Ohs1fnaIsEWP8tu4m5chsiTaSEFL6atSEQ9rYARsnw7AnNPi8x80aDQ1j1qwddp-8vlUQqoYNamML5dkRaELxEN7dqH4G6dUsPDPVhBN0RnD0JOVhMhCt3vRtUMpnPNpOyQvWhYpq/s1600/127.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Components used were:<br /><br />Toroids:<br />-----------<br />Bridgeport Magnetics :<br />Tortran: <a href="http://www.tortran.com/standard_isolation_transformers.html">www.tortran.com</a><br />Contact: Michael Kharaz E-mail: sales@bridgeportmagnetics.com<br />Tortran Division- Contact us - Bridgeport Magnetics Group<br />Custom ordered toroid (2 required):<br />TD300-1120-P, 300VA, 60Hz, Primary 120V, 160 degrees winding on toroid surface, no secondary winding - $125 USD each<br /><br />Smart Battery Charger:<br />--------------------------------<br />Xantrex TrueCharge2 Battery Charger - 20Amp model<br />Website: <a href="http://www.xantrex.com/power-products/battery-chargers/truecharge-2-2.aspx">www.xantrex.com</a><br />Xantrex Dealers list:<br />Where to Buy - N. America<br /><br />Available from Amazon.com:<br />Amazon.com: Xantrex 804-1220-02 TRUECharge2 12V 20A Parallel Stackable Battery Charger: GPS & Navigation<br />Looks like the price is around $260 to $300 USD - depending where you order from.<br /><br />Minimum recommended battery bank size for use with the 20Amp Charger model is 40 Ah<br /><br />12V Pure Sinewave Power Inverter<br />-------------------------------------------------<br />AIMS POWER 3000 Watt 12VDC Pure Sine Wave Power Inverter - Model: PWRIG300012120S<br />Website: http://www.aimscorp.net/3000-Watt-Pu...-Inverter.html<br /><br />Available from:<br /><br />InvertersRUs - $699 USD http://www.invertersrus.com/aims-pwrig300012120s.html<br /><br />Amazon - $799 USD http://www.amazon.com/AIMS-Power-PWR...+wave+inverter<br /><br /><br />Forum moderator “Level” who has done an excellent job of retrieving and displaying Clarence’s material here: <a href="http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/20091-barbosa-leal-devices-info-replication-details-2.html">www.energeticforum.com</a>, says:<br /><br />Stick to the battery and inverter method as the power source, as that is the only way you can avoid a ground loop to the mains electrical power system. The one exception is you might be able to avoid such a problem when powering from the mains if you use an isolation transformer, but isolation transformers can be expensive and have a limited capacity as well.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Caution: Also beware that an inverter with an output of 120 volts or 240 Volts can kill you if you touch live wires, so don't build such a setup if you don't understand such things. You need to take necessary safety precautions.</b></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Ultra-simple Free energy System from Lorrie Matchett</b><br />The style of operation used by Barbosa and Leal looks as if it is related to the developments of Lorrie Matchett. On 16th June 2008, Lorrie Matchett published his very simple design for a device which captures usable free-energy (video: <a href="http://youtu.be/eGD9o7D4To8">YouTube</a>). His device is based on a very simple and well-know principle of static electricity. This is a principle which is taught in schools all around the world but is generally considered to be of no importance as static electricity is considered too low-power to be of any use. I seriously doubt that anyone who has been struck by lightning would consider static electricity to be “low-power” and suggesting that to them is likely to expand your vocabulary with some words which are seldom heard.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Important Note: the following details mention the use of mains voltages and so let me stress that this presentation is for information purposes only and must not be construed as being a recommendation that you construct or use any such device. Should you choose to ignore this and construct and use Lorrie Matchett’s device, then please be fully aware that you do so entirely at your own risk and nobody else is in any way responsible for the results of what you do. </span><br /><br />The principle which is being used here is that an electrically charged object causes the migration of opposite charges on the surface of any object brought close to it. For example if a charged surface if brought close to a metal sphere, then this happens:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJrHaBTYOUgOVQJfmU3LAXYxyDQzAlST1DZAwCnJ-eNunsCa1XUmEushObgdC1-99oHimwST45I8jcD5TmwdGCeN3ie1cvqq1h7uV3yyEXTxPamz4UchnuUTiTf14glYlGCqIT4kJ-aHyb/s1600/128.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJrHaBTYOUgOVQJfmU3LAXYxyDQzAlST1DZAwCnJ-eNunsCa1XUmEushObgdC1-99oHimwST45I8jcD5TmwdGCeN3ie1cvqq1h7uV3yyEXTxPamz4UchnuUTiTf14glYlGCqIT4kJ-aHyb/s400/128.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The ordinary metal sphere “B” which has no particular charge on it is very much affected by being close to a charged surface “A” and the closer it gets, the greater the effect. The surface of the sphere had an even distribution of positive and negative charges on its surface, giving it an overall charge of about zero, but the charged surface changes all that. The positive charges on surface “A” attract the negative charges on the surface of the sphere causing them to migrate towards surface “A”. While the positive charges on surface “A” do repel the existing positive charges on the surface of the sphere, the migrated negative charges of the sphere itself have an even greater effect, causing the segregation of electrical charges shown above. The situation returns to normal if the sphere is moved away again.<br /><br />However, the situation changes considerably if the metal sphere “B” is connected to the ground:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTO8xFypmXMauWj8opVlfLG8wKH4WqMJORvpfsYrKAQEASA7o8OK7CdBcfJ3xImNdn1QuTICH4aj8MxUfQZePCxAp6fS4WT2axvd9W-U_7UDvgKQQ_1JsjVpxQ8DUhxf_jFAnqBD3Lkv4P/s1600/129.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTO8xFypmXMauWj8opVlfLG8wKH4WqMJORvpfsYrKAQEASA7o8OK7CdBcfJ3xImNdn1QuTICH4aj8MxUfQZePCxAp6fS4WT2axvd9W-U_7UDvgKQQ_1JsjVpxQ8DUhxf_jFAnqBD3Lkv4P/s320/129.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The movement of charges on the surface of the sphere is the same as before, but the Earth has millions of spare charges of both kinds and so, immediately siphons off the excess positive charges on the side of the sphere away from charged surface “A”. You will notice that charged surface “A” is not directly involved in any way and no charge moves from “A” to “B”.<br /><br />The same effect is seen if the surface “A” is negatively charged (except for the fact that the sphere has positive charges rather than the negative charges shown above. The only current flow is along the wire connecting the sphere to the earth connection.<br /><br />Lorrie Matchett uses this principle, and for the charged surface he connects one end of a brass rod to the ‘Live’ side of a 100V 60 Hz mains electricity supply. The other end of the brass rod is not connected to anything else. This produces this situation for 8.3 milliseconds:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP1fi4BCTDr6BVTc40Q0Os_yOWbS2oJUld1Fwavm5Av-RS2yeT8Pm2w4N2h9lHH8YxQPHF9TSD_a16zCxjslpbLQeE5aaeRBTsrnwxJboKoj-A96hQsBoV7G3eXmW-W-CyIXQtIXUxzYyW/s1600/130.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP1fi4BCTDr6BVTc40Q0Os_yOWbS2oJUld1Fwavm5Av-RS2yeT8Pm2w4N2h9lHH8YxQPHF9TSD_a16zCxjslpbLQeE5aaeRBTsrnwxJboKoj-A96hQsBoV7G3eXmW-W-CyIXQtIXUxzYyW/s320/130.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />And then for the following 8.3 milliseconds the mains reverses and you get this situation:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8sjCxQTohFvS7IOtMF9EAmKIdkZIggQ7tcoD8PYKxrs9u60WyQIhTG69Kua12uVopWlUPA7RcOHW305IgVgE5Re9SvZsWoqZwR2EZlswdBNU5srpQkRTsQnx2jyv6ACygfIy2WlWevFG2/s1600/131.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8sjCxQTohFvS7IOtMF9EAmKIdkZIggQ7tcoD8PYKxrs9u60WyQIhTG69Kua12uVopWlUPA7RcOHW305IgVgE5Re9SvZsWoqZwR2EZlswdBNU5srpQkRTsQnx2jyv6ACygfIy2WlWevFG2/s320/131.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The result of this is that there is a backwards and forwards flow of static electricity along the earth connecting wire, a flow which reverses direction sixty times per second. This is not conventional electricity but is the same form of electricity which is collected by an aerial. Nikola Tesla’s patents show many different ways of utilising this static electricity, as does Herman Plauson in his patent (<a href="http://www.free-energy-info.com/Chapter7.pdf">www.free-energy-info.com/Chapter7.pdf</a>). Thomas Henry Moray produced fifty kilowatts of continuous power from quite a small aerial. Paul Baumann of the Swiss commune produced several kilowatts from static electricity. Lorrie Matchett settles for just a few watts and he does it like this:<br /><br />He connects the live wire of a 110V (RMS) AC mains supply to a brass rod 28-inches (710 mm) long and 3/16 inches (4.76 mm) in diameter. The rod is not directly connected to anything else and so does not form part of a closed loop circuit and so, no current flows from the mains. It must be stressed that the rod and connecting wire are potentially very dangerous and need to be insulated very carefully to ensure that touching them will not cause an electric shock. Please understand very clearly that as no current of any kind is drawn from the mains that this circuit is not “stealing electricity from the mains”.<br /><br />For convenience, and only for convenience, Lorrie uses the earthing system of the house mains supply by connecting a green earthing wire to the earth pin of his mains plug. It needs to be clearly understood that this has nothing directly to do with the mains supply and any good quality separate earth would be at least as good as the earthing point inside the mains plug. Effectively, there is only one mains connection.<br /><br />Instead of using a metal sphere as shown in the illustrations above, Lorrie uses a coil of wire wound around the insulation layer on his brass rod, and he passes the alternating flow of static electricity, drawn from the earth, through a standard diode bridge as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil3e0Xu_o4pRe3stv5ZlpNPM5RzRz9dQhU621Rup8eLB5KQ1lCXtb5KKgyIm8XGAEpPQkmwFqRs7-NYnp_VX0q2xvSMM7pZFEQ6Kn-UGx4aYP-G3ovu44iNQ9hr7EHRj9ruJucnlj_CQVH/s1600/132.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil3e0Xu_o4pRe3stv5ZlpNPM5RzRz9dQhU621Rup8eLB5KQ1lCXtb5KKgyIm8XGAEpPQkmwFqRs7-NYnp_VX0q2xvSMM7pZFEQ6Kn-UGx4aYP-G3ovu44iNQ9hr7EHRj9ruJucnlj_CQVH/s1600/132.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Lorrie covers the brass rod with insulation which is as thin as possible. He suggest heat-shrink tubing for the insulation and on top of it he winds 0.405 mm diameter, solid-core enamelled copper wire, covering a 24-inch (610 mm) length of the rod, placing the turns closely side by side and leaving 2-inches (50 mm) clear at each end of the rod. Thicker wire should not be used.<br /><br />He also shows a 500 milliamp fuse in the mains supply line. I am not at all happy about that as that fuse can power five incandescent 100-watt mains bulbs connected in parallel, and do you really want that amount of power flowing through you if your insulation is not good enough and you touch it? If you use a fuse in that position I would suggest a 20 mm glass quick-blow 100 mA fuse (mainly because no smaller one is readily available). The fuse is not needed for the circuit and is there in an attempt to protect careless humans.<br /><br />The coil wound on the insulated brass rod is only connected at one end and that end goes to one of the two “Alternating Current” tags on a 3A diode bridge. Lorrie does not specify the voltage rating for the diode bridge, but it needs to be a minimum of 170-volts if the mains is a 110V (RMS) type, and double that for a 220V (RMS) mains connection. I have no idea why he specifies a 3-amp rating, but the minimum bridge available locally at 3-amps which I would recommend is a 400V rated unit which is supplied at trivial cost.<br /><br />We need to understand the effect of the diode bridge. It halves the available voltage and doubles the frequency as illustrated here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHWKwAzYABXlNOgkIe98olPmjv2sA8Cqa76UpSq21-BIGeFyCK66py4T-fXXGnMPNrLD6cy2MC44wrwA2D1dHIhpkdDrz8LNl0wp6afLJ_jCHkGF0f9aU4XK4xmsTnnytapSVM2YZQHXTY/s1600/133.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="58" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHWKwAzYABXlNOgkIe98olPmjv2sA8Cqa76UpSq21-BIGeFyCK66py4T-fXXGnMPNrLD6cy2MC44wrwA2D1dHIhpkdDrz8LNl0wp6afLJ_jCHkGF0f9aU4XK4xmsTnnytapSVM2YZQHXTY/s320/133.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />A 110V supply is supposed to swing from Minus 155V to Plus 155V and back again sixty times per second, which is an overall voltage swing of 310V. When passed through a diode bridge that changes to a voltage waveform which swings from Zero volts to Plus 154V and back again 120 times per second, which is an overall voltage swing of 154V which is an average or “RMS” voltage of 109V due to the sine wave shape.<br /><br />In the rest of the world, the mains voltage is 220V (RMS) nominal, alternating fifty times per second and the Live mains wire is colour coded brown in the UK and the earth wire yellow/green stripes. In passing, the Neutral wire is white for the American 110V system and blue for the 220V system used in the UK.<br /><br />This design has been brought to my attention by Jes Ascanius of Denmark who is a very able developer of all kinds of free-energy designs. He has replicated this design of Lorrie Matchett and confirms that it works. He has also taken the design further and shares some of the practical details which he has discovered through his own experimentation:<br /><br />For greater power, additional rods can be used:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52he3LgSRxaQfZZ6OCGpYAeZ8F1u56TKNkr6AoWOhUEbR2JJs2eSnPbWXfty3L9It71pASuCcg4OZPHs4SbTfofYUbOPq410rXrJtB2Zx1EQYaLoE_wOaz3Mp_3sMUeRm6gMIuC9k2zj3/s1600/134.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52he3LgSRxaQfZZ6OCGpYAeZ8F1u56TKNkr6AoWOhUEbR2JJs2eSnPbWXfty3L9It71pASuCcg4OZPHs4SbTfofYUbOPq410rXrJtB2Zx1EQYaLoE_wOaz3Mp_3sMUeRm6gMIuC9k2zj3/s1600/134.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />While brass is considered to be the best material for the rod, the diameter is not critical in any way and any size from 5 mm to 20 mm can be used and instead of a rod, a length of brass pipe should be quite suitable. It is also possible to use other materials for the rod but doing that reduces the output power available.<br /><br />Jes has checked the output of his implementation with the mains fuse removed. The result was an output voltage of 2.6V picked up from the many 220V 50Hz signals generated by the mains wiring all around the place for lighting and sockets. When the fuse is inserted, the voltage rises immediately to 129V with two rods or 162V with five rods. When that voltage is loaded with a 7-watt LED lighting array, the voltage gets pulled down to 61V, but good lighting is being produced for zero current draw from the mains. I would expect that putting a reasonably large capacitor across the load, that the reservoir effect of the capacitor would improve the LED output.<br /><br />Jes initially used two long rods wound with coils:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXbCuloHPAywEITnorSZvzgZ5A0smr1jpioKKPeCnaCQx7umzHMCxDRblXd0L3s3-VQxF7ILLRvNEhUhtyYgsuy3kebKv2iK03cr9Dcaw8dPDg7Q4m1WIg1YZXA_1797lV_YilUouT9td7/s1600/135.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXbCuloHPAywEITnorSZvzgZ5A0smr1jpioKKPeCnaCQx7umzHMCxDRblXd0L3s3-VQxF7ILLRvNEhUhtyYgsuy3kebKv2iK03cr9Dcaw8dPDg7Q4m1WIg1YZXA_1797lV_YilUouT9td7/s1600/135.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />And later, five rods. His AC ammeter is sensitive enough to show that due to inefficiencies caused by the tiny stray capacitance between the rods and the coils, there is a very slight current draw from the mains. The mains wattage is far less than the output wattage of the system.<br /><br />An improvement implemented by Jes is adding four high-speed BYV27 diodes to the ordinary diode bridge like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSGaTHyCwW50M5DOO3KJC4G01eaapCx-m3ytqyA8Ag4mEliyVGkVw3cEBxOd-mj5jfFiSOpEOWR1wWnb3YxqmfHwoxqqWK1ah9EPvTvNmU8DDRzDkzDA3SPShMcFVLPnQuqcu6_uuIhOPA/s1600/136.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSGaTHyCwW50M5DOO3KJC4G01eaapCx-m3ytqyA8Ag4mEliyVGkVw3cEBxOd-mj5jfFiSOpEOWR1wWnb3YxqmfHwoxqqWK1ah9EPvTvNmU8DDRzDkzDA3SPShMcFVLPnQuqcu6_uuIhOPA/s1600/136.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This has the effect of improving the action of the diode bridge and allows more power to extracted from each cycle of the energy flow. When using two brass rods, Jes gets his 5-watt LED array to light up like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8VBnfqqDW3FKh5FRo7_h7sT4_M1aI7QsV4xz4Jh9oPlzUpIDQEJ9q8x3tALKrym6Fa0j2N7BE2emt1t_V0WUpaBZ8GUsg9H47DhRT19gtRNKL-IJgDCHx1Z4rV1QsQccmGHY5j6DWcba/s1600/137.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8VBnfqqDW3FKh5FRo7_h7sT4_M1aI7QsV4xz4Jh9oPlzUpIDQEJ9q8x3tALKrym6Fa0j2N7BE2emt1t_V0WUpaBZ8GUsg9H47DhRT19gtRNKL-IJgDCHx1Z4rV1QsQccmGHY5j6DWcba/s1600/137.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Lorrie also extended his development to a remarkable 48 rods:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuS-He76RivdIuzGbqqWuC0RpTwt5BsZ6KdsEJt1g196d8eO29KJ24YW58qoVaqdY1P1PHGaIU8_fKxEtMbmNM9zQMIgWTv2Sz94UVD20z43UhwJR1igul2hedDERL1FEaT-FS7dwp6Wxw/s1600/138.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuS-He76RivdIuzGbqqWuC0RpTwt5BsZ6KdsEJt1g196d8eO29KJ24YW58qoVaqdY1P1PHGaIU8_fKxEtMbmNM9zQMIgWTv2Sz94UVD20z43UhwJR1igul2hedDERL1FEaT-FS7dwp6Wxw/s1600/138.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><a href="http://youtu.be/hJyZK6t9qcA">Video link</a>. The electrical output could be used to charge batteries. Adding extra turns does not increase the output voltage. If the number of turns in each coil matches the output load, then the output power will be greater<br /><br />Alexkor in Russia, who is expert in recharging batteries has experimented with this concept and he uses ten coils connected in parallel. He does not use brass, but instead uses the much shorter 300 mm long, 3 mm diameter welding rods with their chemical coating removed. Also, these rods are only used to raise the effectiveness of two separate coils wound on each rod. Each coil is 700 to 750 turns of 0.4 mm diameter wire and the connections are made to the coils and not the rods, as shown here for a single coil pair :<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh28CPUqYwHA4B3zoPpwOcO8vp4oGgO9XXRiaeTuvT5hzXizixMukZTOxKUmPb5JPB5Ds5ZcDhQlpQsEGK1kIx6FkC-xrWQpQ0MvARXCFl7Mdl7NbyHP644-4eMHvtPWuHuf-fMwALE-xd5/s1600/139.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh28CPUqYwHA4B3zoPpwOcO8vp4oGgO9XXRiaeTuvT5hzXizixMukZTOxKUmPb5JPB5Ds5ZcDhQlpQsEGK1kIx6FkC-xrWQpQ0MvARXCFl7Mdl7NbyHP644-4eMHvtPWuHuf-fMwALE-xd5/s1600/139.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Alex isolates his set of 10 coil-pairs inside a short length of plastic piping:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeBIAh_fXijORUNnuXVeW5Hv9PQ7s5jXiyiiVmBnX1NYVzotUFmr6DrLPKqki2wQ3awGy-w15foMphMo0JQfITERThrlwyEyinM82hG-pAQEFout4HR6tdD6UpfG5_TMxTKbZORscUt5ga/s1600/140.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeBIAh_fXijORUNnuXVeW5Hv9PQ7s5jXiyiiVmBnX1NYVzotUFmr6DrLPKqki2wQ3awGy-w15foMphMo0JQfITERThrlwyEyinM82hG-pAQEFout4HR6tdD6UpfG5_TMxTKbZORscUt5ga/s400/140.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />and uses them to power his battery-charging circuit:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0N7fDrWOsZJ84vNdebWhuefbirrU59LnfFpBj9aORV5veMjC7djFlV4S7M7owpwSD6g4dMGd6f8m4M_st6bfnQn8r6pyi4b_NOj8TCDwNOA5R-yahgzH_hD1X-pGeD-MUvWd1LAgzSc2/s1600/141.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0N7fDrWOsZJ84vNdebWhuefbirrU59LnfFpBj9aORV5veMjC7djFlV4S7M7owpwSD6g4dMGd6f8m4M_st6bfnQn8r6pyi4b_NOj8TCDwNOA5R-yahgzH_hD1X-pGeD-MUvWd1LAgzSc2/s400/141.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />Some people claim that these Matchette style circuits just draw power from the mains. I do not believe that that is the case (although there is a very small leakage caused by the slight capacitance between the coils and the rods, and that is indeed, charged for by the electricity supply company. For drawing power from the mains, a circuit like this is used:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIsQTC3TOrNpMaAgbFTgLCYhKV7W2D0oqud3jnk3ums0GJQbEzdlKeIAa5AR8fyModk32lbtda5i5O2pFNyOTd6pf1wDCczp0HNQOfeIEYZP4b0N5bVBoaqGYtYLjbN-y9XRFxz6Z4v3bl/s1600/142.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIsQTC3TOrNpMaAgbFTgLCYhKV7W2D0oqud3jnk3ums0GJQbEzdlKeIAa5AR8fyModk32lbtda5i5O2pFNyOTd6pf1wDCczp0HNQOfeIEYZP4b0N5bVBoaqGYtYLjbN-y9XRFxz6Z4v3bl/s1600/142.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, the output voltage is determined by the number of turns in the coils and the available current is controlled by the number of rods involved:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbnsDiBnSYr07fnnqYWjIeZjto46i3aI_qWQHFzzDuJcLoVu2hsRW5IRXg5nwAxi28XmjLc8ncRCO74_Ij18Gv_8gc3L5RFlN6ZlfDwoW5QIvGgwzLi7rI1GnDMsSCFHz9Zb_U3FMPfy6/s1600/143.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbnsDiBnSYr07fnnqYWjIeZjto46i3aI_qWQHFzzDuJcLoVu2hsRW5IRXg5nwAxi28XmjLc8ncRCO74_Ij18Gv_8gc3L5RFlN6ZlfDwoW5QIvGgwzLi7rI1GnDMsSCFHz9Zb_U3FMPfy6/s1600/143.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />You will notice that these circuits have connections only to the mains and nowhere else. These are not circuits which I use, nor do I recommend that you use it either. The green bars are iron welding rods with the chemical coating removed. These are then wound with a single layer of 0.5 mm diameter enamelled copper wire – that is swg 25 or AWG 24 size wire (a power hand screwdriver is said to be good for coil winding like that). The side-by-side wire coil is then coated with shellac or high-voltage varnish. I am told that with 220V mains power and a 1A diode bridge, that power can be drawn from the circuit without anything being recorded on the electricity supply meter. This is a seriously dangerous circuit as it can produce high voltage at the output of the bridge and that power could kill you. No power drain is recorded, presumably because the coils are wound in opposing directions. Now that is a circuit which could be considered to “steal” power from the mains.<br /><br />The Matchett style circuit is different in that the power flows through the circuit from the ground. Barbosa and Leal demonstrated 169 kilowatts of power flowing from the ground, and as they powered their circuit from a battery-driven inverter and not the mains, there was definitely no question of ‘stealing’ mains power. The battery input also allowed them to establish the actual performance as 104 times more energy flowing out of their circuit than the energy flowing into it.<br /><br />Actually, I’m not at all convinced that the circuit shown above does actually draw net power from the mains. The mains meter charges you for power assessed by multiplying the average voltage by the average current, even when those two are out of step and you receive less power than you are charged for. In this instance, if no current draw is registered on the meter, then perhaps as a result of the opposing direction coils, the power drawn is matched by an equal amount being returned to the mains and there may not be any real net current draw. Either way, I do not recommend the use of these circuits.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Theodore Annis & Patrick Eberly</b></span> have produced a variation on this multiple-magnetic-path method which is shown in their US Patent Application 20090096219. They have opted to use a motionless reluctance switch which is a solid-state device which can block magnetic flow when energised. They have arranged one of their devices like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirvbHshuKB-JGDq7RcuU_gseIV-MATmtAR4wF7pWaa6jAou7lON-i5nCLw-8dmlfKD4JuqusuLMEX4QmB1GyE97bFoVWDxz3uNvIC80oLTDzgVp79RT6Fo-jWF8buzbI6ulUsL0KVcQgCo/s1600/144.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirvbHshuKB-JGDq7RcuU_gseIV-MATmtAR4wF7pWaa6jAou7lON-i5nCLw-8dmlfKD4JuqusuLMEX4QmB1GyE97bFoVWDxz3uNvIC80oLTDzgVp79RT6Fo-jWF8buzbI6ulUsL0KVcQgCo/s1600/144.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The ring shown in grey is a magnet which connects to the ring shown in yellow through two diagonal ‘reluctance’ (magnetic flow) switches. The yellow ring can carry magnetic flux and the control box marked 118 switches the diagonal strips on and off in turn, causing the magnetic flux to reverse it’s direction through the yellow ring. The coils wound on the yellow ring pick up this reversing magnetic flux and pass it out as an electric current. While only one pair of rings are shown here, the design allows for as many rings as are needed to be connected together as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidS8fOLVTv9JXLAA5wmm4kwN3aGx_owt6TW1gGrid5CAVTFKm0feM1pzSpgXbGR5XjVgJPVkvM1v_Ok1XQJCnRCuvyIg2FBFIRecPJMxYQBvLpcHv3hztPi53FfLTpp8OLBo5aHN2VILsW/s1600/145.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidS8fOLVTv9JXLAA5wmm4kwN3aGx_owt6TW1gGrid5CAVTFKm0feM1pzSpgXbGR5XjVgJPVkvM1v_Ok1XQJCnRCuvyIg2FBFIRecPJMxYQBvLpcHv3hztPi53FfLTpp8OLBo5aHN2VILsW/s1600/145.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The patent says: "The currently preferred motionless reluctance switch is described by Toshiyuki Ueno & Toshiro Higuchi, in their paper entitled "Investigation of the Dynamic Properties of a Magnetic Flux Control Device composed of Laminations of Magnetostrictive Piezoelectric Materials" - University of Tokyo 2004. As shown in <b>Fig.4</b>, this switch is made of a laminate of a Giant Magnetostrictive Material <b>42</b>, a TbDyFe alloy, bonded on both sides by a Piezoelectric material <b>44, 46</b> to which electricity is applied. The application of electricity causes the reluctance of the piezoelectric material to increase.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7596y1QBeDstJ_QaAQEk2fNkTbUXwTkpgGAKaSUigJzn3Umji-bqye_oJu8JsDqzhGCOncMpbeDf-ZotA_w7gXSwcleBt4nlr8ca_ITDNvSD4Ner0m9OhoxhUpEmg7obMvH7d6v1D063U/s1600/146.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7596y1QBeDstJ_QaAQEk2fNkTbUXwTkpgGAKaSUigJzn3Umji-bqye_oJu8JsDqzhGCOncMpbeDf-ZotA_w7gXSwcleBt4nlr8ca_ITDNvSD4Ner0m9OhoxhUpEmg7obMvH7d6v1D063U/s400/146.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The full patent application is included in the Appendix.<br /><br />However, very interestingly, there is another, completely different patent application from Annis and Eberly, with the same publication date and the same number. It is not at all obvious to me how that could be, but here is the bulk of that other patent application (the original being in the Appendix)<br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>ENERGY GENERATION APPARATUS AND METHODS<br />BASED UPON MAGNETIC FLUX SWITCHING</b></center>
<br /><br /><b>Abstract</b><br />In an electrical energy generator, at least one permanent magnet generates flux and a magnetisable member forms the single flux path. An electrically conductive coil is wound around the magnetisable member, and a plurality of flux switches are operative to sequentially reverse the flux from the magnet through the member, thereby inducing electrical current in the coil. A “Figure of Eight” construction comprises two continuous loops of magnetisable material sharing a magnetisable member common to both loops. An alternative configuration uses stacked loops and a separate piece of material acting as the magnetisable member. One end of the magnet is coupled to one of the loops, with the other end being coupled to the other loop. Each loop further includes two flux switches operated in a 2 × 2 sequence to sequentially reverse the flux through the magnetisable member. A relatively small amount of electrical power is used to control the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet by switching the flux between alternate paths. The resulting power from the switched magnetic flux yields substantially more power than the power required for the input switching.<br /><br /><br /><b>Description<br /><br />FIELD OF THE INVENTION</b>This invention relates generally to energy generation and, in particular, to methods and apparatus wherein magnetic flux is switched through a flux path to produce electricity.<br /><br /><b>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</b>Magnetic flux may exist in “free-space,” in materials that have the magnetic characteristics of free-space, and in materials with magnetically conductive characteristics. The degree of magnetic conduction in magnetically conductive materials is typically indicated with a B-H hysteresis curve, by a magnetisation curve, or both.<br /><br />Permanent magnets may now be composed of materials which have a high coercively (Hc), a high magnetic flux density (Br), a high magneto motive force (mmf), a high maximum energy product (BHmax), with no significant deterioration of magnetic strength over time. An example is the NdFeB permanent magnet from VAC of Germany, which has an Hc of 1,079,000 Amperes/meter, a Br of 1.427 Tesla, an mmf ranging up to 575,000 Ampere-turns, and a BHmax of 392,000 Joules/meter3.<br /><br />According to Moskowitz, “Permanent Magnet Design and Application Handbook” 1995, page 52, magnetic flux may be thought of as flux lines which always leave and enter the surfaces of ferromagnetic materials at right angles, which never can make true right-angle turns, which travel only in straight or curved paths, which follow the shortest distance, and which follow the path of lowest reluctance (resistance to magneto motive force).<br /><br />Free space presents a high reluctance path to magnetic flux. There are many materials which have magnetic characteristics similar to those of free space. There are other materials which offer a low or lower reluctance path for magnetic flux, and it is these materials that typically comprise a defined and controllable magnetic path.<br /><br />High-performance magnetic materials for use as magnetic paths within a magnetic circuit are now available and are well suited for the (rapid) switching of magnetic flux with a minimum of eddy currents. Certain of these materials are highly non-linear and respond to a “small” applied magneto motive force (mmf) with a robust generation of magnetic flux (B) within the material. The magnetisation curves of such materials show a high relative permeability (ur) until the “knee of the curve” is reached, at which point ur decreases rapidly approaching unity as magnetic saturation (Bs) is reached.<br /><br />Some of these non-linear, high-performance magnetic materials are referred to as “square” due to the shape of their B-H hysteresis curves. An example is the FINEMET® FT-3H nanocrystalline core material made by Hitachi of Japan. Other examples include Superperm49, Superperm80, SuperMalloy, SuperSquare80, Square50, and Supermendur, which are available from Magnetic Metals in the USA.<br /><br />A “reluctance switch” is a device or means that can significantly increase or decrease (typically increase) the reluctance of a magnetic path. This is ideally done in a direct and rapid manner, while allowing a subsequent restoration to the previous (typically lower) reluctance, also in a direct and rapid manner. A reluctance switch typically has analogue characteristics. By way of contrast, an off/on electric switch typically has a digital characteristic, as there is no electricity “bleed-through.” With the current state of the art, however, reluctance switches exhibit some magnetic flux bleed-through. Reluctance switches may be implemented mechanically, such as to cause keeper movement to create an air gap, or electrically by various other means.<br /><br />One electrical reluctance switch implementation uses a control coil or coils wound around a magnetic path or a sub-member that affects the path. U.S. Navy publication, “Navy Electricity and Electronics Series, Module 8 -Introduction to Amplifiers” September 1998, page 3-64 to 3-66 describes how to modulate alternating current by changing the reluctance of the entire primary magnetic path by these means, one of which is used in a saturable-core reactor and the other in a magnetic amplifier. Flynn, U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,561; Patrick et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,718; Pedersen, U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,938; Marshall, and US Patent Application 2005/01256702-A1 all disclose methods and apparatus that employ this type of reluctance switch for switching magnetic flux from a stationary permanent magnet or magnets for the purpose of generating electricity (and/or motive force).<br /><br />Another electrical means of implementing a reluctance switch is the placement within the primary magnetic path of certain classes of materials that change (typically increase) their reluctance upon the application of electricity. Another electrical means of implementing a reluctance switch is to saturate a sub-region of a primary magnetic path by inserting conducting electrical wires into the material comprising the primary magnetic path. Such a technique is described by Konrad and Brudny in “An Improved Method for Virtual Air Gap Length Computation,” in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 2005<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Another electrical means of implementing a reluctance switch is described by Valeri Ivanov of Bulgaria on the web site <a href="http://www.inkomp-delta.com/">www.inkomp-delta.com</a>, shown in Fig.1. An electric toroid 110 is inserted into a primary magnetic path (100), so that the primary magnetic path is divided into two sub-paths 110A and 110B. A net magnetic flux reduction effect in the primary magnetic path 100 results from the combination of the effects in the two sub-paths 110A and 110B, each of which results from different physics principles. In the first sub-path 110A, the magnetic flux generated by applying electrical current to the windings 110 around toroidal path 110 opposes and subtracts from its portion of the magnetic flux 103 received from the primary magnetic path 100 yielding a reduced magnetic flux, which is also further reduced by a decrease in the sub-path 110A's relative permeability thereby increasing the reluctance of the sub-path. In the second sub-path 110B, the magnetic flux generated by applying electrical current to the toroid windings 111 adds to its portion of the magnetic flux 103 received from primary magnetic path 100 yielding an increased net magnetic flux that approaches or exceeds the knee of the material's magnetisation curve thereby reducing its relative permeability and increasing its reluctance.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</b><br />This invention is directed to methods and apparatus where magnetic flux is switched in both direction and intensity through a flux path to produce electricity. The apparatus broadly comprises at least one permanent magnet generating flux, a magnetisable member forming the flux path, an electrical conductor wound around the magnetisable member, and a plurality of flux switches operating to reverse sequentially, the flux from the magnet flowing through the member, thereby inducing electrical current in the coil.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The preferred embodiment includes first and second loops of magnetisable material. The first loop has four segments in order A, 1, B, 2, and the second loop has four segments in order C, 3, D, 4. The magnetisable member couples segments 2 and 4, and the permanent magnet couples segments 1 and 3, such that the flux from the magnet flows through segments A, B, C, D and the magnetisable member. Four magnetic flux switches are provided, each controlling the flux through a respective one of the segments A, B, C, D. A controller is operative to activate switches A-D and B-C in an alternating sequence, thereby reversing the flux through the segment and inducing electricity in the electrical conductor. The flux flowing through each segment A, B, C, D is substantially half of that flowing through the magnetisable member prior to switch activation<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The loops and magnetisable member are preferably composed of a nanocrystalline material exhibiting a substantially square BH intrinsic curve. Each magnetic flux switch adds flux to the segment it controls, thereby magnetically saturating that segment when activated. To implement the switches, each segment may have an aperture formed through it and a coil of wire wound around a portion of that segment and through the aperture. The controller may be at least initially operative to drive the switch coils with electrical current spikes.<br /><br />The first and second loops may be toroidal in shape, and the loops may be spaced apart from one another, with A opposing C, and 1 opposing 3, and with B opposing D and 2 opposing 4. The magnetisable member in this case is preferably a separate piece of material. Alternatively, the first and second loops may form a “Figure of eight” shape, with the two loops intersecting to form the magnetisable member.<br /><br />The permanent magnet(s) and the material comprising the magnetic paths are preferably proportioned such that the material through the common segment is at or slightly below its maximum relative permeability before the electrically conducting output coil is energized. In the preferred embodiments, the power resulting from the switched magnetic flux yields substantially more power than the power required for the input switching.<br /><br /><br /><b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</b><br />Fig.1 is a drawing of a prior art reluctance switch in the form of an electrical toroid inserted into a primary magnetic path;<br />Fig.2 is a detail drawing of a reluctance switch according to the invention;<br />Fig.3A and Fig.3B are detail drawings showing the use of four reluctance switches according to the invention;<br />Fig.4 is a drawing which depicts a preferred embodiment of the invention;<br />Fig.5 is a detail drawing an alternative reluctance switch according to the invention implemented through split laminations;<br />Fig.6A and Fig.6B show the operation of an energy generator according to the invention;<br />Fig.7A is an exploded view of a preferred energy generator construction;<br />Fig.7B is a side view of the construction shown in Fig.7A;<br />Fig.8 is a simplified schematic diagram of components used to simulate the apparatus of the invention;<br />Fig.9A is a diagram that shows the current delivered to one pair of flux switches in the simulation;<br />Fig.9B is a diagram that shows the current delivered to the other set of flux switches in the simulation;<br />Fig.10 shows the output of the simulation shown here; and<br />Fig.11 is a block diagram of a controller applicable to the invention<br /><br /><br /><b>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION</b><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Fig.2 is a detail drawing of a reluctance switch according to the invention. The reluctance switch includes the following components: a closed magnetic path 110 comprised of a high performance magnetic material (preferably a non-linear material exhibiting a “sharp knee” as saturation is approached), around which is wound a coil 111. The closed magnetic path 110 shares a common segment 101 with a primary magnetic path 100, in which magnetic flux 103 is induced by a permanent magnet (shown in subsequent drawings). Electric current is applied to windings 111 having a polarity and sufficient amperage so that the magnetic flux generated in the path of switch 110 is additive to the magnetic flux 103 from the permanent magnet, such that the primary path 110 approaches or reaches magnetic saturation.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Fig.3A and Fig.3B are detail drawings of an apparatus which employs four reluctance switches according to the invention in a manner similar to that disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/735,746 entitled “Electricity Generating Apparatus Utilising a Single Magnetic Flux Path”, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. In this and in all embodiments described herein, the geometry of the closed magnetic paths may be circular (toroidal), rectangular, or any other closed-path shapes . A primary path 304 carries the flux from permanent magnet 302 unidirectionally. Flux switch pairs 310 A/E and 310 B/D are activated in alternating fashion to reverse the flux in magnetisable member 304C, thereby inducing electrical current in winding 330. Fig.3A shows the flux flow in one direction, and Fig.3B shows it reversed.<br /><br />In Fig.3A, switches 310A and 310E are activated by controller 320 in electrical communication with the windings on the switches such as through conductor 322 to winding 324. The additional flux in switches 310A and 310E are additive with the flux that would otherwise be present in segments 304A and 304E, thereby saturating these paths, causing the flux through segment 304C to be in the direction shown. In Fig.3B, switches 310B and 310D are activated, saturating segments 304B and 304D, and reversing the flow.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Fig.4 is a drawing that depicts an embodiment of the invention using circular toroids 400, 401 and multiple permanent magnets 402, 403 disposed in the primary path 404. The two toroids 400, 401 intersect, forming magnetisable member 404E. A coil 430 is wound around the member 404E, as shown.<br /><br />The primary magnetic path 404 interconnects the upper end of loop 400 and the lower end of loop 401. One of the magnets, 402, couples one end of the primary magnetic path 404 to the first loop 400, and another, 403, couples the other end of the primary magnetic path 404 to the second loop 401.<br /><br />In this, and all of the embodiments described here, the permanent magnets are strong, rare-earth magnets, and multiple magnets of any length (thickness) may be used in each case. Further, in all embodiments, the loops, primary magnetic path and/or magnetisable member are preferably constructed from a high magnetic permeability material such as the FINEMET FT-3H nanocrystalline soft magnetic material available from Hitachi. The invention is not limited in this regard, however, as alternative materials, including laminated materials, may be used.<br /><br />The connections of the primary magnetic path 404 to the two loops 400, 401 create four segments apart from the magnetisable member 404E, the four segments including two opposing segments A, B in the first loop on either side of magnet 402, and the two opposing segments C, D in the second loop on either side of magnet 403.<br /><br />Four magnetic flux switches are provided, each being operative to control the flux through a respective one of the four segments. A controller 420 is operative to activate the switches associated with segments A and D, and then B and C, alternately, thereby reversing the flux through the member 404E, and so, inducing electrical current in coil 430.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Apertures may be formed through each of the four segments, with the switches being implemented by coils 410A to 410D which pass through the apertures and around an outer (or inner) portion of each segment. As shown in Fig.5, if the loops are fabricated with laminated material 502, the laminations may be split at 506 to accommodate coil 504. The percentage of the segment surrounded by the coil may vary in accordance with the material used, the waveforms presented to the coils, and other factors, with the goal being to magnetically saturate each segment through activation of the associated switch, thereby reversing the flux through path 404E.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Fig.6A and Fig.6B show the operation of the apparatus of Fig.4. The primary path 404 carries the flux from permanent magnets 402 and 403 unidirectionally. Reluctance switches 410A to 410D are activated alternately to reverse the flux in segment 404E which, in turn, induces electrical current in winding 430. Fig.6A shows the flux flow in one direction, and Fig.6B shows it flowing in the opposite direction.<br /><br />In Fig.6A, switches 410A and 410D are activated by controller 420 in electrical communication with the windings on the switches, such as through conductors 422 to switch 410B. The flux provided by switches 410A and 410D, thereby saturating these paths, causing the flux through segment 404C to be in the direction shown. In Fig.6B, switches 410B and 310C are activated, saturating segments 404B and 404D, thereby reversing the flux through path 404E.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Fig.7A depicts a preferred construction of the apparatus depicted in Fig.4, Fig.6A and Fig.6B. Loops 400 and 401 are implemented as complete toroids 700, 701. This is important, since preferred high-performance magnetic materials are currently available in regular shapes of this kind. Note that, in this case, curved slots such as 770 are formed through the sides of each toroid to implement flux switches A to D. The magnetisable member in this embodiment is implemented with a block of material 704, preferably the same high-performance magnetic material used to construct loops 400, 401. Permanent magnet 702, shown at 702, preferably has the same length as block 704, enabling the various constituent parts to be held together with compression, shown in Fig.7B.<br /><br />The following sections summarise some of the important characteristics of the preferred embodiments: In terms of materials, the apparatus benefits from the use of nanocrystalline material with a “Square” BH intrinsic curve, a high Br (remanence) which is about 80% of its Bs (saturation), a low Hc (coercivity), and a fast magnetic response time to saturation. An example is FineMet FT-3H from Hitachi of Japan, which has a Br of 1.0 Tesla, a Bs (saturation) of 1.21 Tesla, a time to saturation (Bs) of 2 usec, and an Hc of −0.6 amp-turns/meter.<br /><br />Modern permanent magnets are used with a square BH intrinsic curve, a Br in the range of 1.0 Tesla or more, and high Hc in the range of −800,000 amp-turns/meter or more. An example is the NdFeB magnet from the German company VAC, which has a Br of 1.427 Tesla and an Hc of −1,079,000 amp-turns/meter.<br /><br />An important consideration is the matching of the magnet to the nanocrystalline material, both in Tesla rating and in cross-sectional area. The magnet's Br should be below the Bs of the nanocrystalline material. If the magnet is too “strong” for the nanocrystalline material, this may cause the nanocrystalline material to saturate at the area of contact with the magnet.<br /><br />The current driving the reluctance switches in the prescribed 2 × 2 sequence should have a sharp rise in the leading edge (Tr) of each pulse with a pulse width (Pw) and Amperage value that are sustained until released at the end of the pulse width (Tf). The table below shows the effects of input current pulse rise times (Tr) on the output. There exists a narrow band of Tr, before which there is small power output, at which there are excellent power output and COPs in the range of 200 to 400 or greater, and after which there is no major increase in power output. The COP of this device without the coupling circuit is defined as “Output power/Drive Power” for the switches.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>The Motionless Generators of Heinrich Kunel</b><br />While Richard Willis of Magnacoaster in Canada, has gone commercial with his generators, making each of the generator outputs multiples of 12V 100A, a lot of very interesting earlier information can be found in the 1982 patent of Heinrich Kunel. The patent describes four separate configurations of his basic design, a design which looks very much like that used by Richard Willis. Here is an attempted translation of the Kunel patent which is in German:<br /><br /><center>
<b>PATENT: DE3024814 28 January 1982 Inventor: Kunel, Heinrich<br /><br /><u>PROCEDURES AND DEVICES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION</u></b></center>
<br /><br />Application Number: DE19803024814 19800701<br />Priority Number(s): DE19803024814 19800701<br />IPC Classification: H02N11/00 EC Classification: H02K53/00<br /><br /><b>DESCRIPTION </b><br />The invention concerns procedures and devices for energy production, which convert the magnetic flux from permanent magnets, without the need for rotary, or any other form of motion, into temporally variable induced flux and produce large fluctuations of the induced magnetic flux into electric current, without the need for a thermal circuit, or torque or chemical process, and in such a manner that the electric current is amplified.<br /><br />The energy problems of our time are sufficiently well-known in the professional world. The transformation of conventional primary energy forms into technically usable energy is relatively cost-intensive. Additionally, by doing this, precious and ever scarcer raw materials are being destroyed and pollutants are accumulated, pollutants which are able to cause the end of mankind.<br /><br />In order to reduce or avoid these and other disadvantages during power production, it is suggested according to this invention, that for the production of electric current by induction, no torque is used, but instead, the magnetic flux from permanent magnets is converted into an induced flux with large rapid variations, e.g. into a rapidly changing or pulsating induced flux, which can generate an electric current.<br /><br />In accordance with this invention, one proceeds from the basic arrangement where a permanent magnet is connected to an iron core via one or both of its poles, the core consisting of, for example, dynamo iron, pure iron or amorphous iron or any similar suitable material which has little or no core losses.<br /><br />Following the procedure of this invention if, for example, one pole of a bar magnet touches such an iron core and is aligned with the longitudinal axis of that core, then both the magnet and the core act as a magnet.<br /><br />During this initial magnetisation process of the core a magnetic flux flows in the core, which induces a current in a conducting circuit surrounding the core.<br /><br />If, in addition to the permanent magnet, a coil is wound around the core, and arranged in such a way that a current flowing in that coil wholly or partially interrupts the magnetic flux flowing through the core, then this causes another modification of the magnetic flux passing through a coil wound around the core.<br /><br />If this interruption of the flux flowing from the permanent magnet is large, and has the waveform of a Alternating Current, then a pulsating Direct Current is induced in the coil wound around the core.<br /><br />With an AC input to the magnetic flux modifier coil wound on the core beside the magnet, the coil receives two current flow direction changes per AC cycle, and so the magnetic flux coming from the permanent magnet is interrupted once and released once during each input power cycle. In this way, a pulsating induced Direct Current is generated in the output coil caused by the pulsating magnetic flux in the core.<br /><br />It was found that the induced flux from a permanent magnet achieves its full initial value of the magnetic flux density in the core also at the free end of the soft-iron magnetic core, even if there are several induction windings each with the same number of turns and the conductor cross section are appropriate as in a magnetic flux modification coil wound on the core, without changing the strength of the magnetic flux density or the remanence of the permanent magnet.<br /><br />The permanent magnet is not demagnetised when used to provide the flux in the core, no energy is extracted from it, unlike an electromagnetic core, whose windings require more operating current than that produced as an output. With an electromagnetic core, as much input current is required, as is induced in the output winding, corresponding to the relationships of the well-known transformer. Therefore it is important to produce the induction flux by using a permanent magnet.<br /><br />After the basic primary system, one can build e.g. energy linear generators or energy circle generators or other arising or suitable types and forms of energy generators, without the necessity of a rotor or a stator or any such mobile sections or providing torque in the generator.<br /><br />The invention is so designed as to make only frequency control governed by electrical means so that the internal induction flux in the generator core is essentially caused by the magnetic field of the permanent magnet.<br /><br /><br />In the drawings constructional examples are schematically represented according to the invention:<br /><br /><b>Fig.1</b> shows a linear energy generator in longitudinal cross-section.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.2</b> shows a linear energy generator in the instantaneous state of the transmission of the induction flux of the permanent magnet to the generator core and<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.3</b> represents a linear energy generator at the moment of the interruption by the induced flux;<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.4</b> explains a static energy pulse generator with a closed magnetic circuit at the moment the transmission of the induction flux of the permanent magnet to the generator core block,<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.5</b> is a schematic diagram of the functional way in which the feedback process operates in a system according to the present invention,<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.6</b> shows a double linear energy generator with some of its sub-elements and<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.7</b> shows an energy generator, according to the present invention, with cyclic pulsing operation and with some of its sub-elements in and at the energy circuit.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The linear energy generator shown in cross-section in <b>Fig.1</b>, consists of a permanent bar magnet <b>1</b> with a soft-iron magnetic generator core <b>2</b>, which can be a single piece, or, as shown here, divided into two sections. The magnetic flux modification coil is not directly attached to the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, so that the permanent magnet <b>1</b> is not subjected to the alternating fields produced by the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b>.<br /><br />On the generator core <b>2</b>, following the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b>, there are several output coils <b>4</b>. An air gap <b>6</b> serves as a gate or circuit-breaker for the magnetic flux coming from the permanent magnet <b>1</b> and the magnetic induction flux for the induction windings <b>4</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />With this arrangement, an alternating current applied to the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> is used to produce an alternating magnetic field in the air-gap <b>6</b>, so that, as shown clearly in <b>Fig.2</b>, with each phase of the alternating current the induced magnetic flux <b>5</b> is directed first to the core <b>2</b> and then against the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, as shown in <b>Fig.3</b>, causing the magnetic flux <b>5</b> induced in core <b>2</b> by the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, is interrupted totally or partially, and thus experiences a modification which varies with time.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />If an alternating current is supplied to the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> e.g. with a frequency by 50 Hz, then the induced flux <b>5</b> in core <b>2</b> experiences one hundred modifications per second, inducing in the induction windings <b>4</b> a pulsating direct current <b>14</b> which has 50 positive maximum values per second.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.2</b> illustrates that on the generator core <b>2</b> several induction windings <b>4</b> are wound, which correspond to the number of turns with same wire diameter as used in the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b>.<br /><br />The permanent magnet <b>4</b> requires no electric current to produce its magnetic flux and nevertheless has at its North Pole end <b>N</b> of the core <b>2</b> the same magnetic saturation, as produced by the multiple number of turns of induction coil <b>4</b> of <b>Fig.2</b> or in a continuous coil <b>4</b> as shown in <b>Fig.3</b>, receives a multiple version of the input current which is needed for the excitation of the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b>.<br /><br />From the power source <b>9</b> the energising current flows to the pulse generator <b>10</b>, the 1-amp ammeter <b>20</b> displays the intensity of the electric current. The induced current <b>7</b> or the pulsating direct current <b>14</b> is added via connections <b>11,1</b> and is measured by the 10-amp ammeter <b>20,2</b>. The rectifier <b>15</b> (not shown) produces pulsating Direct Current which is smoothed and supplied as the DC output <b>18</b>, through wire <b>21</b> to the battery charger <b>25</b>, which provides the input for the power source <b>9</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The interruption of the magnetic flux by the direction change of the Alternating Current, necessary for the repeated modification of the induction flux <b>5</b>, is shown in <b>Fig.3</b>. When the induction flux <b>5</b> is interrupted, the wire coil(s) <b>11.2</b> is negative in that instant. Wire <b>21</b> provides the connection to the output power (not shown) and the input power source <b>9</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.4</b> shows an embodiment of the above design which uses a U-shaped permanent magnet <b>1</b> and a U-shaped generator core <b>2</b> which has its two ends facing towards the poles of the permanent magnet <b>1</b>. Wound around two narrow air gaps <b>6</b> and its own narrow core, is a magnetic flux modification coil <b>6.6</b>.<br /><br /><b>Fig.4</b> shows the instantaneous state, when the magnetic flux <b>5</b> is transferred from the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> into the generator core <b>2</b> forming a closed magnetic circuit <b>24</b>. The magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> here has a core <b>6.6</b>, which alternately makes and interrupts the passage of the magnetic flux <b>5</b> between two narrow air gaps <b>6</b> from the permanent magnet <b>1</b> to the generator core <b>2</b> which has the induction windings <b>4</b>, so that each pulse of the induction flux <b>5</b> induces a current in the induction windings <b>4</b>. Thus a pulsating Direct Current results which is several times larger than the input energising current.<br /><br />When the direction of current flow in the soft-iron magnetic core <b>6.6</b> of the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> is changed, then at that time, the magnetic flux <b>5</b> of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> flows over into the iron guidance block <b>1.1</b> and flows along the paths <b>5.5</b> and <b>5.1</b> to the South-pole of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> or to the equilibrium in the air gaps between the North-pole of iron guidance block <b>1.1</b> and the South-pole of the permanent magnet <b>1</b>. The dashed line <b>5.5</b> from North-pole to South-pole through the iron guidance block <b>1.1</b> depict the magnetic flow when it is prevented from travelling through the generator core <b>2</b>.<br /><br />This steering of the magnetic flux <b>5</b> prevents leakage flux entering the generator core <b>2</b> and so the maximum RMS of the induced current is achieved, as the generator core <b>2</b> is without magnetic excitation.<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;">PJK note: I have difficulty in accepting this as the excitation coil would appear to produce an equivalent magnetic flux into the U-shaped frame <b>2</b> as it blocks the permanent magnet flux passing across the air gaps between magnet <b>1</b> and electromagnets <b>3</b>, and to make things worse, magnetic flux flows about a thousand times more easily through soft iron than through air. However, we do know that modulating the flux from a permanent magnet with the magnetic field from a coil is very effective in producing COP>1 as has been shown by the independent replication of Lawrence Tseung’s magnetic frame covered earlier in this chapter. </span><br /><br />The following schematic diagram <b>Fig.5</b>, shows the sequence in the cyclic process e.g. in an energy generator according to <b>Fig.4</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The pulsating current from the power source <b>9</b> or Alternating Current <b>12</b> from the power-grid <b>23</b> flows through wire <b>13</b> to the magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> and produces a pulsating induction current <b>7</b> or pulsating direct current <b>14</b>, which is converted by the rectifier <b>15</b> to smooth Direct Current <b>16</b> which is passed to the voltage regulator <b>17</b>, and then on as Direct Current <b>16</b> now at the desired voltage, on to the DC output <b>18</b> and to the current transformer <b>10</b>, by which the received Alternating Current <b>12</b> is led to the AC output <b>19</b> and coupled by AC link <b>22</b> with the power-grid input <b>23</b>, whereby the AC output <b>19</b> can be supplied with current from the power-grid or from the electric output of the energy generator.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.6</b> shows a double linear generator in accordance with the invention. On a preferably straight-line permanent magnet are fitted generator cores <b>2</b> of dynamo iron to its two poles. The magnetic flux modification coil <b>3</b> gets its working current from the power source <b>9</b> through a current transformer or from pulse generators <b>10</b> fed by the excitation circuit <b>13</b>. Through appropriate windings <b>4</b> an output of either Direct Current or Alternating Current can be obtained.<br /><br />Pulsating Direct Current <b>14</b> from the induction current circuit <b>11</b> is smoothed and passed to the DC output <b>18</b> and to the input power source <b>9</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_84-GZzx2i6S4cyVyRwj5U-v6H0mRh6z4Bymdyq9JLc_cC7mIqM9qIvMCLoViBUnWQurU_id7CRjwE29-EfErvsZUDxQg9q7a46SE2PxY09F_MQEM5kDIv8f968YgPnl8sLFpOHtVe9ln/s1600/173.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_84-GZzx2i6S4cyVyRwj5U-v6H0mRh6z4Bymdyq9JLc_cC7mIqM9qIvMCLoViBUnWQurU_id7CRjwE29-EfErvsZUDxQg9q7a46SE2PxY09F_MQEM5kDIv8f968YgPnl8sLFpOHtVe9ln/s1600/173.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />A further version of the system in accordance with the invention is shown in <b>Fig.7</b>. This is also a motionless energy producer, although it has a cyclic arrangement and function. In this generator there are no mobile sections such as a rotor and the induction flux <b>5</b>, like the induction current <b>7</b>, develops from a cyclically pulsating induction flux.<br /><br />The permanent magnet <b>1</b> is inserted into a circular generator core <b>2</b>. The magnetic flux modification coils <b>3</b> can be operated with pulsating Direct Current <b>14</b> or as here with Alternating Current <b>12</b>. For example, the Direct Current <b>16</b> from the power source <b>9</b> is led into a current transformer <b>10</b> converted into Alternating Current and fed into the exciter circuit <b>13</b>.<br /><br />The magnetic flux modification coils are created so that the positive maximum value of the Alternating Current <b>12</b> opens and supports the natural flow of the permanent magnet flux <b>5</b> passing from the North-pole to the South-pole through the circular generator core <b>2</b> to form a closed magnetic circuit <b>24</b>.<br /><br />If the magnetic flux modification coils <b>3</b> on both sides of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> carry the maximum negative value of the Alternating Current <b>12</b>, then the natural magnetic flux in the generator core <b>2</b> is constricted by induction flux moving in the opposing direction in the magnetic flux modification coils <b>3</b> and this interrupts the magnetic flux <b>5</b> either totally or partially.<br /><br />In the case of temporally large modification of this sequence in the coil <b>4</b> a pulsating direct current <b>14</b> is caused, which is led by the induction circuit <b>11</b> to the electric rectifier <b>15</b>, in which the pulsating direct current <b>14</b> is reduced to a smooth DC current. The Direct Current <b>16</b> can be passed to the DC output <b>18</b> and the input power supply <b>9</b> and the current transformer <b>10</b> which supplies the AC output <b>19</b> and AC to the magnetic flux modification coils <b>3</b>.<br /><br />If the induction flux <b>5</b> is restricted in the core <b>2</b> by the magnetic flux modification coils <b>3</b>, then an Alternating Current with a smaller negative maximum value is produced and the arithmetic average value during one period shifts down to zero.<br /><br />According to this invention in a cyclic process an energy circle is created, with considerable energy surplus for the supply of the various outputs as well as for the maintenance of the operation of this system.<br /><br />According to this invention, by avoiding the need for torque, the same induction effect is obtained by the magnetic flux modification coils and the use of permanent magnets in energy generation, as with the conventional generators which use the transformation of torque into electricity, whereby however, the energy value of the input torque is greater than the energy value of the electricity this generated.<br /><br />It was found that from each pole of the permanent magnet to the two ends of a U-shaped generator core one of the magnetic flux modification or guidance coils with or without core for transmission of the magnetic induction flux has to be designated in such a manner that by alternating induction flux, which is caused by the permanent magnet e.g. in the rhythm of the phase change of an alternating current frequency of the energising current the generator core is constantly commutated, as the North-pole will be transferred alternating to one and the other open end of the core and the coils likewise leading to the core to s-pole of the permanent magnet close the reversible magnetic circuit in the core with each current pulse, which is caused by a permanent magnet.<br /><br />In this way the induction flux in the core experiences its desired flux direction change and produces in the output windings of the generator an Alternating Current of the same frequency as those of the energising current, however with identical frequency to that of the input energising current.<br /><br />Since the pulsating or reversible induction flux is caused by a permanent magnet, no electric current is necessary for its production also for the whole length of the generator core and its output windings, because the reversible magnetic excitation of the core takes place indirectly in each case or directly via a permanent magnet, whose remanence is changed by the magnetic excitation of the generator core in accordance with the invention.<br /><br />The system according to invention for energy production and energy producer can be extremely efficient e.g. in high frequency operation with electronically controlled direct current pulse operation and it can output a multiple of the necessary input current and electricity be produced in this way, is produced without material being used up and without a thermal circuit or a torque being necessary.<br /><br />If several of these generators are cascaded in graduated increasing size e.g. in a series where the second generator receives the full output from first and third generator receives the full output of the second, then with a power multiplier of 10 for each generator, the sixth generator in the chain will have a 1000 MW performance if there is a 1000 W power input to the first (and smallest) generator at the start of the series.<br /><br />Thus it is possible to replace all well-known primary energies and procedures of the energy conversion with the systems and energy generators according to invention, for all future on economical into electricity because of their high costs, since these cannot operate in any way remotely as economically, as it is possible with the devices of this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG_-gCbJYWxrA08TOy_8sku_Otd3B3sd1_cvJzEps8xpQV5l5A6bJO3PDOR8ONlgOiiuOd9F-Npsz8kp4X3OZWkLOqa75IBvcv9pWFylwNS0dZNmD5jQx6nNxpPv-VXzfdkDPzbjjneCIn/s1600/174.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG_-gCbJYWxrA08TOy_8sku_Otd3B3sd1_cvJzEps8xpQV5l5A6bJO3PDOR8ONlgOiiuOd9F-Npsz8kp4X3OZWkLOqa75IBvcv9pWFylwNS0dZNmD5jQx6nNxpPv-VXzfdkDPzbjjneCIn/s400/174.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Valeri Ivanov’s Motionless Generator</b>.<br />There are other devices which have what appears to be a very important air-gap in a magnetic frame. One of these was displayed on a Bulgarian website and it is on the web page which is located <a href="http://www.inkomp-delta.com/page3.html">here</a>, put up by Elin Pelin and Valeri Ivanov, dated 2007, and recently translated into English. Valeri lives in Elin Pelin, Bulgaria and his motionless generator has COP=2.4 performance. Videos <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IP-buFHKKU">here</a> and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npFVaeSbk1Q">here</a> are for his design, and it appears that he is about to go commercial: <a href="http://www.inkomp-delta.com/index.html">www.inkomp-delta.com</a> in May 2014<br /><br />It is shown that an effective device can be constructed from a permanent magnet, a toroid and a laminated iron yoke. The arrangement is displayed like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYG7zFbB1T4B4-CXsCZF34zdz9oOwv8zvs1aNc1X_gO-zJ0-3cATo07ak3Y93EEWzVKiR05kGZTLAldVBypykwtL1GUe8Rclgv9_iOIEn9jMT3vE-gS8xBEQ95fVkC6Vm32VnIlH6Cdu7/s1600/175.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYG7zFbB1T4B4-CXsCZF34zdz9oOwv8zvs1aNc1X_gO-zJ0-3cATo07ak3Y93EEWzVKiR05kGZTLAldVBypykwtL1GUe8Rclgv9_iOIEn9jMT3vE-gS8xBEQ95fVkC6Vm32VnIlH6Cdu7/s1600/175.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />When the input coil is pulsed with an input voltage, it causes a flux reversal in the frame around which the output coil is wound, generating an electrical output.<br /><br />There is also a forum related to this and the better known MEG of Tom Bearden’s which can be found <a href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MEG_builders/message/1355">here</a> where that particular message states that Valeri’s device can be made to work at frequencies as low as 50 Hz and can use standard laminated iron frame components and produces Coefficient Of Performance figures up to 5.4 (that is, the output power is more than five times the input power). A demo video is <a href="http://inkomp-delta.com/page10.html">here</a> but it is not in English. It may well be that in order to work well, the MEG needs a very narrow input coil with an air-gap on each side of it and the same may well apply to Lawrence Tseung’s magnetic frame shown earlier in this chapter.<br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">The Motionless Generators of Kelichiro Asaoka</span></b><br />Kelichiro Asaoka received US patent 5,926,083 some two years before the well-known MEG patent of Tom Bearden and his associates. Personally, I find it hard to understand how the MEG patent (in the Appendix) could have been awarded when the Asaoka patent was already in place. However, here is most of the content of the Asaoka patent:<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>US Patent 5,926,083 20 July 1999 Inventor: Kelichiro Asaoka<br /><br />Static magnet dynamo for generating electromotive force<br />based on changing flux density of an open magnetic path</b></center>
<b></b><br /><br /><b>ABSTRACT</b><br />A static magnet dynamo including at least one permanent magnet having different poles; a first core comprising a soft magnetic material and which couples the different poles of the permanent magnet to form a closed magnetic path; a second core comprising a soft magnetic material which couples to the closed magnetic path via a paramagnetic material to form an open magnetic path; a magnetised coil wound around a portion of the first core where the closed magnetic path is formed; and an induction coil wound around a portion of the second core. A direction of a flux of the closed magnetic path is changed by applying an alternating voltage to the magnetised coil, generating an electromotive force in the induction coil by electromagnetic induction due changes in a flux of the open magnetic path induced by the change in direction of the flux of the closed magnetic path.<br /><br /><br /><b>FIELD OF THE INVENTION </b><br />This invention relates to a dynamo which generates electromotive force by electromagnetic induction by changing the flux passing through an induction coil. More particularly, this invention relates to a static magnet dynamo that changes magnets that pass through an induction coil without turning the armature or electromagnet.<br /><br /><b>DISCUSSION OF BACKGROUND </b><br />Dynamos currently in practical use are so designed as to generate electromotive force by electromagnetic induction by changing the flux passing through an induction coil. Dynamos that generate power this way come in a wide variety, ranging from large models used in hydroelectric, thermal or atomic power plants to small models such as small dynamos with a diesel engine.<br /><br />In all dynamo models mentioned above, the armature and electromagnet are turned, to change the flux passing through the induction coil, thus generating electromotive force in the induction coil by electromagnetic induction. For examples, the armature and electromagnet are turned by the torque of a water turbine in hydroelectric power generation, by the torque of the steam turbine in thermal and atomic power generation, and by the torque of the diesel engine in small dynamos.<br /><br /><b>Disadvantages: </b><br />Dynamos that generate electromotive force by electromagnetic induction as mentioned above are so designed that, regardless of the size of the dynamo, the armature and electromagnet are turned in order to change the flux passing the induction coil. These dynamos are disadvantageous in that the said turning of the armature and electromagnet generates vibrations and noise.<br /><br /><br /><b>OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION</b><br />The purpose of this invention is to provide a static magnet dynamo devoid of any torque-giving means or other moving part to eliminate vibrations and noise, in order to resolve the various problems mentioned above.<br /><br />To resolve the above problems, this invention is composed as described below.<br /><br />The static magnet dynamo involved in this invention consists of at least one permanent magnet, a first core consisting of a soft magnetic material forming a closed magnetic path by coupling the different poles of the said permanent magnet, a second core consisting of a soft magnetic material forming an open magnetic path by being coupled to the closed magnetic path via a paramagnetic material, a magnetised coil wound around a part consisting of only the closed magnetic path of the first core, and an induction coil wound around the second core. The point of this invention is to generate electromotive force in the induction coil by electromagnetic induction by changing the direction of the flux of the closed magnetic path by applying an alternating voltage to the magnetised coil and by changing the flux of the open magnetic path induced by changes in the direction of the flux in the closed magnetic path.<br /><br />The static magnet dynamo involved in this invention consists of at least one permanent magnet, a first core consisting of a soft magnetic material forming a closed magnetic path by coupling the different poles of the permanent magnet, a second core consisting of a soft magnetic material forming a bypass closed magnetic path coupled and arranged with the first core in such a manner as to include the permanent magnet of the closed magnetic path, a magnetised coil wound around the part consisting only of the closed magnetic path of the first core, and an induction coil wound around the part consisting only of the closed magnetic path of the second core. The aim of this invention is to generate electromotive force in the induction coil by electromagnetic induction by changing the direction of the flux of the closed magnetic path by applying an alternating current to the magnetised coil, and by changing the flux of the bypass closed magnetic path induced by changes in the direction of the flux of the closed magnetic path.<br /><br /><b>Effects: </b><br />In the above configuration, the static magnet dynamo involved in this invention consists of a first core consisting of a permanent magnet and a closed magnetic path, a second core consisting of an open magnetic path via a paramagnetic material, a magnetised coil wound around the part consisting only of the closed magnetic path of the first core, and an induction coil wound around the second magnetic path. The dynamo is so designed as to generate electromotive force in the induction coil by electromagnetic force by changing the direction of the flux of the first core by applying an alternating voltage to the magnetised coil, and by changing the flux of the second core induced by changes in the direction of the flux of the first core.<br /><br />This makes it possible to change the flux passing through the induction coil without a torque-giving means or other moving part and to generate electromotive force in the induction coil by electromagnetic induction, thus enabling power generation without causing vibrations or noise. This dynamo can also be downsized and made available at low prices.<br /><br />Other characteristics and benefits of this invention will be made clear by the description given below with diagrams attached.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</b><br />A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie2mfm0FlDKZo5YiuxeVEApb9b1WpmCNlgeWJ_t9DW6jjdwluWM-CCuBQiBM75S2P1K8kT7wVVIn4xuJO5jR3tLr3oiYDdJuoMTzuFZbvFxapq30J6tTd6iP1jKOZm4_vdx1NMw8eDIAVb/s1600/176.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie2mfm0FlDKZo5YiuxeVEApb9b1WpmCNlgeWJ_t9DW6jjdwluWM-CCuBQiBM75S2P1K8kT7wVVIn4xuJO5jR3tLr3oiYDdJuoMTzuFZbvFxapq30J6tTd6iP1jKOZm4_vdx1NMw8eDIAVb/s400/176.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig.1</b> represents a basic configuration of a static magnet dynamo with an open magnetic path involved in this invention.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3L_7O2CoOoLl61GzfTw0fHN9Y8vplVpjgHhnhbWexVtyNEHyS0YAX_PulDLhHRvU4z1abcNWdBxe8XgIRcGLZPoStJBP20Fn0pOftUfxValdNLmb5oThD-q6PclHXnqjxJjhhm7vjZmYV/s1600/177.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3L_7O2CoOoLl61GzfTw0fHN9Y8vplVpjgHhnhbWexVtyNEHyS0YAX_PulDLhHRvU4z1abcNWdBxe8XgIRcGLZPoStJBP20Fn0pOftUfxValdNLmb5oThD-q6PclHXnqjxJjhhm7vjZmYV/s400/177.gif" /></a><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><b>Fig.2</b> represents how a flux in the direction opposed to that of a permanent magnet typically occurs in the magnetised coil.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWFqMzdIKCbOUPJWm-ZsYEGfRmAdhXScxlH2F82_KdhHLrzmjwZ9SQjEEVXs7boSTD2mGqNIzxAtJaar7ia4mjdIw8OAh2rWZGDNxolZXXF0jJ7ClkIH1BdXLySIk1Np5N8sQWLsMgfo5/s1600/178.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWFqMzdIKCbOUPJWm-ZsYEGfRmAdhXScxlH2F82_KdhHLrzmjwZ9SQjEEVXs7boSTD2mGqNIzxAtJaar7ia4mjdIw8OAh2rWZGDNxolZXXF0jJ7ClkIH1BdXLySIk1Np5N8sQWLsMgfo5/s400/178.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig.3</b> represents how a flux in the direction opposed to that of a permanent magnet typically disappears from the magnetised coil<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjESaLx_ZNLAb5Wdqo5K4XRgnpub6eLJM6Kbyt10BuFRoiO4nByq-WDlScif9k4BywRTI5kosAi6NygMvLMvfuEoBbyxXcPG5S8zgUpzz4c1lCm7xhsbaJcUl3TZs0pzbLGN9mcH1JD8HO9/s1600/179.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjESaLx_ZNLAb5Wdqo5K4XRgnpub6eLJM6Kbyt10BuFRoiO4nByq-WDlScif9k4BywRTI5kosAi6NygMvLMvfuEoBbyxXcPG5S8zgUpzz4c1lCm7xhsbaJcUl3TZs0pzbLGN9mcH1JD8HO9/s400/179.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig.4</b> represents how a flux in the same direction as that of the permanent magnet typically occurs in the magnetised coil.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHLN9-FXAk0Vpku9iBN-HxCGUX59TIXdxMlQXVQddA6N09mCsKGzNuYhHAYubBw5ocQaUYQnOSEuf16qohoDaUIbGJ208NpRo3TxBCIvX0n31QYbsC41IZOQdKNMR2Ssak-3yB1mJkB2v/s1600/180.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHLN9-FXAk0Vpku9iBN-HxCGUX59TIXdxMlQXVQddA6N09mCsKGzNuYhHAYubBw5ocQaUYQnOSEuf16qohoDaUIbGJ208NpRo3TxBCIvX0n31QYbsC41IZOQdKNMR2Ssak-3yB1mJkB2v/s1600/180.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig.5</b> is a first embodiment of the static magnet dynamo involved in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipUkdYeeH_RhCAmTEOc1Rd6zDZWIcTEh9L5mBeeuhfSyfY7e0w3q2mLuFdNSvb_OsA90cqZIx4CS04Y2QfJrDixgwxszQWVKoKFBlbNnvU7_ThYWEoife6HXDJUinByEH49l0vuM83XuKw/s1600/181.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipUkdYeeH_RhCAmTEOc1Rd6zDZWIcTEh9L5mBeeuhfSyfY7e0w3q2mLuFdNSvb_OsA90cqZIx4CS04Y2QfJrDixgwxszQWVKoKFBlbNnvU7_ThYWEoife6HXDJUinByEH49l0vuM83XuKw/s1600/181.gif" /></a><br /><center>
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<br /><b>Fig.6</b> is a second embodiment of the static magnet dynamo involved in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvhbDlTfmI6kqeBrCpXSu00bib14wN1sH_B_d6rpPpuMXSADtTn1R1O94a1xwDN9We6aB11-bc5sFIU4FBCs_6x-wKMp9p6M2am2F-Fb3zE3OkJQ57Q_Hdsc-p_VFempCULYW2d004GjQ/s1600/182.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvhbDlTfmI6kqeBrCpXSu00bib14wN1sH_B_d6rpPpuMXSADtTn1R1O94a1xwDN9We6aB11-bc5sFIU4FBCs_6x-wKMp9p6M2am2F-Fb3zE3OkJQ57Q_Hdsc-p_VFempCULYW2d004GjQ/s400/182.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig 7</b> is a third embodiment of the static magnet dynamo involved in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB2vdoaJi7veWwn8x39npy40EOErfGSwxuie-9y6blhwCs0uXR9NxK50tlelx_cuaU7xu1E_VwgPRN5uDmp-1bt7iQ_1h3juKRMPN56ZiyGdG0Xhb-sg6bo9bDGYPWtGUSkyKlmvQwJxoX/s1600/183.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB2vdoaJi7veWwn8x39npy40EOErfGSwxuie-9y6blhwCs0uXR9NxK50tlelx_cuaU7xu1E_VwgPRN5uDmp-1bt7iQ_1h3juKRMPN56ZiyGdG0Xhb-sg6bo9bDGYPWtGUSkyKlmvQwJxoX/s320/183.gif" width="251" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig 8</b> is a fourth embodiment of the static magnet dynamo involved in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvi5laW76wXDf92gFXM4GkNQzu1DH6ndKX3gHh-r1H8hyphenhyphennpcDJV0Nsg2K1xm0cFA-Vxu3lQ3ILuOywRJ8ViGI98QErTT-9t-_2TMmUcwuHlEECTw89dSodkiKeBjIlKBK0e23tAf0woImM/s1600/184.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvi5laW76wXDf92gFXM4GkNQzu1DH6ndKX3gHh-r1H8hyphenhyphennpcDJV0Nsg2K1xm0cFA-Vxu3lQ3ILuOywRJ8ViGI98QErTT-9t-_2TMmUcwuHlEECTw89dSodkiKeBjIlKBK0e23tAf0woImM/s320/184.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig 9</b> is a fifth embodiment with an open magnetic path.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><b>Fig 10</b> is a basic configuration of a static magnet dynamo with a closed magnetic path involved in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><b>Fig 11</b> is a first embodiment of the static magnet dynamo with a closed magnetic path involved in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</b><br />Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to <b>Fig.1</b>where there is illustrated a basic configuration of the static magnet dynamo with one permanent magnet. <b>Figs. 2, 3</b>, and <b>4</b> describe how the static magnet dynamo represented in <b>Fig.1</b> generates power.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />As indicated in the figures, the first core <b>2</b> formed to couple the permanent magnet <b>1</b> and the different poles of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> in an annular manner, forms a closed magnetic path. This closed magnetic path is then equipped with a second core <b>3</b> via a paramagnetic material 10 μm to 5 mm thick. This results in the formation of an open magnetic path consisting of a permanent magnet <b>1</b>, part of a first core <b>2</b>, a paramagnetic material, and a second core <b>3</b>. The part consisting only of the closed magnetic path of the first core <b>2</b> is wound around with a magnetised coil <b>4</b>. The second core <b>3</b> is then wound around with an induction coil <b>5</b> designed to generate electromotive force by electromagnetic induction.<br /><br />Here, the permanent magnet <b>1</b> is a magnet with a high residual flux density, a great coercive force, and a large maximum energy product for higher power generation efficiency. Typical materials used here are neodymium iron boride magnet (Nd2Fe14B), samarium cobalt magnet (Sm2Co17), or samarium iron nitride (Sm2Fe17N2).<br /><br />The first core <b>2</b> and the second core <b>3</b> are made of a soft magnetic material having a high permeability, with high initial, maximum, and other permeability levels, high residual flux density and saturation magnetisation, and small coercive force, thus making effective use of the flux of the magnetic path for power generation. Examples include Permalloy based alloys.<br /><br />Applicable paramagnetic materials are those with a specific permeability comparable to that of a vacuum, such as air, copper, and aluminium. When air is used as a paramagnetic material, that is, when a gap <b>G</b> is secured between the first core <b>2</b> and the second core <b>3</b>, the second core <b>3</b> is retained with a solid paramagnetic material. The figures represent embodiments with a gap <b>G</b>, without a solid paramagnetic material designed to retain the second core <b>3</b>.<br /><br />Following is a description of how a static magnet dynamo of the above configuration generates power. First, when no voltage is applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> of the static magnet dynamo, a first flux <b>11</b> is formed in the first core <b>2</b> in the direction going from the N pole to the S pole of the permanent magnet <b>1</b>. In this state, no flux has been formed in the second core <b>3</b> coupled via the gap <b>G</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />A voltage can be applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> in three manners described below. In the first voltage application, as indicated in <b>Fig.2</b>, a DC voltage <b>VS</b> is applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> in the direction that the voltage repels the first flux <b>11</b> of the first core <b>2</b> generated by the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, and vice versa, that is, in such a manner that the second flux <b>12</b> occurs in the reverse direction of the first flux <b>11</b>. As a result, the first flux <b>11</b> repels the second flux <b>12</b> and vice versa, so that the flux more easily leaks from the closed magnetic path. The first flux <b>11</b> and the second flux <b>12</b>, which more easily leak from the closed magnetic path, jump across the gap <b>G</b>and enter the second core <b>3</b>, so that a third flux <b>13</b> is induced in the second core <b>3</b>. Furthermore, the induction of this third flux <b>13</b> changes the flux passing through the induction coil <b>5</b>, so that electromotive force <b>V1</b> occurs in the induction coil 5, resulting in power being generated.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Next, removing the DC voltage applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> prompts the first core <b>2</b> to try going back to a state where only the first flux <b>11</b> is formed as indicated in <b>Fig.1</b>. At that time, the second core <b>3</b> has a flux in the reverse direction of the third flux <b>13</b>, that is, the fourth flux <b>14</b> indicated in <b>Fig.3</b>, in order to kill the third flux <b>13</b>. Then, the induction of the fourth flux <b>14</b> changes the flux passing the induction coil <b>5</b>, so that electromotive force <b>V2</b> occurs in the induction coil <b>5</b>, resulting in power being generated.<br /><br />Power generation in this first voltage application can be realised by a static magnet dynamo involved in this invention, a DC power supply to apply a DC voltage <b>VS</b> to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>, and a switching circuit that turns the DC power supply on and off. A contact-less switching circuit can be made if a semiconductor switching device, such as a thyristor, is available.<br /><br />The second voltage application is the same as the first voltage application up to the point where the third flux <b>13</b> is induced in the second core <b>3</b> by applying a DC voltage <b>VS</b> to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> so as to generate the second flux <b>12</b> in the reverse direction of the first flux <b>11</b> and where the third flux <b>13</b> is induced to generate electromotive force <b>V1</b> in the induction coil <b>5</b>, thus generating power.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Next, changing the polarity of the DC voltage applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> generates in the first core <b>2</b> the first flux <b>11</b> caused by the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, as well as the fifth flux <b>15</b> in the same direction as the first flux, caused by the magnetised coil <b>4</b>. Here, the first flux <b>11</b> is given the fifth flux <b>15</b>, so that the second core <b>3</b> is given the fourth flux <b>14</b> as indicated in <b>Fig.4</b>, as well as the sixth flux <b>16</b> in the same direction as the fourth flux <b>14</b>. Furthermore, inducing the fourth flux <b>14</b> and the sixth flux <b>16</b>changes the flux passing through the induction coil <b>5</b>, so that an electromotive force <b>V3</b> larger than the electromotive force <b>V2</b> is generated in the rotary coil to generate power.<br /><br />This second voltage application requires a polarity switching circuit <b>PSC</b> that changes the polarity of <b>DO</b> voltage instead of a switching circuit that turns on and off the DC voltage applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> in the first voltage application. This polarity switching circuit can be made of a semiconductor switching device, similarly to the switching circuit in the first voltage application.<br /><br />In the third voltage application, AC voltage <b>VS</b> is applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> instead of applying DC voltage to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> in the second voltage application with the polarity changed. The flux generated by applying AC voltage to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> becomes an alternating flux that alternates between the second flux <b>12</b> in <b>Fig.2</b> and the fifth flux <b>15</b> in. <b>Fig.4</b>. Then, the flux induced in the second core <b>3</b> is the third flux <b>13</b> in <b>Fig.2</b> when the second flux <b>12</b> is generated, and is the fourth flux <b>14</b> trying to kill the sixth flux <b>16</b> and the third flux <b>19</b> in <b>Fig.4</b> when the fifth flux <b>15</b> is generated. That is, the flux induced in the second core <b>3</b> naturally also becomes an alternating flux.<br /><br />In power generation of this third voltage application, AC voltage is applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>, which overcomes the need for a switching circuit or polarity switching circuit <b>PSC</b>, which was needed in the first and the second voltage application, so that the device becomes simplified. Furthermore, the flux induced in the first core <b>2</b> and the second core <b>3</b> becomes an alternating flux induced by AC voltage, so that the dynamo functions also as a transformer having a gap <b>G</b> between the first core <b>2</b> and the second core <b>3</b>. It is therefore possible to increase further the electromotive force <b>V</b> generated by electromagnetic induction in the induction coil <b>5</b>.<br /><br />Next, the power generation efficiency of a static magnet dynamo involved in this invention is described. The static magnet dynamo can be considered as a transformer if its permanent magnet <b>1</b> is removed and there is a gap <b>G</b>.<br /><br />A transformer entails an eddy current loss <b>We</b> and hysteresis loss <b>Wh</b> of the core, and a loss <b>Wr</b> due to the electric resistance of the coil. These factors are in a relation formulated below.<br /><br /><center>
Total loss W1 = We+ Wh + Wr . . . . . . . . .(1)</center>
<br /><br />Let the input be <b>Win</b> and the output <b>Wo</b>, and the <b>Win</b> becomes equal to the total loss, so that the conversion efficiency of the transformer is<br /><br /><center>
Eff = Wo / Win = Wo(We + Wh + Wr) < 1 . . . . . . . . (2)</center>
<br /><br />In reality, in <b>Fig.1</b>, the closed magnetic path consisting of the first core <b>2</b> contains a permanent magnet <b>1</b>. The flux of this permanent magnet <b>1</b> therefore contributes to power generation. Therefore, in <b>Fig.1</b>, let the input be <b>Win2</b> and the output <b>Wo2</b>, then<br /><br /><center>
Wo2 = Wp + αWin2 . . . . . . . (3)</center>
<br /><br />Where <b>Wp</b> represents power resulting from the flux of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> contributing to power generation, and <b>α</b> represents a conversion efficiency obtained when the device is considered as a transformer with a gap <b>G</b>.<br /><br />Therefore, power generation efficiency is:<br /><br /><center>
Eff = Wo2 / Win2 or .<br /><br />Eff = (Wp / Win2) + α . . . . . . . (4)</center>
<br /><br />Here, since <b>α</b> < 1, if <b>Wp / Win2</b> > 1, that is, if power obtained resulting from the flux of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> contributing to power generation is larger than dynamo power supplied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>, power generation efficiency becomes no less than 1, so that the device can display its performance as a dynamo.<br /><br />Thus, the inventor examined as described below how much the flux of the permanent magnet <b>1</b> contributes to the induction of the third flux <b>13</b> in <b>Fig.2</b>. First, the inventor provided static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration indicated in <b>Fig.1</b>, one with a permanent magnet <b>1</b> and another without a permanent magnet <b>1</b>. The inventor then compared the power levels needed to induce fluxes of equal flux densities to the second core <b>3</b> of each embodiment, that is, the power levels supplied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>. As a result, an embodiment with a permanent magnet <b>1</b> required only a very low power level to be supplied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>. It was observed that the power level required was no more than one fortieth of that of the embodiment without a permanent magnet <b>1</b>, depending on the test condition.<br /><br />In a static magnet dynamo involved in this invention, therefore, <b>Win2</b> can be made sufficiently smaller than <b>Wp</b>, so that the inventor considers it possible to make <b>Wp / Win2</b> > 1.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 1</b><br />Next, as the first embodiment, a static magnet dynamo system composed of two static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration is described based on <b>Fig.5</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />In <b>Fig.5A</b>, in a static magnet dynamo, a closed magnetic path is made of two permanent magnets <b>1</b> and two first cores <b>2</b> formed so as to couple the different poles of one permanent magnet <b>1</b> with the other permanent magnet <b>1</b> in an annular manner. This closed magnetic path is then equipped with a second core <b>3</b> via a gap <b>G</b>. This forms an open magnetic path consisting of a permanent magnet <b>1</b>, part of a first core <b>2</b>, a paramagnetic material, and a second core <b>3</b>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />This open magnetic path can be arranged in two different ways. In one configuration, as indicated in <b>Fig.5A</b>, one open magnetic path can be made of two permanent magnets <b>1</b> and two second cores <b>3</b>. In the other configuration, as indicated in <b>Fig.5B</b>, one open magnetic path can be made of one permanent magnet <b>1</b> and another can be made of one first core <b>2</b>. The static magnet dynamos in <b>Fig.5A</b> and <b>Fig.5B</b> do not differ substantially in terms of effect results, except that their patterns forming such an open magnetic path differ.<br /><br />The part forming only a closed magnetic path of each first core <b>2</b> is wound around with a magnetised coil <b>4</b>. Each second core <b>3</b> is then wound around with an induction coil <b>5</b> which generates electromotive force by electromagnetic induction.<br /><br />This static magnet dynamo forms a first flux <b>11</b> in the first core <b>2</b> in the direction going from the N pole to the S pole of the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, with no voltage applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>. Furthermore, the action of this dynamo applying voltage to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> and generating electromotive force in the induction coil <b>5</b> by electromagnetic induction to generate power is similar to static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration. The static magnet dynamo with two permanent magnets <b>1</b> as mentioned above has well-balanced magnetic paths. Since the flux of the permanent magnets <b>1</b> can be effectively used, this embodiment achieves higher power generation efficiency than static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration.<br /><br />The first embodiment is a static magnet dynamo system composed of two static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration. Similarly, a static magnet dynamo system can be made as a combination of three or more static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration (<b>Figs. 1-4</b>). In that case, similarly to the first embodiment, an open magnetic path can be formed in two manners. One configuration is the formation of one open magnetic path by coupling all permanent magnets <b>1</b> with a second core <b>3</b>. The other is the formation of as many open magnetic paths as permanent magnets by coupling the N pole of each permanent magnet <b>1</b> to the S pole with a second core <b>3</b>.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 2 </b><br />Next, the second embodiment of the present invention is represented in <b>Fig.6</b>,<br /><br /><center>
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<br />the third embodiment in <b>Fig.7</b><br /><br /><center>
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<br />and the fourth embodiment in <b>Fig.8</b><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjBpS4d4FFOLDSltDaQmRDjY900N07MtJNVr9UFiN3OjdEHoOvIZjyDESP3ssb32kOCZc5FLqY-0xOWOlFzrYHsKN1KzH_3ZTeId1dYIUQ2q8e9owc8LYbKioasgm3lNFYUDfcIVffQTkx/s1600/195.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjBpS4d4FFOLDSltDaQmRDjY900N07MtJNVr9UFiN3OjdEHoOvIZjyDESP3ssb32kOCZc5FLqY-0xOWOlFzrYHsKN1KzH_3ZTeId1dYIUQ2q8e9owc8LYbKioasgm3lNFYUDfcIVffQTkx/s400/195.gif" /></a></center>
<br />In these embodiments, the action of applying voltage to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> and generating electromotive force in the induction coil <b>5</b> by electromagnetic induction is similar to that of a static magnet dynamo of the basic configuration (<b>Figs. 1-4</b>).<br /><br />The second and the third embodiments represented in <b>Fig.6</b> and <b>Fig.7</b> have the same basic configuration as the first embodiment, except that the first core <b>2</b> in each embodiment is shaped quite differently.<br /><br />In the second embodiment, the part opposed to the end of the second core <b>3</b> sticks out toward the end of the second core <b>3</b>. Thus, the leakage flux due to the repellence of the first flux <b>11</b> and the second flux <b>12</b> generated in the first core <b>2</b> jumps across the gap <b>G</b> and enters the second core <b>3</b> with greater ease.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 3 </b><br />The third embodiment is so designed that the part coupling the second core <b>3</b> is that part of the first core <b>2</b> which is nearest to the permanent magnet <b>1</b> and, to shorten the open magnetic path even further, the two permanent magnets <b>1</b> are close to each other. Since a flux tends to form a closed magnetic path with the shortest distance, the leakage flux due to the repellence of the first flux <b>11</b> and the second flux <b>12</b> generated in the first core <b>2</b> jumps across the gap <b>G</b> and enters the second core <b>3</b> with greater ease.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 4 </b><br />The fourth embodiment indicated in <b>Fig.8</b>, as opposed to a static magnet dynamo of the basic configuration, consists of a first loop where permanent magnets <b>1</b> with multiple closed magnetic paths are arranged circularly with the fluxes oriented in the same direction, and of a second loop which is wound around with a magnetised coil <b>4</b> and installed inside the first loop. Furthermore, the parts with their first cores <b>2</b> coupling the first loop to the second one stick out toward each other across a specified gap. The parts where this first core <b>2</b> stick out are coupled together with a second core <b>3</b> via a gap <b>G</b> to form an open magnetic path. This reinforces the flux of the permanent magnets <b>1</b> and makes it easier for the leakage flux due to the repellence of the first flux <b>11</b> and the second flux <b>12</b> generated in the first core <b>2</b> to jump across the gap <b>G</b> and enter the second core <b>3</b>.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 5 </b><br />The configuration of a static magnet dynamo involved in this invention has so far been described in terms of embodiments where an open magnetic path is connected to the first core <b>2</b> at both ends of the second core <b>3</b> via a paramagnetic material. However, this invention is not limited to these embodiments.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJzNqB6C-49opzkLn7shaqiJgFy_rkryVWzDOziGsgRF-rFy_DpjljwjB65N9tS6srRT6lYdWIzpd8bAIErYiGPlhpShHBVmMuMz01A6J2XQhfpLyDP4-GDzKUdOf-nSiwVSyoZSsiUfg/s1600/196.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJzNqB6C-49opzkLn7shaqiJgFy_rkryVWzDOziGsgRF-rFy_DpjljwjB65N9tS6srRT6lYdWIzpd8bAIErYiGPlhpShHBVmMuMz01A6J2XQhfpLyDP4-GDzKUdOf-nSiwVSyoZSsiUfg/s320/196.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />That is, as indicated in <b>Fig.9</b>, the open magnetic path may be embodied by extending any two parts of the first core <b>2</b> in the direction that they approach each other, thus defining them as core extensions <b>6</b>, and coupling these core extensions <b>6</b> via a paramagnetic material <b>6'</b>. This embodiment can be applied to all embodiments mentioned above.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 6</b><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj20dfjJes3ZHhyphenhyphen_Z0Aoi8VFHPu52vLsHDXXbeHkh8EtSVhiDaD8_kjVdlgvrj1b6xaokRFUSIctz4yCEzSkGFO7izMoo7CMBCKBkzAm3Ll3K7vNgooFjgHw69kQK-UbEayGxac61iYY1n_/s1600/197.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj20dfjJes3ZHhyphenhyphen_Z0Aoi8VFHPu52vLsHDXXbeHkh8EtSVhiDaD8_kjVdlgvrj1b6xaokRFUSIctz4yCEzSkGFO7izMoo7CMBCKBkzAm3Ll3K7vNgooFjgHw69kQK-UbEayGxac61iYY1n_/s320/197.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />As indicated in <b>Fig.10</b>, a closed magnetic path consists of a permanent magnet <b>1</b> and a first core <b>2</b> formed so as to couple the different poles of the said permanent magnet <b>1</b> in an annular manner. This closed magnetic path is then equipped with a second core <b>3</b> so that it comes magnetically in parallel with the permanent magnet <b>1</b>, so that a bypass closed magnetic path is composed of a permanent magnet <b>1</b>, part of a first core <b>2</b>, and a second core <b>3</b>.<br /><br />The part consisting only of the closed magnetic path of the first core <b>2</b> is wound around with a magnetised coil <b>4</b>. The second core <b>3</b> is then wounded around with an induction coil <b>5</b> designed to generate electromotive force by electromagnetic induction.<br /><br />The action of a static magnet dynamo of the above configuration generating power is described below. First, when no voltage is applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> of a static magnet dynamo, the first core <b>2</b> forms a first flux <b>11</b> in the direction going from the N pole to the S pole of the permanent magnet <b>1</b>. In this state, a flux similar to that of the first core <b>2</b> is generated in the second core 3 as well.<br /><br /><br /><b>Embodiment 7</b><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHAlqEXJsIeWb7MaF_9JteROcwGhenr01j3fId8_iyGlTUDzC9ChH9-_Kc8jpPRNUm7Ggq-JSGcPvSEPXOccObpuWrAv_XAuqnj51j6abkHkl9D8ynqUHjoFtdNou7p_unMQm-LF0kuNfP/s1600/198.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHAlqEXJsIeWb7MaF_9JteROcwGhenr01j3fId8_iyGlTUDzC9ChH9-_Kc8jpPRNUm7Ggq-JSGcPvSEPXOccObpuWrAv_XAuqnj51j6abkHkl9D8ynqUHjoFtdNou7p_unMQm-LF0kuNfP/s320/198.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />The seventh embodiment is described below based on <b>Fig.11</b>, in terms of a static magnet dynamo system composed of two static magnet dynamos of the basic configuration and with the relative position of the permanent magnets changed.<br /><br />In a static magnet dynamo, a closed magnetic path is composed of two permanent magnets <b>1</b> and two first cores <b>2</b> so designed as to couple the different poles of one of the permanent magnets <b>1</b> with the other permanent magnet <b>1</b> in an annular manner. This closed magnetic path is then equipped with a second core <b>3</b>. This results in the formation of a bypass closed magnetic path consisting of a permanent magnet <b>1</b>, part of a first core <b>2</b>, a paramagnetic material, and a second core <b>3</b>.<br /><br />The parts where a closed magnetic path of each first core <b>2</b> alone is formed are wound around with a magnetised coil <b>4</b>. Each second core <b>3</b> is then wound around with an induction coil <b>5</b> designed to generate electromotive force by electromagnetic induction.<br /><br />In this static magnet dynamo, where no voltage is applied to the magnetised coil <b>4</b>, a first flux <b>11</b> is formed in the first core <b>2</b> in the direction going from the N pole to the S pole of the permanent magnet <b>1</b>. The action of applying voltage to the magnetised coil <b>4</b> and generating electromotive force in the induction coil <b>5</b> by electromagnetic induction to generate power is similar to that of a static magnet dynamo of the basic configuration.<br /><br />In the aforementioned static magnet dynamo incorporating two permanent magnets <b>1</b>, magnetic paths are arranged in a well-balanced manner. This makes it possible to make effective use of the flux of the permanent magnets <b>1</b>, so that power generation efficiency is higher than that of a static magnet dynamo of the basic configuration.<br /><br />This invention has so far been described somewhat in detail in terms of the most favourable embodiments. Since it is clear that a wide variety of embodiments can be realised without opposing the philosophy and scope of this invention, this invention will not be limited to any particular embodiment, except for the limitations described in the attached claim.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Stephan W. Leben</b></span>.<br />There is an interesting video posted on YouTube <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zh_C3yvJH0">here</a> where a contributor whose ID is "TheGuru2You" posts some really interesting information. He starts with a circuit produced by Alexander Meissner in 1913 and shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4qfm8XQanxZaipCMBjmFb3AJhjAEQfXTQXeEdLqGY88wv7M-gWXa07RAdlt2DOWC783RZYOSul1uPSdeJ6JfwNYBiPCZWjppNd0M7oz4N6gXkIHb6A1pczp60hXLqSVg2W2-w7IjFptDc/s1600/199.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4qfm8XQanxZaipCMBjmFb3AJhjAEQfXTQXeEdLqGY88wv7M-gWXa07RAdlt2DOWC783RZYOSul1uPSdeJ6JfwNYBiPCZWjppNd0M7oz4N6gXkIHb6A1pczp60hXLqSVg2W2-w7IjFptDc/s400/199.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Stephan states that he has built this circuit and can confirm that it is a self-resonating powering circuit. Once a twelve volt supply is connected to the input terminals, the transistor switches on powering the transformer which feeds repeating pulses to the base of the transistor, sustaining the oscillations. The rate of oscillation is governed by the capacitor marked "<b>C</b>" in the circuit diagram above and the coil across which it is connected.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZNzeCm0ItgUyt9iit2X8xOSVwuX-th68KHRVaSYJfW2m8rQBugHwsKBLjw4HOGRi71ZGX_xFG8aGP3_NsYAcbX8biPcXAZcaYDRmrIBE6d3uMrIqkVrwD-H8wXykCBFD60ZR7iUtGoTb/s1600/200.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZNzeCm0ItgUyt9iit2X8xOSVwuX-th68KHRVaSYJfW2m8rQBugHwsKBLjw4HOGRi71ZGX_xFG8aGP3_NsYAcbX8biPcXAZcaYDRmrIBE6d3uMrIqkVrwD-H8wXykCBFD60ZR7iUtGoTb/s320/200.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />Interestingly, if that capacitor is replaced by an electrolyser (which is effectively a capacitor with the water forming the dielectric between the plates of the capacitor), then the frequency of the circuit automatically adjusts to the resonant frequency of the electrolyser and it is suggested that this system should be able to perform electrolysis of water requiring only a low power input and automatically slaving itself to the varying resonant frequency of the electrolyser. As far as I am aware, this has not been confirmed, however, the voltage pulsers designed by John Bedini do slave themselves automatically to their load, whether it is a battery being charged, or an electrolyser performing electrolysis.<br /><br />Stephan then suggests combining Alexander Meissner's circuit with Charles Flynn's magnetic amplification circuit. Here the transformer is switched to become the Charles Flynn oscillator winding plus a second winding placed alongside for magnetic coupling as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEDrIYjVoU9_QmtZScd7kp7VJAV6jFDzFZTfzdYBXDV1anYjHBI_RdMLIBnHl4dV-O0UCMdOw-fOX79H9EIZvF4-5hym5mXt0bPLqE4eSRl6qT2oC2rVgAcvQnhBK1pERHIwzRT1VE8ZPd/s1600/201.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEDrIYjVoU9_QmtZScd7kp7VJAV6jFDzFZTfzdYBXDV1anYjHBI_RdMLIBnHl4dV-O0UCMdOw-fOX79H9EIZvF4-5hym5mXt0bPLqE4eSRl6qT2oC2rVgAcvQnhBK1pERHIwzRT1VE8ZPd/s1600/201.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The transistor stage would be self-oscillating as before, the transformer now being made up of the red and blue coil windings. This oscillation would also oscillate the Flynn magnetic frame, producing an electrical output via the black coils at each end of the magnetic frame. This is, of course, an oscillating, or AC output, so the four diodes would produce a full-wave rectified (pulsating) DC current which is smoothed by the capacitor connected to the diodes.<br /><br />This circuit could be started by touching a 12 volt source very briefly to the output terminals on the right. An alternative would be to wave a permanent magnet close to the red and blue coils as that would generate a voltage in the coils, quite sufficient to start the system oscillating and so, becoming self-sustaining. Stephan suggests using the piezo crystal from a lighter and connecting it to an extra coil to produce the necessary voltage spike when the coil is held close to the blue coil and the lighter mechanism clicked.<br /><br />A surprising problem would be how to switch the device off since it runs itself. To manage this, Stephan suggests a two-pole On/Off switch to disconnect the output and prevent it supplying the input section of the circuit. To show whether or not the circuit is running, a Light-Emitting Diode ("LED") is connected across the output and the current flowing through it limited by a resistor of about 820 ohms.<br /><br />Anyone wanting to try replicating this device will need to experiment with the number of turns in each coil and the wire diameter needed to carry the desired current. Stephan states that you need to have at least twice the weight of copper in the (black) output coils as there is in the (blue) input coils in order to allow the device produce excess power. The first page of the Appendix shows the current carrying capacity for each of the standard wire diameters commonly offered for sale. As this is a fairly recently released circuit, I am not aware of any replications of it at this time.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Floyd Sweet’s VTA Generator</b></span>.<br />Another device in the same category of permanent magnets in conjunction with oscillating coils, was produced by Floyd Sweet. The device was dubbed “Vacuum Triode Amplifier” or “VTA” by Tom Bearden.<br /><br />The device was capable of producing more than 500 watts of output power at 120 Volts, 60 Hz requiring less than one third of one milliwatt as input power. The output power can operate AC motors, lights, heaters and when rectified, DC motors.<br /><br />Thanks is due to Horst Weyrich who has recently provided me with links to useful material which I had not seen before. This link: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gM9natKIyY">YouTube</a> is to a video in which Floyd shows most of the magnet conditioning process.<br /><br />Recently, some additional information on Floyd Sweet's device, has been released publicly by an associate of Floyd's who goes just by his first name of "Maurice" and who, having reached the age of seventy has decided that it is time to release this additional information. That information can be found in the Appendix. I am not aware of anybody who has succeeded in replicating Floyd’s VTA, but here is as much information as I have at this time.<br /><br />In the above video, Floyd talks about separating two of his conditioned permanent magnets with an “air gap” which is astonishing as he is putting them on opposite sides of a length of aluminium channel with thick walls and aluminium has a major damping effect on magnetic fields:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyD2xb80Yj68QjW8Xl-so6DQDn9Fi9JP06u2RZuMt8aRq7Sb779-8VrjINg7ewf9u-wXhCKlR4XXtmaa9g_5B6Z4ajA7t3z28Nkq88hl5A9-iTxIhUsWsTMbWMcApt01Oz5zYPETqalGjF/s1600/202.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyD2xb80Yj68QjW8Xl-so6DQDn9Fi9JP06u2RZuMt8aRq7Sb779-8VrjINg7ewf9u-wXhCKlR4XXtmaa9g_5B6Z4ajA7t3z28Nkq88hl5A9-iTxIhUsWsTMbWMcApt01Oz5zYPETqalGjF/s1600/202.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />This arrangement which seems quite mad, is confirmed by a picture from Floyd’s lab. As shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGCPpTrnO0fUW6FqMI3Np5QskZ0Qy1342AFuT94G0bdNkiIZWNQpQWrqeDDE9hLkK0nyQEHs3KRps0v3FAa4HPiwrrtXhaoAiKiMD9PoeD63inCATvC9-0UfCbTgHYpTBJ1XtU27v3msmz/s1600/203.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGCPpTrnO0fUW6FqMI3Np5QskZ0Qy1342AFuT94G0bdNkiIZWNQpQWrqeDDE9hLkK0nyQEHs3KRps0v3FAa4HPiwrrtXhaoAiKiMD9PoeD63inCATvC9-0UfCbTgHYpTBJ1XtU27v3msmz/s1600/203.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />203203<br /><br />This shows clearly that the open ends of the channel are not between the two magnets allowing an unrestricted magnetic field to flow between them, but instead, two channel thicknesses of aluminium are between the two magnets, obstructing the magnetic flow – quite remarkable !!<br /><br />Floyd shows two coils being used to condition the magnets. The first is the large vertical coil shown here in front of Floyd:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZyJAefmXpa5S8VuBPoQfaAaboKzz-LIkNh2NmPWEUUPCdnIxoiuiAwB-QJ9axJAVug_yBsZWoU6D0DjIJTAmAuR7dfYqrlXf5DRrSCYE2ol05-Tju_x1Fq7EWgh_ZjEQ6BZ2ki5X-AOfV/s1600/204.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZyJAefmXpa5S8VuBPoQfaAaboKzz-LIkNh2NmPWEUUPCdnIxoiuiAwB-QJ9axJAVug_yBsZWoU6D0DjIJTAmAuR7dfYqrlXf5DRrSCYE2ol05-Tju_x1Fq7EWgh_ZjEQ6BZ2ki5X-AOfV/s1600/204.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />The second coil is not seen as it is inside the vertical coil, sitting flat on the base, and consisting of an entire reel of AWG #17 (1.15 mm diameter) wire, something like this:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7WhsvR9gVZIArQ8Abd1SDMwKXYaxoDbgVWSv56BK-udf-UqtiwQKZRwxE5kWc7i9J3d9nHGn6aLtND8AqrfcHXJu-RORYE0G3zVzQr5M1ybvuvGsuhz6rua8fRmHW8QmqFS9qqE-bTkb/s1600/205.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7WhsvR9gVZIArQ8Abd1SDMwKXYaxoDbgVWSv56BK-udf-UqtiwQKZRwxE5kWc7i9J3d9nHGn6aLtND8AqrfcHXJu-RORYE0G3zVzQr5M1ybvuvGsuhz6rua8fRmHW8QmqFS9qqE-bTkb/s1600/205.jpg" /></a><br /><center>
</center>
<br /><br /><br />This coil operates effectively as an air-core solenoid, producing a strong axial magnetic field inside the larger coil which surrounds it. This inside coil is driven by a sine wave signal in the 10Hz to 15Hz range, boosted through a 100-watt audio amplifier which provides the current needed to impose the sine wave on this low impedance coil without distorting the waveform.<br /><br />The first step is to determine the resonant frequency of each of the two permanent magnets to be used. The ferrite magnets used appear to be about 6 x 4 x 1 inch (150 x 100 x 25 mm). As they will eventually be used as a pair, one end of each is marked so that they can be aligned in the correct orientation after conditioning. That size of magnet appears to have a resonant frequency of about 12Hz, but each magnet will be slightly different.<br /><br />The inside, low frequency coil is powered up at around 12Hz, the length of the magnet aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field (that is, North/South), and placed on top of the vertical coil. An iron shim as used in transformer core construction is placed vertically on top of the magnet as an indication of resonating:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMMpWpgd4vORRyR_s6xUTt2we5diylCb5Jbr2r1AURfR0rNpD8cyu38YHg0bWcsR4glFxDQgq9-b-32B67aKe1co5flTXlvhuxZmmZCNgru4MiY8wFOqDI3Jrg4zOOiW0zleQebpyk503C/s1600/206.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMMpWpgd4vORRyR_s6xUTt2we5diylCb5Jbr2r1AURfR0rNpD8cyu38YHg0bWcsR4glFxDQgq9-b-32B67aKe1co5flTXlvhuxZmmZCNgru4MiY8wFOqDI3Jrg4zOOiW0zleQebpyk503C/s1600/206.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />As shown in the video, the sine wave frequency feeding the AWG #17 coil is adjusted slowly to find the point at which the iron shim vibrates most strongly. That frequency is noted, and the same is done for the second magnet. It is not likely that the two resonant frequencies will be the same, and so the average frequency for the pair is used.<br /><br />Next, the two magnets are placed in attraction mode, one on each side of the aluminium channel, with their marked ends at the same end of the channel. That is, the North pole face of one will touch the aluminium and the South pole face of the other will touch the aluminium. The two magnets and their separating aluminium channel are then placed inside the main coil and aligned so that the outer North pole faces southwards and the opposite external South pole faces Northwards. The large coil dimensions are arranged so that the centre of the magnets is at the centre of the outer coil:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpAG0U5xLUbH2CSEXHw9tjCwSApJ3-6a2WJ1Bs-58YwDMCfQA2ApVEiX-c8knrkfy4FgNwfuKA8HY5JME87rF2Dm0A6wcpTeyzqs8SWmzy0W7ktC6xGd2iUb5tKPlTkLd_QaUgShG-ClN/s1600/207.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpAG0U5xLUbH2CSEXHw9tjCwSApJ3-6a2WJ1Bs-58YwDMCfQA2ApVEiX-c8knrkfy4FgNwfuKA8HY5JME87rF2Dm0A6wcpTeyzqs8SWmzy0W7ktC6xGd2iUb5tKPlTkLd_QaUgShG-ClN/s400/207.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />While the inner coil continues to be powered up with a powerful sine wave, the outer coil is now fed a 60Hz stream of sharp voltage pulses. These are generated by charging up a 16,000 microfarad 250V capacitor and then discharging it through an SCR (Thyristor) connected to the outer coil. It is important that the spikes be sharp as they are imposing that frequency on the internal magnetic structure of the magnets. Presumably, if aiming for a European 240V version, then the outer coil would be pulsed at 50Hz rather than the American 60Hz and the capacitor would be a 450V rated type.<br /><br />The working pictures of Floyd’s prototype powering a load, seem to indicate that the one input coil and one output coil as described by Ashley Gray below, are the same as used by Floyd as we see wires coming out of the open end of the channel.<br /><br />Horst wishes to emphasise that it is not easy to make a working replication of Floyd’s design as the people at <a href="http://www.hyiq.org/">hiaq.org</a> have tried to replicate it for a number of years now, without any success.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: black;"><b>Ashley Gray of New Zealand</b>.<br />In April 2014, I was sent some information about a colleague of Floyd Sweet’s – Ashley Gray of Nelson, New Zealand. The version described by Ashley appears to be understandable.<br /><br />On 20th June 1994, Ashley says:<br /><span style="color: #000099;">After a trip to America in 1985 when I was first introduced to Floyd Sweet, I was invited to go back and work with him. At that time he was being funded by Mark Goldes of the Aesop Institute, and Darryl Roberts was working as co-coordinator for the Institute in L.A. After working with Floyd for some time we left America for England. At that stage the "politics" had become difficult. While we were in England, we were contacted by Mark Goldes and told that Floyd had obtained some results which they would like us to verify for them.<br /><br />On our return to New Zealand, Darryl Roberts sent us the Lab Notes which he had recorded during the first tests of the “Space Quanta Modulator” and it's construction details. We were asked to repeat the experiments to verify the results. We constructed the device but were unable to get any results at that time. In the light of the new information which had been released, I conducted some further experiments and managed to obtain some interesting results without magnet ‘conditioning’ which, as far as I was aware, was not used in the original device.<br /><br />The initial device which I constructed when in America, consisted of two 1-inch x 1-inch (25 x 25 mm) neodymium magnets mounted in a steel frame. There were two ‘modulating’ windings and one output winding. It was driven by a specially built sine-wave oscillator which was adjustable from 1 kHz to 2 kHz. We did not get any output or significant result from this device. Floyd felt that this was due to the high field strength of the neodymium magnets and the closed magnetic path. Floyd did not mention anything about magnet conditioning being necessary.<br /><br />A second prototype was then built, using Barium Ferrite magnets size 6-inches x 4-inches x 1-inch (150 x 100 x 25 mm):<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKOzEEb5F-uIRiBTYzi9GdASidQgYBxYtb4PjcyM5RUuL0hpbY-Zx6YTMC3YH5kINvL3Ej0mhQlCw49xInibbcb_FaNf0qb20_rZB_b6R1TVZYnBIp2yTe_12ogB-dNlVq8e-JZcpymlk/s1600/208.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKOzEEb5F-uIRiBTYzi9GdASidQgYBxYtb4PjcyM5RUuL0hpbY-Zx6YTMC3YH5kINvL3Ej0mhQlCw49xInibbcb_FaNf0qb20_rZB_b6R1TVZYnBIp2yTe_12ogB-dNlVq8e-JZcpymlk/s320/208.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
</span>Ashley appears to be using magnets which are not ‘conditioned’. Ashley has had what I consider to be very significant results from his prototype with an output power of 111 watts for an input of just 0.001 watts (a COP of 111,000). Ashley’s successful build has an aluminium housing. People get the very mistaken idea that aluminium is not magnetic because magnets do not stick to it. The reality is that aluminium has a really major effect on magnetic fields and can be used as magnetic shielding if thick enough. Ashley’s design uses two coils at right-angles to each other and that style of operation can be seen in other free-energy designs. Anyway, take a look at the version built by Ashley:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOCZIsBOKGOnzMweTlkb53qjJzYatYIixg7df2fm1RLSfuCI4AOQdoJaNiU9PAU3F7cVh1MCDg5Iscfl7iFHGmrHsW84RCgGSlyTX2wRDI3ck_YTpHP6W1lHZkT4pS7t_Mk2ItiSEWgrJw/s1600/209.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOCZIsBOKGOnzMweTlkb53qjJzYatYIixg7df2fm1RLSfuCI4AOQdoJaNiU9PAU3F7cVh1MCDg5Iscfl7iFHGmrHsW84RCgGSlyTX2wRDI3ck_YTpHP6W1lHZkT4pS7t_Mk2ItiSEWgrJw/s400/209.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The aluminium enclosure is shallow. The ends are 4” x 2.5” which is 100 x 63 mm. The diameter of the input coil is 1.5 inches or 38 mm. Similarly, the output coil length has to be less than 63 mm.<br /><br />The diagram below may give a slightly better idea of the dimensions involved in the construction. At the present time, magnets of that size are available for £14 each in the UK. They each have an 8 Kg pull and are very heavy.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk-YGnCyH2n7lYoPP7NHPOBL0DLidGifpFD7jOt8-OjE_ukla3Yzv3FoUTm521pyvzS8r2dRtLTjht2BCc0IgQNif2JIeph9zydKpzYnnGT24k72jVZ18x4C_lb0k7BZHnVRJSVKGh7_uK/s1600/210.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk-YGnCyH2n7lYoPP7NHPOBL0DLidGifpFD7jOt8-OjE_ukla3Yzv3FoUTm521pyvzS8r2dRtLTjht2BCc0IgQNif2JIeph9zydKpzYnnGT24k72jVZ18x4C_lb0k7BZHnVRJSVKGh7_uK/s1600/210.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The magnetic lines of force flow through the length of the output coil and through the width of the input coil. As you can see from the diagram, the unit is compact in spite of the very large magnets. The input needed is a good-quality sine wave. Ashley also says: <span style="color: #000099;"><br /><br /><b><u>Details From Lab Notes of First Successful Tests</u></b><br /><br /><b>Original Test Setup:</b><br />A Signal Generator made by Wavetek, USA, was used to drive the input coil.<br />Input coil: 1.5" diameter 120 turns #20 gauge (0.812 mm diameter, overall resistance about 1 ohm)<br />Input = 7.5 volts at 3.l microamps = 23 micro watts<br />Output Coil: 1.5" diameter 12 turns #12 gauge (2.05 mm diameter)<br />Output = 10.4 volts sine wave at 1.84 amps = 19.15 watts at approx 400 Hz<br /><br /><b>Comments: </b><br />Frequency generally affected resistive 1.8 amp 20 watt bulb load proportionally - brightness increased with frequency, decreased with frequency except at certain points when it appeared inversely related, increasing as frequency decreased etc.<br /><br /><b>First Modifications: </b><br />The Signal generator was replaced with a purpose-built Sine Wave Oscillator of 9 volt output. The input coil was increased to 250 turns of #18 gauge (1.024mm) and the output coil was increased to 24 turns of #18 gauge(1.024 mm diameter) wire. Magnets, spacing, etc. all remained the same.<br /><br /><b>Input:</b> 7.2 volts at 143 micro amps (0.001 watts)<br /><b>Output:</b> 24.2 volts at 4.6 amps = 111watts. Frequency 388 and 402 Hz<br /><br /><b>Comments: </b><br />By increasing the area of the wire exposed to/or occupying the fluctuating magnetic field the output was doubled. The exact proportions /ratios of the space filling volume of winding to output had not been determined at the time of writing. Magnet size seems to be less important than the volume of the windings, wire diameter, input voltage and current.<br /><br />The current is only limited by the impedance of the wire which rises dramatically in the magnetic field to several hundred thousand ohms, while the impedance when outside the magnetic the field is only 2 or 3ohms @ 400 Hz. (250 turns #18 (1 mm diameter) wire).<br /><br />The AC excitation current is only required to support I<sup>2</sup>R losses as the magnetic field requires no additional power, as it is not loaded by the wires passing through the field.<br /><br />The unit ran for 10 to 12 hours with no heating occurring but no longer duration tests were performed. The tests were witnessed by three people.<br /><br /><b>Technical Notes: </b><br />The quality of the oscillator is important - there should be no harmonic distortion i.e. it needs to be a pure sine wave.<br /><br />The signal diode divides the current into the circuit, and being parallel - puts a small microamp current into the power coil as well as the excitation coil. This works with the magnets in such a way that there is produced a vector complementation.<br /><br />When in close proximity to the magnets, the output load bulbs vibrate. </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Pavel Imris</b></span>.<br />Pavel was awarded a US patent in the 1970’s. The patent is most interesting in that it describes a device which can have an output power which is more than nine times greater than the input power. He achieves this with a device which has two pointed electrodes enclosed in a quartz glass envelope which contains xenon gas under pressure (the higher the pressure, the greater the gain of the device) and a dielectric material.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><br />Here, the power supply to one or more standard fluorescent lamps is passed through the device. This produces a power gain which can be spectacular when the gas pressure in the area marked ‘24’ and ‘25’ in the above diagram is high. The patent is included in this set of documents and it contains the following table of experimental measurements:<br /><br /><b>Table 1</b> shows the data to be obtained relating to the optical electrostatic generator. <b>Table 2</b> shows the lamp performance and efficiency for each of the tests shown in <b>Table 1</b>. The following is a description of the data in each of the columns of <b>Tables 1</b> and <b>2</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMtm7efOAWZrG9Op5_ngCfF4Wy6n61saSsiJZVkwrVbwurUxuVD-0cEiY6oxYSCxAUQs1EjrkFPrBezop-8JcNkfWJz7QK0T34qexC8cUVQBmBAsnc56QbFDkLqRbrkUsmFbes4XI4cBfE/s1600/212.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMtm7efOAWZrG9Op5_ngCfF4Wy6n61saSsiJZVkwrVbwurUxuVD-0cEiY6oxYSCxAUQs1EjrkFPrBezop-8JcNkfWJz7QK0T34qexC8cUVQBmBAsnc56QbFDkLqRbrkUsmFbes4XI4cBfE/s1600/212.gif" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg3WHEE1GLrI08AJ5oy9IsgEyIji6yx2z04RHgOBUr7NscGFWNlwt9BbYubR18JFW5ZvnHSDJ66TZqZQEZCsWpyig06EDtTS1hsv1XC_oFWVxmSx7j6mY3xYvKOVV5r7EWUOJq4bvQifMC/s1600/213.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg3WHEE1GLrI08AJ5oy9IsgEyIji6yx2z04RHgOBUr7NscGFWNlwt9BbYubR18JFW5ZvnHSDJ66TZqZQEZCsWpyig06EDtTS1hsv1XC_oFWVxmSx7j6mY3xYvKOVV5r7EWUOJq4bvQifMC/s1600/213.gif" /></a></center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0QwyuRiQ4zE4QlHJiSLn9nPR-v0shvGCpKxTm39gC97Sw-W9SJJPAOCrYAGC0QVNnSTS_LuzAOdxKbu_LUbJiF3Yu3eCRHjN3SIRk7HodJy8bvar776H_1jGFDb31q2CKWkY2WWERqj7A/s1600/214.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0QwyuRiQ4zE4QlHJiSLn9nPR-v0shvGCpKxTm39gC97Sw-W9SJJPAOCrYAGC0QVNnSTS_LuzAOdxKbu_LUbJiF3Yu3eCRHjN3SIRk7HodJy8bvar776H_1jGFDb31q2CKWkY2WWERqj7A/s1600/214.gif" /></a><br />The results from Test No. 24 where the gas pressure is a very high 5,000 Torr, show that the input power for each 40-watt standard fluorescent tubes is 0.9 watts for full lamp output. In other words, each lamp is working to its full specification on less than one fortieth of its rated input power. However, the power taken by the device in that test was 333.4 watts which with the 90 watts needed to run the 100 lamps, gives a total input electrical power of 423.4 watts instead of the 4,000 watts which would have been needed without the device. That is an output power of more than nine times the input power.<br /><br />From the point of view of any individual lamp, without using this device, it requires 40 watts of electrical input power to give 8.8 watts of light output which is an efficiency of about 22% (the rest of the input power being converted to heat). In test 24, the input power per lamp is 0.9 watts for the 8.8 watts of light produced, which is a lamp efficiency of more than 900%. The lamp used to need 40 watts of input power to perform correctly. With this device in the circuit, each lamp only needs 0.9 watts of input power which is only 2.25% of the original power. Quite an impressive performance for so simple a device!<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>The Michael Meyer and Yves Mace Isotopic Generator</b></span>.<br />There is a French patent application number FR2680613 dated 19th August 1991 entitled “Activateur pour Mutation Isotopique” which provides some very interesting information. The system described is a self-contained solid-state energy converter which abstracts large amounts of energy from an ordinary iron bar.<br /><br />The inventors describes the technique as an “isotopic mutation effect” as it converts ordinary iron (isotope 56) to isotope 54 iron, releasing large amounts of electrical energy in the process. This excess energy can, they say, be used to drive inverters, motors or generators.<br /><br />The description of the mechanism which is being used by the device is: “the present invention uses a physical phenomenon to which we draw attention and which we will call ‘Isotopic Change’. The physical principle applies to isotope 56 iron which contains 26 protons, 26 electrons and 30 neutrons, giving a total mass of 56.52 Mev, although its actual mass is 55.80 Mev. The difference between the total mass and the actual mass is therefore 0.72 Mev this which corresponds to an energy of cohesion per nucleon of 0.012857 Mev.<br /><br />So, If one introduces an additional 105 ev of energy to the iron core isotope 56, that core isotope will have a cohesion energy level of 0.012962 Mev per nucleon corresponding to iron isotope 54. The instability created by this contribution of energy will transfer the isotope 56 iron to isotope 54 causing a release of 2 neutrons.<br /><br />This process generates an excess energy of 20,000 ev since the iron isotope 54 is only 0.70 Mev while isotope 56 has 0.72 Mev. To bring about this iron isotope 56 conversion, we use the principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.”<br /><br />The practical method for doing this is by using three coils of wire and a magnetic-path-closing support frame of iron as shown in this diagram:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXQQzs6JJVegkJ3MD8XeZociGnCO1XDs0eui2K1lINFH57ykTdVGCpXWdRRfb4kHWTa9RorZpvQqKGO3XUVADKuj1oDyqlQlbo1LKjHlSZahlJdcT0ZEOuTiwoQoCLzExSv1kAn4F3GZM/s1600/215.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXQQzs6JJVegkJ3MD8XeZociGnCO1XDs0eui2K1lINFH57ykTdVGCpXWdRRfb4kHWTa9RorZpvQqKGO3XUVADKuj1oDyqlQlbo1LKjHlSZahlJdcT0ZEOuTiwoQoCLzExSv1kAn4F3GZM/s1600/215.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />In this arrangement,<br /><br /><b>Coil 1</b>: Produces 0.5 Tesla when fed with DC, converting the iron bar into an electromagnet<br /><b>Coil 2</b>: Produces 10 milli-Tesla when fed with a 21 MHz AC sinewave signal<br /><b>Coil 3</b>: Is the output coil, providing 110, 220 or 380 volts AC at about 400 Hz depending on the number of turns in the coil<br /><br />This simple and cheap system has the potential for producing substantial energy output for a very long time. The inventors claim that this device can be wired to be self-powered, while still powering external devices. Coil 1 turns the iron rod into an electromagnet with it’s flux channelled in a loop by the iron yoke. Coil 2 then oscillates that magnetic field in resonance with the isotope 56 iron atoms in the rod, and this produces the isotope conversion and release of excess energy. Coil 3 is wound to produce a convenient output voltage.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>The Colman / Seddon-Gilliespie Generator</b></span>.<br />This device, patented by Harold Colman and Ronald Seddon-Gillespie on 5th December 1956, is quite remarkable. It is a tiny lightweight device which can produce electricity using a self-powered electromagnet and chemical salts. The working life of the device before needing refurbishment is estimated at some seventy years with an output of about one kilowatt.<br /><br />The operation is controlled by a transmitter which bombards the chemical sample with 300 MHz radio waves. This produces radioactive emissions from the chemical mixture for a period of one hour maximum, so the transmitter needs to be run for fifteen to thirty seconds once every hour. The chemical mixture is shielded by a lead screen to prevent harmful radiation reaching the user. The patent, GB 763,062 is included in the Appendix.<br /><br />This generator unit includes a magnet, a tube containg a chemical mixture of elements whose nuclei becomes unstable as a result of bombardment by short waves so that the elements become radio-active and release electrical energy, the mixture being mounted between, and in contact with, a pair of different metals such as copper and zinc, and a capacitor mounted between those metals.<br /><br />The mixture is preferably composed of the elements Cadmium, Phosphorus and Cobalt having Atomic Weights of 112, 31 and 59 respectively. The mixture, which may be of powdered form, is mounted in a tube of non-conducting, high heat resistivity material and is compressed between granulated zinc at one end of the tube and granulated copper at the other end, the ends of the tube being closed by brass caps and the tube being carried in a suitable cradle so that it is located between the poles of the magnet. The magnet is preferably an electro-magnet and is energised by the current produced by the unit. The transmitter unit which is used for activating the generator unit may be of any conventional type operating on ultra-shortwave and is preferably crystal controlled at the desired frequency.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The transmitter unit is of any suitable conventional type for producing ultra shortwaves and may be crystal controlled to ensure that it operates at the desired frequency with the necessity of tuning. The quartz tube containing the chemical mixture, works best if made up of a number of small cells in series. In other words, considering the cartridge from one end to the other, at one end and in contact with the brass cap, there would be a layer of powdered copper, then a layer of the chemical mixture, then a layer of powdered zinc, a layer of powdered copper, etc. with a layer of powdered zinc in contact with the brass cap at the other end of the cartridge. With a cartridge some forty five millimetres long and five millimetres diameter, some fourteen cells may be included.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Hans Coler</b></span>.<br />Hans Coler developed a device which he named the “Stromerzeuger” which consisted of an arrangement of magnets, flat coils and copper plates with a primary circuit powered by a small battery. The output from the secondary circuit was used to light a bank of lamps and it was claimed that the output power was many times the input power and to continue indefinitely.<br /><br />The apparatus principally consists of two parallel connected spools which being bi-filarly wound in a special way, are magnetically linked together. One of these spools is composed of copper sheets (the spool is called the ‘plate spool’). The other one is made of a number of thin parallel connected isolated wires (called ‘spool winding’), running parallel to the plates, at small intervals. Both spools can be fed by separate batteries (6 Volt, 6.5 AHr were used). At least two batteries are needed to get the apparatus operating, but subsequently, one battery can be removed.<br /><br />The spools are arranged in two halves each by the bi-filar windings. The plate spool also contains iron rods with silver wire connections. These rods are magnetised by a special battery through exciter windings. Electrically, the exciter winding is completely isolated from the other windings. Hans said that the production of energy takes place principally in these iron rods and the winding of the spools plays an essential part in the process.<br /><br />It should be mentioned that the spool circuit is powered up first. Initially, it took a current of 104 mA. The plates and exciter circuits are then switched on simultaneously. When this is done, the current in the spool circuit dropped from 104 mA to about 27 mA.<br /><br />It is suggested that an electron be not only regarded as a negatively charged particle but also as a South magnetic pole. The basic Stromerzeuger element is that of an open secondary circuit, capacity loaded, inductively coupled to a primary circuit. The novel feature is that the capacities are connected to the secondary core through permanent magnets as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />It is claimed that on switching on the primary circuit, “separation of charges” takes place with M1 becoming positively charged and M2 becoming negatively charged and that these charges are “magnetically polarised” when they formed, owing to the presence of the magnets. When the primary circuit is switched off, a “reversing current” flows in the secondary but the magnets “do not exert a polarising effect on this reversal”.<br /><br />Two of the basic elements shown above are placed together making a double stage arrangement with the copper plates close together (presumably as capacitor plates):<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br />The secondary windings are both exactly equal and wound in a direction such that, on switching the primary coil on, the electrons in the secondary coil flow from P1 to P2 and from F1 to F2. This is the basic working arrangement. More of these double stages can be added to provide higher outputs.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8OkQNAl9S_7s2X8J3JbOwO2j48sfgmRVdrT1zmGQEmQlcJ4bZKzq7F3UrwdmYL6dOYGTXiieyNuem1QOqBINifJnyEXBBKr6upOoPZow6OdLVC00FiUXftbnXqD45MGA0oOCQl1lTodf/s1600/221.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8OkQNAl9S_7s2X8J3JbOwO2j48sfgmRVdrT1zmGQEmQlcJ4bZKzq7F3UrwdmYL6dOYGTXiieyNuem1QOqBINifJnyEXBBKr6upOoPZow6OdLVC00FiUXftbnXqD45MGA0oOCQl1lTodf/s400/221.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Donald Lee Smith</b> died a few years ago. He is famous for his high-power self-powered free energy designs. There are several videos on the web, showing some of his lectures. He produced one pdf document which is shown at the end of this chapter, and in May 2004 he was granted one patent. Don stated clearly in one of his lectures, that he never did disclose the full details of his designs. However, Don says that he discloses enough for somebody who is experienced in radio-frequency electronics to be able to deduce the things which he does not disclose and so build a device for his own use. If that is the case, then anybody who has succeeded in doing so has kept very quiet about it afterwards (which would be understandable).<br /><br />Don produced at least forty eight different devices which draw energy from what Don prefers to call "the ambient background". His devices are capable of supplying kilowatts of excess energy and in most cases they do not require any input energy to be supplied by the user.<br /><br />Don’s work is subtle and not easy to replicate. It is based on the principle that the power output of a circuit increases with the square of the frequency and the square of the voltage. So, if you double the frequency and double the voltage, then the output power goes up and becomes sixteen times greater. As a result of this, Don’s best known design uses a Neon Sign Transformer circuit which raises the frequency to around 35,000 cycles per second and raises the voltage to anything from 2,000 volts to 12,000 volts, giving a power output is physically quite small and yet it has an output of 160 kilowatts (8000 volts at 20 amps) from an input of 12 volts 1 amp. That is, the output power is more than thirteen thousand times greater than the input power. Consequently, <span style="color: red;"><b>his designs are dangerous and can kill you instantly. In other words, his designs are for experienced developers only. Please bear in mind that the voltages here and their associated power levels are literally lethal and perfectly capable of killing anyone who handles the device carelessly when it is powered up. When a replication of this device is ready for routine use, it must be encased so that none of the high-voltage connections can be touched by anyone. This is not a suggestion, but it is a mandatory requirement, despite the fact that the components shown in the photographs are laid out in what would be a most dangerous fashion were the circuit to be powered up as it stands. Under no circumstances, construct and test this circuit unless you are already experienced in the use of high-voltage circuits or can be supervised by somebody who is experienced in this field. This is a "one hand in the pocket at all times" type of circuit and it needs to be treated with great care and respect at all times, so be sensible.</b></span><br /><br />Don Smith considered himself to be self taught. Don says that his understanding comes from the work of Nikola Tesla as recorded in Thomas C. Martin's book "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla" ISBN 0-7873-0582-0. This book can be downloaded from <a href="http://www.free-energy-info.com/TeslaBook.pdf">www.free-energy-info.com</a> as a pdf file.<br /><br />Don states that he repeated each of the experiments found in the book and that gave him his understanding of what he prefers to describe as the 'ambient background energy' which is also called the 'zero-point energy field'. Don remarks that he advanced further than Tesla in this field, partly because of the devices now available to him and which were not available when Tesla was alive.<br /><br />Don stresses two key points. Firstly, a dipole can cause a disturbance in the magnetic component of the 'ambient background' and that imbalance allows you to collect large amounts of electrical power, using capacitors and inductors (coils). Secondly, you can pick up as many powerful electrical outputs as you want from that one magnetic disturbance, without depleting the magnetic disturbance in any way. This allows massively more power output than the small power needed to create the magnetic disturbance in the first place. This is what produces a “Coefficient Of Performance”>1 device and Don has created nearly fifty different devices based on that understanding.<br /><br />Although they get removed quite frequently, there is one video which is definitely worth watching if it is still there. It is located at <a href="http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2820531/don_smith_free_energy/">www.metacafe.com</a> and was recorded in 2006. It covers a good deal of what Don has done. In the video, reference is made to Don's website but you will find that it has been taken over by Big Oil who have filled it with innocuous similar-sounding things of no consequence, apparently intended to confuse newcomers searching for information on Don’s designs.<br /><br />The present situation in 2019 is that few people understand Don’s designs fully (and I myself, fall into that category), the high-voltage components are expensive and hard to find, and the high voltages are dangerous. However, we will look at three of his many designs and try to understand them as best we can. We will start with his patented design:<br /><br /><center>
<b>Patent NL 02000035 A 20th May 2004 Inventor: Donald Lee Smith<br /><br /><br /><u>TRANSFORMER GENERATOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE INTO ELECTRIC ENERGY</u></b></center>
<b><br /><br />ABSTRACT </b><br />The present invention refers to an Electromagnetic Dipole Device and Method, where wasted radiated energy is transformed into useful energy. A Dipole as seen in Antenna Systems is adapted for use with capacitor plates in such a way that the Heaviside Current Component becomes a useful source of electrical energy.<br /><br /><b>DESCRIPTION </b><br /><br /><b>Technical Field: </b><br />This invention relates to loaded Dipole Antenna Systems and their Electromagnetic radiation. When used as a transformer with an appropriate energy collector system, it becomes a transformer/generator. The invention collects and converts energy which is radiated and wasted by conventional devices.<br /><br /><b>Background Art: </b><br />A search of the International Patent Database for closely related methods did not reveal any prior art with an interest in conserving radiated and wasted magnetic waves as useful energy.<br /><br /><b>DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION </b><br />The invention is a new and useful departure from transformer generator construction, such that radiated and wasted magnetic energy changes into useful electrical energy. Gauss meters show that much energy from conventional electromagnetic devices is radiated into the ambient background and wasted. In the case of conventional transformer generators, a radical change in the physical construction allows better access to the energy available. It is found that creating a dipole and inserting capacitor plates at right angles to the current flow, allows magnetic waves to change back into useful electrical (coulombs) energy. Magnetic waves passing through the capacitor plates do not degrade and the full impact of the available energy is accessed. One, or as many sets of capacitor plates as is desired, may be used. Each set makes an exact copy of the full force and effect of the energy present in the magnetic waves. The originating source is not depleted of degraded as is common in conventional transformers.<br /><br /><b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS </b><br />The Dipole at right angles, allows the magnetic flux surrounding it to intercept the capacitor plate, or plates, at right angles. The electrons present are spun such that the electrical component of each electron is collected by the capacitor plates. Essential parts are the South and North component of an active Dipole. Examples presented here exist as fully functional prototypes and were engineer constructed and fully tested in use by the Inventor. In each of the three examples shown in the drawings, corresponding parts are used.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><center>
<b>Fig.1</b> is a View of the Method, where N is the North<br />and S is the South component of the Dipole.</center>
<br /><br /><br />Here, 1 marks the Dipole with its North and South components. 2 is a resonant high-voltage induction coil. 3 indicates the position of the electromagnetic wave emission from the Dipole. 4 indicates the position and flow direction of the corresponding Heaviside current component of the energy flow caused by the induction coil 2. 5 is the dielectric separator for the capacitor plates 7. 6 for the purposes of this drawing, indicates a virtual limit for the scope of the electromagnetic wave energy.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><center>
<b>Fig.2</b> has two parts; A and B.</center>
<br /><br />In <b>Fig.2A</b> 1 is the hole in the capacitor plates through which the Dipole is inserted and in <b>Fig.2B</b> it is the Dipole with its North and South poles shown. 2 is the resonant high-voltage induction coil surrounding part of the Dipole 1. The dielectric separator 5, is a thin sheet of plastic placed between the two capacitor plates 7, the upper plate being made of aluminium and the lower plate made of copper. Unit 8 is a deep-cycle battery system powering a DC inverter 9 which produces 120 volts at 60 Hz (the US mains supply voltage and frequency, obviously, a 240 volt 50 Hz inverter could be used here just as easily) which is used to power whatever equipment is to be driven by the device. The reference number 10 just indicates connecting wires. Unit 11 is a high-voltage generating device such as a neon transformer with its oscillating power supply.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkI_cTuOhqak_F-IcTtF_M-9GCDw4yzVdx3mvUhqJoVqLmLl4KGhWkaamZ6zA03W175Iz2Mu0SXgcJkrKPDJ3GjDaopGyoJxZrJueYVbeeAIJ4iZhuZ30axQLBQ5MkG16nIYydw55nPa2R/s1600/224.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkI_cTuOhqak_F-IcTtF_M-9GCDw4yzVdx3mvUhqJoVqLmLl4KGhWkaamZ6zA03W175Iz2Mu0SXgcJkrKPDJ3GjDaopGyoJxZrJueYVbeeAIJ4iZhuZ30axQLBQ5MkG16nIYydw55nPa2R/s320/224.gif" width="243" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.3</b> is a Proof Of Principal Device using a Plasma Tube as an active Dipole. In this drawing, 5 is the plastic sheet dielectric separator of the two plates 7 of the capacitor, the upper plate being aluminium and the lower plate copper. The connecting wires are marked 10 and the plasma tube is designated 15. The plasma tube is four feet long (1.22 m) and six inches (100 mm) in diameter. The high-voltage energy source for the active plasma dipole is marked 16 and there is a connector box 17 shown as that is a convenient method of connecting to the capacitor plates when running tests on the device.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdafUahjjK6vEKtNZUqIS8SO7eiuUvTsGrmjw4PV7TO1fx66nyawRADCzfvWkZMBlZnG4NHUqZIhzWHN7lEMdplDnZyHIOfEKwBOj2dmTq94VL0co6OmUnQv0_zMVu51lIXgPyAvIf2rr6/s1600/225.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdafUahjjK6vEKtNZUqIS8SO7eiuUvTsGrmjw4PV7TO1fx66nyawRADCzfvWkZMBlZnG4NHUqZIhzWHN7lEMdplDnZyHIOfEKwBOj2dmTq94VL0co6OmUnQv0_zMVu51lIXgPyAvIf2rr6/s320/225.gif" width="280" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.4</b> shows a Manufacturer's Prototype, constructed and fully tested. 1 is a metal Dipole rod and 2 the resonant high-voltage induction coil, connected through wires 10 to connector block 17 which facilitates the connection of it's high-voltage power supply. Clamps 18 hold the upper edge of the capacitor packet in place and 19 is the base plate with it's supporting brackets which hold the whole device in place. 20 is a housing which contains the capacitor plates and 21 is the point at which the power output from the capacitor plates is drawn off and fed to the DC inverter.<br /><br /><br /><b>BEST METHOD OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION</b> The invention is applicable to any and all electrical energy requirements. The small size and it's high efficiency make it an attractive option, especially for remote areas, homes, office buildings, factories, shopping centres, public places, transportation, water systems, electric trains, boats, ships and 'all things great and small'. The construction materials are commonly available and only moderate skill levels are needed to make the device.<br /><br /><b><u>CLAIMS </u></b><br /><br /><b>1.</b> Radiated magnetic flux from the Dipole, when intercepted by capacitor plates at right angles, changes into useful electrical energy.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> A Device and Method for converting for use, normally wasted electromagnetic energy.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> The Dipole of the Invention is any resonating substance such as Metal Rods, Coils and Plasma Tubes which have interacting Positive and Negative components.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> The resulting Heaviside current component is changed to useful electrical energy.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />This patent does not make it clear that the device needs to be tuned and that the tuning is related to its physical location on Earth. The tuning will be accomplished by applying a variable-frequency input signal to the neon transformer and adjusting that input frequency to give the maximum output.<br /><br /><br />The second of Don’s devices to consider is his table-top very high power generator. This is effectively a Tesla Coil system and so the normal electromagnetic effect of the ratio of the number of coil turns does NOT determine the effect between the coils. The demonstration device looks like this:<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />This device is not the easiest thing in the world to understand. Here is the circuit diagram:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVR_NwYHMaipdLU-QRpBhM-b3eN2HoIIBF1MTGXa-lQ5PKD4-akq-j_AnX9V_eeGq-HiMzqEybC4jbjMh2nojqz4NoWtcXnNRA5B9zzSb8U63zS1oQW42Iud80vvrXJD33MzfxvXfsZZcI/s1600/227.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVR_NwYHMaipdLU-QRpBhM-b3eN2HoIIBF1MTGXa-lQ5PKD4-akq-j_AnX9V_eeGq-HiMzqEybC4jbjMh2nojqz4NoWtcXnNRA5B9zzSb8U63zS1oQW42Iud80vvrXJD33MzfxvXfsZZcI/s1600/227.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />it is probably worth mentioning some of the main points which Don Smith appears to be making. There are some very important points being made here, and grasping these may make a considerable difference to our ability to tap into the excess energy available in our local environment. There are four points worth mentioning:<br /><br /><b>1. Voltage<br />2. Frequency<br />3. Magnetic / Electric relationship<br />4. Resonance<br /><br />1. Voltage.</b> We tend to view things with an 'intuitive' view, generally based on fairly simple concepts. For example, we automatically think that it is more difficult to pick up a heavy object than to pick up a light one. How much more difficult? Well, if it is twice as heavy, it would probably be about twice as much effort to pick it up. This view has developed from our experience of things which we have done in the past, rather than on any mathematical calculation or formula.<br /><br />Well, how about pulsing an electronic system with a voltage? How would the output power of a system be affected by increasing the voltage? Our initial 'off-the cuff' reaction might be that the power output might be increased a bit, but then hold on… we've just remembered that Watts = Volts x Amps, so if you double the voltage, then you would double the power in watts. So we might settle for the notion that if we doubled the voltage then we could double the output power. If we thought that, then we would be wrong.<br /><br />Don Smith points out that as capacitors and coils store energy, if they are involved in the circuit, then the output power is proportional to the <b>square</b> of the voltage used. Double the voltage, and the output power is four times greater. Use three times the voltage and the output power is nine times greater. Use ten times the voltage and the output power is one hundred times greater !<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Don says that the energy stored, multiplied by the cycles per second, is the energy being pumped by the system. Capacitors and inductors (coils) temporarily store electrons, and their performance is given by:<br /><br />Capacitor formula: W = 0.5 x C x V<sup>2</sup> x Hz where:<br /><br />W is the energy in Joules (Joules = Volts x Amps x seconds) C is the capacitance in Farads V is the voltage Hz is the cycles per second<br /><br />Inductor formula: <b>W = 0.5 x L x A<sup>2</sup> x Hz</b> where:<br /><br /><b>W</b> is the energy in Joules<br /><b>L</b> is the inductance in henrys<br /><b>A</b> is the current in amps<br /><b>Hz</b> is the frequency in cycles per second<br /><br />You will notice that where inductors (coils) are involved, then the output power goes up with the square of the current. Double the voltage <b>and</b> double the current gives four times the power output due to the increased voltage and that increased output is increased by a further four times due to the increased current, giving sixteen times the output power.<br /><br /><br /><b>2. Frequency.</b> You will notice from the formulas above, that the output power is directly proportional to the frequency "Hz". The frequency is the number of cycles per second (or pulses per second) applied to the circuit. This is something which is not intuitive for most people. If you double the rate of pulsing, then you double the power output. When this sinks in, you suddenly see why Nikola Tesla tended to use millions of volts and millions of pulses per second.<br /><br />However, Don Smith states that when a circuit is at it's point of resonance, resistance in the circuit drops to zero and the circuit becomes effectively, a superconductor. The energy for such a system which is in resonance is:<br /><br />Resonant circuit: <b>W = 0.5 x C x V<sup>2</sup> x (Hz)<sup>2</sup></b> where:<br /><br /><b>W</b> is the energy in Joules<br /><b>C</b> is the capacitance in Farads<br /><b>V</b> is the voltage<br /><b>Hz</b> is the cycles per second<br /><br />If this is correct, then raising the frequency in a resonating circuit has a massive effect on the power output of the device. The question then arises: why is the mains power in Europe just fifty cycles per second and in America just sixty cycles per second? If power goes up with frequency, then why not feed households at a million cycles per second? One major reason is that it is not easy to make electric motors which can be driven with power delivered at that frequency, so a more suitable frequency is chosen in order to suit the motors in vacuum cleaners, washing machines and other household equipment.<br /><br />However, if we want to extract energy from the environment, then we should go for high voltage and high frequency. Then, when high power has been extracted, if we want a low frequency suited to electric motors, we can pulse the already captured power at that low frequency.<br /><br />It might be speculated that if a device is being driven with sharp pulses which have a very sharply rising leading edge, that the effective frequency of the pulsing is actually determined by the speed of that rising edge, rather than the rate at which the pulses are actually generated. For example, if pulses are being generated at, say, 50 kHz but the pulses have a leading edge which would be suited to a 200 kHz pulse train, then the device might well see the signal as a 200 kHz signal with a 25% Mark/Space ratio, the very suddenness of the applied voltage having a magnetic shocking effect equivalent to a 200 kHz pulse train.<br /><br /><br /><b>3. Magnetic / Electric relationship.</b> Don states that the reason why our present power systems are so inefficient is because we concentrate on the electric component of electromagnetism. These systems are always COP<1 as electricity is the 'losses' of electromagnetic power. Instead, if you concentrate on the magnetic component, then there is no limit on the electric power which can be extracted from that magnetic component. Contrary to what you might expect, if you install a pick-up system which extracts electrical energy from the magnetic component, you can install any number of other identical pick-ups, each of which extract the same amount of electrical energy from the magnetic input, <b>without</b> loading the magnetic wave in any way. Unlimited electrical output for the 'cost' of creating a single magnetic effect.<br /><br />The magnetic effect which we want to create is a ripple in the zero-point energy field, and ideally, we want to create that effect while using very little power. Creating a dipole with a battery which has a Plus and a Minus terminal or a magnet which has North and South poles, is an easy way to do create an electromagnetic imbalance in the local environment. Pulsing a coil is probably an even better way as the magnetic field reverses rapidly if it is an air-core coil, such as a Tesla Coil. Using a ferromagnetic core to the coil can create a problem as iron can't reverse it's magnetic alignment very rapidly, and ideally, you want pulsing which is at least a thousand times faster than iron can handle.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2Z_aA_vzqUEDWORHVxjW4kBPLcN7SFd1TMtavEX6vMuu6qu6pDqHfLcVQSalJkEE1W-JzSa3BHcykYLvodh7PoRFEWCOCYJYVkEd9UGi47wrJDg25Z512rCViuuD36QFDJBAPVdw8lOt/s1600/229.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2Z_aA_vzqUEDWORHVxjW4kBPLcN7SFd1TMtavEX6vMuu6qu6pDqHfLcVQSalJkEE1W-JzSa3BHcykYLvodh7PoRFEWCOCYJYVkEd9UGi47wrJDg25Z512rCViuuD36QFDJBAPVdw8lOt/s400/229.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Don draws attention to the "Transmitter / Receiver" educational kit "Resonant Circuits #10-416" which was supplied by The Science Source, Maine. This kit demonstrated the generation of resonant energy and it's collection with a receiver circuit. However, if several receiver circuits are used, then the energy collected is increased several times without any increase in the transmitted energy. This is similar to a radio transmitter where hundreds of thousands of radio receivers can receive the transmitted signal without loading the transmitter in any way. In Don’s day, this kit was driven by a 1.5 volt battery and lit a 60-watt bulb which was supplied. Not surprisingly, that kit has been discontinued and a trivial kit substituted.<br /><br />If you get the Science Source educational kit, then there are some details which you need to watch out for. The unit has two very nice quality plastic bases and two very neatly wound coils each of 60 turns of 0.47 mm diameter enamelled copper wire on clear acrylic tubes 57 mm (2.25”) in diameter. The winding covers a 28 mm section of the tube. The layout of the transmitter and receiver modules does not match the accompanying instruction sheet and so considerable care needs to be taken when wiring up any of their circuits. The circuit diagrams are not shown, just a wiring diagram, which is not great from an educational point of view. The one relevant circuit is:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJyqnIqrS0ytpGHhZrbBcPdHQtToUpgnpNBMzxM0gVV187RIANhhyphenhyphenOOZgqwOnyycF_I2iAga8iC2O3CFQPnlFbluWCgqrcf_lfX9qKL7c7wmCkohnsKZZua8T34U_AEP-toCt0ArqB-p9q/s1600/230.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJyqnIqrS0ytpGHhZrbBcPdHQtToUpgnpNBMzxM0gVV187RIANhhyphenhyphenOOZgqwOnyycF_I2iAga8iC2O3CFQPnlFbluWCgqrcf_lfX9qKL7c7wmCkohnsKZZua8T34U_AEP-toCt0ArqB-p9q/s1600/230.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Before you buy the kit, it is not mentioned that in order to use it, you now need a signal generator capable of producing a 10-volt signal at 1 MHz. The coil has a DC resistance of just 1.9 ohms but at a 1 MHz resonant frequency, the necessary drive power is quite low.<br /><br />A variable capacitor is mounted on the receiver coil tube, but the one in my kit made absolutely no difference to the frequency tuning, nor was my capacitance meter able to determine any capacitance value for it at all, even though it had no trouble at all in measuring the 101 pF capacitor which was exactly the capacitance printed on it. For that reason, it is shown in blue in the circuit diagram above. Disconnecting it made no difference whatsoever.<br /><br />In this particular kit, standard screw connectors have had one screw replaced with an Allen key headed bolt which has a head large enough to allow finger tightening. Unfortunately, those bolts have a square cut tip where a domed tip is essential if small diameter wires are to be clamped securely. If you get the kit, then I suggest that you replace the connectors with a standard electrical screw connector strip.<br /><br />In tests, the LED lights up when the coils are aligned and within about 100 mm of each other, or if they are close together side by side. This immediately makes the Hubbard device spring to mind. Hubbard has a central "electromagnetic transmitter" surrounded by a ring of "receivers" closely coupled magnetically to the transmitter, each of which will receive a copy of the energy sent by the transmitter:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsNicfC5saqxe80tJExDCys8krGO4LK7WAW7NJcJFgfAP4l9M6H_xTj2QDZ1LUeJMlOG9adTWYoZPPWNHd2QGGlEqu8slL03vOawoG7Tp_vjSAEVWqyL9tRDM_CdobiWgO-ywFPtt67iQ/s1600/231.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsNicfC5saqxe80tJExDCys8krGO4LK7WAW7NJcJFgfAP4l9M6H_xTj2QDZ1LUeJMlOG9adTWYoZPPWNHd2QGGlEqu8slL03vOawoG7Tp_vjSAEVWqyL9tRDM_CdobiWgO-ywFPtt67iQ/s1600/231.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Don points to an even more clearly demonstrated occurrence of this effect in the Tesla Coil. In a typical Tesla Coil, the primary coil is much larger diameter than the inner secondary coil:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiUSTSNB5wO98zWHj5b0lnNydX00HyJ23JQCz21hnzzCf_n74PWEJr2y44d5HJ-aLEv3yCMFBW_F3V9VwjTJ2f4I2a3kXG7o06pN5amkncRoxBedLqY0gBCnZu_-gYrsaTn-es-SIWO12G/s1600/232.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiUSTSNB5wO98zWHj5b0lnNydX00HyJ23JQCz21hnzzCf_n74PWEJr2y44d5HJ-aLEv3yCMFBW_F3V9VwjTJ2f4I2a3kXG7o06pN5amkncRoxBedLqY0gBCnZu_-gYrsaTn-es-SIWO12G/s400/232.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />If, for example, 8,000 volts is applied to the primary coil which has four turns, then each turn would have 2,000 volts of potential. Each turn of the primary coil transfers electromagnetic flux to every single turn of the secondary winding, and the secondary coil has a very large number of turns. Massively more power is produced in the secondary coil than was used to energise the primary coil. A common mistake is to believe that a Tesla Coil can't produce serious amperage. If the primary coil is positioned in the middle of the secondary coil as shown, then the amperage generated will be as large as the voltage generated. A low power input to the primary coil can produce kilowatts of usable electrical power.<br /><br /><br /><b>4. Resonance.</b> An important factor in circuits aimed at tapping external energy is resonance. It can be hard to see where this comes in when it is an electronic circuit which is being considered. However, everything has it's own resonant frequency, whether it is a coil or any other electronic component. When components are connected together to form a circuit, the circuit has an overall resonant frequency. As a simple example, consider a swing:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDhe6GiOuB4HRS_8_ddVXJpMWWWMl18K_ZQ38YURMDOQizDsH6ONkKgBerd_hh2fmSMmSzKi8FB3IjdeRMTp2ruhL1mBKsOHw0je68I9tlNdZa5C1KopJuAOERUb58t1ki3oAfKymjZTN/s1600/233.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDhe6GiOuB4HRS_8_ddVXJpMWWWMl18K_ZQ38YURMDOQizDsH6ONkKgBerd_hh2fmSMmSzKi8FB3IjdeRMTp2ruhL1mBKsOHw0je68I9tlNdZa5C1KopJuAOERUb58t1ki3oAfKymjZTN/s400/233.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />If the swing is pushed before it reaches the highest point on the mother's side, then the push actually opposes the swinging action. The time of one full swing is the resonant frequency of the swing, and that is determined by the length of the supporting ropes holding the seat and not the weight of the child nor the power with which the child is pushed. Provided that the timing is exactly right, a very small push can get a swing moving in a substantial arc. The key factor is, matching the pulses applied to the swing, that is, to the resonant frequency of the swing. Get it right and a large movement is produced. Get it wrong, and the swing doesn't get going at all (at which point, critics would say "see, see …swings just don't work - this proves it !!"). This principle is demonstrated in the video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irwK1VfoiOA">here</a>.<br /><br />Establishing the exact pulsing rate needed for a resonant circuit is not particularly easy, because the circuit contains coils (which have inductance, capacitance and resistance), capacitors (which have capacitance and a small amount of resistance) and resistors and wires, both of which have resistance and some capacitance. These kinds of circuit are called "LRC" circuits because "L" is the symbol used for inductance, "R" is the symbol used for resistance and "C" is the symbol used for capacitance.<br /><br /><br />Don Smith provides instructions for winding and using the type of air-core coils needed for a Tesla Coil. He says:<br /><br /><b>1.</b> Decide a frequency and bear in mind, the economy of the size of construction selected. The factors are:<br /><br />(a) Use radio frequency (above 20 kHz).<br />(b) Use natural frequency, i.e. match the coil wire length to the frequency - coils have both capacitance and inductance.<br />(c) Make the wire length either one quarter, one half of the full wavelength.<br />(d) Calculate the wire length in feet as follows:<br />If using one quarter wavelength, then divide 247 by the frequency in MHz.<br />If using one half wavelength, then divide 494 by the frequency in MHz.<br />If using the full wavelength, then divide 998 by the frequency in MHz.<br />For wire lengths in metres:<br />If using one quarter wavelength, then divide 75.29 by the frequency in MHz.<br />If using one half wavelength, then divide 150.57 by the frequency in MHz.<br />If using the full wavelength, then divide 304.19 by the frequency in MHz.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> Choose the number of turns to be used in the coil when winding it using the wire length just calculated. The number of turns will be governed by the diameter of the tube on which the coil is to be wound. Remember that the ratio of the number of turns in the "L - 1" and "L - 2" coils, controls the overall output voltage. For example, if the voltage applied the large outer coil "L - 1" is 2,400 volts and L - 1 has ten turns, then each turn of L - 1 will have 240 volts dropped across it. This 240 volts of magnetic induction transfers 240 volts of electricity to every turn of wire in the inner "L - 2" coil. If the diameter of L - 2 is small enough to have 100 turns, then the voltage produced will be 24,000 volts. If the diameter of the L - 2 former allows 500 turns, then the output voltage will be 120,000 volts.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> Choose the length and diameter of the coils. The larger the diameter of the coil, the fewer turns can be made with the wire length and so the coil length will be less, and the output voltage will be lower.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> For example, if 24.7 MHz is the desired output frequency, then the length of wire, in feet, would be 247 divided by 24.7 which is 10 feet of wire (3,048 mm). The coil may be wound on a standard size of PVC pipe or alternatively, it can be purchased from a supplier - typically, an amateur radio supply store.<br /><br />If the voltage on each turn of L - 1 is arranged to be 24 volts and the desired output voltage 640 volts, then there needs to be 640 / 24 = 26.66 turns on L - 2, wound with the 10 feet of wire already calculated.<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">PJK: At this point, Don's calculations go adrift and he suggests winding 30 turns on a 2-inch former. If you do that, then it will take about 16 feet of wire and the resonant point at 10-feet will be at about 19 turns, giving an output voltage of 458 volts instead of the required 640 volts, unless the number of turns on L1 is reduced to give more than 24 volts per turn. However, the actual required diameter of the coil former (plus one diameter of the wire) is 10 x 12 / (26.67 x 3.14159) = 1.43 inches. You can make this size of former up quite easily if you want to stay with ten turns on the L1 coil. </span><br /><br />5. Connect to the start of the coil. To determine the exact resonant point on the coil, a measurement is made. Off-the-shelf multimeters are not responsive to high-frequency signals so a cheap neon is used instead. Holding one wire of the neon in one hand and running the other neon wire along the outside of the L - 2 winding, the point of brightest light is located. Then the neon is moved along that turn to find the brightest point along that turn, and when it is located, a connection is made to the winding at that exact point. L - 2 is now a resonant winding. It is possible to increase the ("Q") effectiveness of the coil by spreading the turns out a bit instead of positioning them so that each turn touches both of the adjacent turns.<br /><br />6. The input power has been suggested as 2,400 volts. This can be constructed from a Jacob's ladder arrangement or any step-up voltage system. An off-the-shelf module as used with lasers is another option.<br /><br />7. Construction of the L - 1 input coil has been suggested as having 10 turns. The length of the wire in this coil is not critical. If a 2-inch diameter PVC pipe was used for the L - 2 coil, then the next larger size of PVC pipe can be used for the L - 1 coil former. Cut a 10-turn length of the pipe (probably a 3-inch diameter pipe). The pipe length will depend on the diameter of the insulated wire used to make the winding. Use a good quality multimeter or a specialised LCR meter to measure the capacitance (in Farads) and the inductance (in henrys) of the L - 2 coil. Now, put a capacitor for matching L - 1 to L - 2 across the voltage input of L - 1, and a spark gap connected in parallel is required for the return voltage from L - 1. A trimmer capacitor for L - 1 is desirable.<br /><br />8. The performance of L - 2 can be further enhanced by attaching an earth connection to the base of the coil. The maximum output voltage will be between the ends of coil L - 2 and lesser voltages can be taken off intermediate points along the coil if that is desirable.<br /><br />This frequency information can be rather hard to understand in the way that Don states it. It may be easier to follow the description given by one developer who says:<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>I have noticed that any machine can be made a super machine just by adding a bipolar capacitor across the coil. Nothing else is needed. With the correct capacitor the coil becomes Naturally Resonant and uses very little Amperage. Each machine uses a different size capacitor. The correct capacitor size can be calculated by dividing the speed of light by the coil's wire length first to get the coil's Natural Frequency and then dividing the voltage to be used by that frequency. The result is the correct size for the capacitor. Your machine will then be very powerful even working from a 12V car battery, no other additions needed. My coil's wire length is 497.333 meters.<br />299000000 m/sec / 497.333 m = 600000 Hz.<br />12V / 600000 = 0.00002 or 20 microfarads. A beautiful Naturally Resonant Tank circuit. You can use this with any coil for overunity!<br />Once we have a Naturally Resonant Coil/Capacitor combination we can bring the frequency down to 50 Hz by calculating for the Power Factor Correction:<br />Hz = Resistance x Farads then<br />50 Hz = R x 0.00002<br />so 50 / 0.00002 = 2500000<br />and R = 2500000 or 2.5 Meg Ohms.<br />We then place all three components in parallel and our coil should give us a 50 Hz output. </b></span><br /><br />Don provides quite an amount of information on one of his devices shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3mgyUL4-MGThRpPPD_-zGjyPzxkDonIWMWsvYQgML_qCa8RjcZcrq0vyorkNsBj-IFk7UwPoni1uj8IE_I0bCjFx2XBsZbXq3GSKbwXdyunl-DZPPVBvttsegC2R0oCvO_Oh7JWGS3oCW/s1600/234.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3mgyUL4-MGThRpPPD_-zGjyPzxkDonIWMWsvYQgML_qCa8RjcZcrq0vyorkNsBj-IFk7UwPoni1uj8IE_I0bCjFx2XBsZbXq3GSKbwXdyunl-DZPPVBvttsegC2R0oCvO_Oh7JWGS3oCW/s1600/234.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />Without his description of the device, it would be difficult to understand it's construction and method of operation. As I understand it, the circuit of what is mounted on this board is as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCfXZN3KDqtC9f7Bd1LHric32vyQmKJTyzPV29EtQ3h7EUvj7And3wnzh-wBUCqJdtsrwYMej4T9Q5BR45YvaLjrwwsodKbBJ85-yJmdm7mJLVgzNBp8kxJJ42XQOWlNndA78eQ6oBi0wg/s1600/235.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCfXZN3KDqtC9f7Bd1LHric32vyQmKJTyzPV29EtQ3h7EUvj7And3wnzh-wBUCqJdtsrwYMej4T9Q5BR45YvaLjrwwsodKbBJ85-yJmdm7mJLVgzNBp8kxJJ42XQOWlNndA78eQ6oBi0wg/s1600/235.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This arrangement has bothered some readers recently as they feel that the spark gap should be in series with the L1 coil, like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ3jF06rID57eplloovIlt8jz2IyDHrfwFIVjGHIU1dyBK-jLza-g5n8giMC5VdOn7-wT3aSZx6C4FICymELVqDGlqMwjZi4iBeIx0fwASd9mveqUs7Tq82FuC597qU8zOBD18TO_Gd78p/s1600/236.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ3jF06rID57eplloovIlt8jz2IyDHrfwFIVjGHIU1dyBK-jLza-g5n8giMC5VdOn7-wT3aSZx6C4FICymELVqDGlqMwjZi4iBeIx0fwASd9mveqUs7Tq82FuC597qU8zOBD18TO_Gd78p/s1600/236.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This is understandable, as there is always a tendency to think of the spark gap as being a device which is there to protect against excessive voltages rather than seeing it as an active component of the circuit, a component which is in continuous use. In 1925, Hermann Plauson was granted a patent for a whole series of methods for converting the high voltage produced by a tall aerial system into useable, standard electricity. Hermann starts off by explaining how high voltage can be converted into a convenient form and he uses a Wimshurst static electricity generator as an example of a constant source of high voltage. The output from a rectified Tesla Coil, a Wimshurst machine and a tall aerial are very much alike, and so Hermann's comments are very relevant here. He shows it like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMDWuHHIivnx4zk3DA1safPSZLvUsHO7vOOIuBWLsdsdzTXVkLp2UzbdfJsCX9UaF3HK5D57lNcBSVRYe2b0YE-MHtE7cTlIxn9NHXtpV9uDNA7ZU2MJOe1UIHEpwchhyWJTCDXkVrFYV/s1600/237.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMDWuHHIivnx4zk3DA1safPSZLvUsHO7vOOIuBWLsdsdzTXVkLp2UzbdfJsCX9UaF3HK5D57lNcBSVRYe2b0YE-MHtE7cTlIxn9NHXtpV9uDNA7ZU2MJOe1UIHEpwchhyWJTCDXkVrFYV/s400/237.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, the output of the Wimshurst machine is stored in two high-voltage capacitors (Leyden jars) causing a very high voltage to be created across those capacitors. When the voltage is high enough, a spark jumps across the spark gap, causing a massive surge of current through the primary winding of the transformer, which in his case is a step-down transformer as he is aimed at getting a lower output voltage. Don's circuit is almost identical:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQccy10TuJFwHxiYGsTR8qWVi3A2gbEYUJdFFtjeKs6JPGhdmpjPPZqNW8UEP__QRolBTEkyktDGKtYkqB4XhcNeCNvRubDn2If1pCrLvp_VNbELWlwEcPDXrmX1jr1Cy917NOIUTBOCfv/s1600/238.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQccy10TuJFwHxiYGsTR8qWVi3A2gbEYUJdFFtjeKs6JPGhdmpjPPZqNW8UEP__QRolBTEkyktDGKtYkqB4XhcNeCNvRubDn2If1pCrLvp_VNbELWlwEcPDXrmX1jr1Cy917NOIUTBOCfv/s1600/238.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here the high voltage comes from the battery/inverter/neon-tube driver/rectifiers, rather than from a mechanically driven Wimshurst machine. He has the same build up of voltage in a capacitor with a spark gap across the capacitor. The spark gap will fire when the capacitor voltage reaches its designed level. The only difference is in the positioning of the capacitor, which if it matched Hermann's arrangement exactly, would be like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWGXJiFqrGq1xO_RcwQpq31Y0i1T2gnh9MCgi0K-x1Pr9-_al5zQX4_yp4tu0lpuDXbZZXnNOdO8Au05Lk1xZAtFXmIvj9wTcB2PKA8pYsC4iobwZiUvrth3VlwM5Xe7f6M96JRhiOReUZ/s1600/239.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWGXJiFqrGq1xO_RcwQpq31Y0i1T2gnh9MCgi0K-x1Pr9-_al5zQX4_yp4tu0lpuDXbZZXnNOdO8Au05Lk1xZAtFXmIvj9wTcB2PKA8pYsC4iobwZiUvrth3VlwM5Xe7f6M96JRhiOReUZ/s1600/239.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />which would be a perfectly viable arrangement as far as I can see. You will remember that Tesla, who always speaks very highly of the energy released by the very sharp discharge produced by a spark, shows a high-voltage source feeding a capacitor with the energy passing through a spark gap to the primary winding of a transformer:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOhDNCT_ciWFakM3p19XTykFmydunEDh5guQA0iPl3HVJMN8MYqjyHbNkidzkgkHW41eTxBQZLkJmPV8B6UGFu8G7l4oZ-Cg_MXK5_8jmFRQ0s9cyXKZhQWlGqjIO1stOGHHe8ozZ3QSLK/s1600/240.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOhDNCT_ciWFakM3p19XTykFmydunEDh5guQA0iPl3HVJMN8MYqjyHbNkidzkgkHW41eTxBQZLkJmPV8B6UGFu8G7l4oZ-Cg_MXK5_8jmFRQ0s9cyXKZhQWlGqjIO1stOGHHe8ozZ3QSLK/s1600/240.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />However, with Don's arrangement, it can be a little difficult to see why the capacitor is not short-circuited by the very low resistance of the few turns of thick wire forming the L1 coil. Well, it would do that if we were operating with DC, but we are most definitely not doing that as the output from the neon-tube driver circuit is pulsing 35,000 times per second. This causes the DC resistance of the L1 coil to be of almost no consequence and instead, the coil's "impedance" or "reactance" (effectively, it's AC resistance) is what counts. Actually, the capacitor and the L1 coil being connected across each other have a combined "reactance" or resistance to pulsing current at this frequency. This is where the nomograph diagram comes into play, and there is a much easier to understand version of it a few pages later on in this document. So, because of the high pulsing frequency, the L1 coil does not short-circuit the capacitor and if the pulsing frequency matches the resonant frequency of the L1 coil (or a harmonic of that frequency), then the L1 coil will actually have a very high resistance to current flow through it. This is how a crystal set radio receiver tunes in a particular radio station, broadcasting on it's own frequency.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMQYOBMNkBlksDRrWc_4HMcIinb9qeVGsBT49OZe1l-oqbJk307zkNNzbr9r8VeW5Ya5k_LPmrQSJ5ljJWn68EDoqfhaW9s2tzMx6eIQeXLs-PyMGuMvcv7xjOiYRWoPcnei1zc9DMxq3J/s1600/241.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMQYOBMNkBlksDRrWc_4HMcIinb9qeVGsBT49OZe1l-oqbJk307zkNNzbr9r8VeW5Ya5k_LPmrQSJ5ljJWn68EDoqfhaW9s2tzMx6eIQeXLs-PyMGuMvcv7xjOiYRWoPcnei1zc9DMxq3J/s1600/241.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Anyway, coming back to Don's device shown in the photograph above, the electrical drive is from a 12-volt battery which is not seen in the photograph. Interestingly, Don remarks that if the length of the wires connecting the battery to the inverter are exactly one quarter of the wave length of the frequency of the oscillating magnetic field generated by the circuit, then the current induced in the battery wires will recharge the battery continuously, even if the battery is supplying power to the circuit at the same time.<br /><br />The battery supplies a small current through a protecting diode, to a standard off-the-shelf "true sine-wave" inverter. An inverter is a device which produces mains-voltage Alternating Current from a DC battery. As Don wants adjustable voltage, he feeds the output from the inverter into a variable transformer called a "Variac" although this is often made as part of the neon-driver circuit to allow the brightness of the neon tube to be adjusted by the user. This arrangement produces an AC output voltage which is adjustable from zero volts up to the full mains voltage (or a little higher, though Don does not want to use a higher voltage). The use of this kind of adjustment usually makes it essential for the inverter to be a true sine-wave type. As the power requirement of the neon-tube driver circuit is so low, the inverter should not cost very much.<br /><br />The neon-tube driver circuit is a standard off-the-shelf device used to drive neon tube displays for commercial establishments. The one used by Don contains an oscillator and a step-up transformer, which together produce an Alternating Current of 9,000 volts at a frequency of 35,100 Hz (sometimes written as 35.1 kHz). The term "Hz" stands for "cycles per second". Don lowers the 9,000 volts as he gets great power output at lower input voltages and the cost of the output capacitors is a significant factor. The particular neon-tube driver circuit which Don is using here, has two separate outputs out of phase with each other, so Don connects them together and uses a blocking diode in each line to prevent either of them affecting the other one. Not easily seen in the photograph, the high-voltage output line has a very small, encapsulated, Gas-Discharge Tube spark gap in it and the line is also earthed. The device looks like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixHOGroeKzAfwcsfQz8XLOAliKClRY8s8NXtG5eXvw3Gf5biu_tEcrH_2Q7RySL38yK6nkh_OjuPK3jPpamKwctFF-lTqKsuxeTfXa795mYHs6mvet-yoCnIwk9fTaf60zlEpeKKJa4XqZ/s1600/242.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixHOGroeKzAfwcsfQz8XLOAliKClRY8s8NXtG5eXvw3Gf5biu_tEcrH_2Q7RySL38yK6nkh_OjuPK3jPpamKwctFF-lTqKsuxeTfXa795mYHs6mvet-yoCnIwk9fTaf60zlEpeKKJa4XqZ/s400/242.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Please note that when an earth connection is mentioned in connection with Don Smith's devices, we are talking about an actual wire connection to a metal object physically buried in the ground, whether it is a long copper rod driven into the ground, or an old car radiator buried in a hole like Tariel Kapanadze uses. When Thomas Henry Moray performed his requested demonstration deep in the countryside at a location chosen by the sceptics, the light bulbs which formed his demonstration electrical load, glowed more brightly with each hammer stroke as a length of gas pipe was hammered into the ground to form his earth connection.<br /><br />It should be remarked that since Don purchased his neon-tube driver module that newer designs have generally taken over completely, especially in Europe, and these designs have built in “earth-leakage current” protection which instantly disables the circuit if any current is detected leaking to ground. This feature makes the unit completely unsuitable for use in a Don Smith circuit because there, the transfer of current to the ground is wholly intentional and vital for the operation of the circuit.<br /><br />The output of the neon-tube driver circuit is used to drive the primary "L1" winding of a Tesla Coil style transformer. This looks ever so simple and straightforward, but there are some subtle details which need to be considered.<br /><br />The operating frequency of 35.1 kHz is set and maintained by the neon-tube driver circuitry, and so, in theory, we do not have to do any direct tuning ourselves. However, we want the resonant frequency of the L1 coil and the capacitor across it to match the neon-driver circuit frequency. The frequency of the "L1" coil winding will induce exactly the same frequency in the "L2" secondary winding. However, we need to pay special attention to the ratio of the wire lengths of the two coil windings as we want these two windings to resonate together. A rule of thumb followed by most Tesla Coil builders is to have the same weight of copper in the L1 and L2 coils, which means that the wire of the L1 coil is usually much thicker than the wire of the L2 coil. If the L1 coil is to be one quarter of the length of the L2 coil, then we would expect the cross-sectional area of the L1 coil to be four times that of the wire of the L2 coil and so the wire should have twice the diameter (as the area is proportional to the square of the radius, and the square of two is four).<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEXZ27K6hyphenhyphenjEOJZZk0GCDYPHiy09W7ucFO1eqmIQuFefS-2YQTOS-YCGpEnUzC1FRiavCLgjXWT1Rqvd10WOflMCHsWe-caCuEwqpaiQq6Oy_uL116YTpr8JAnUkYA6bl__VgDUjFkC0HV/s1600/243.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEXZ27K6hyphenhyphenjEOJZZk0GCDYPHiy09W7ucFO1eqmIQuFefS-2YQTOS-YCGpEnUzC1FRiavCLgjXWT1Rqvd10WOflMCHsWe-caCuEwqpaiQq6Oy_uL116YTpr8JAnUkYA6bl__VgDUjFkC0HV/s400/243.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Don uses a white plastic tube as the former for his "L1" primary coil winding. As you can see here, the wire is fed into the former, leaving sufficient clearance to allow the former to slide all the way into the outer coil. The wire is fed up inside the pipe and out through another hole to allow the coil turns to be made on the outside of the pipe. There appear to be five turns, but Don does not always go for a complete number of turns, so it might be 4.3 turns or some other value. The key point here is that the length of wire in the "L1" coil turns should be exactly one quarter of the length of wire in the "L2" coil turns.<br /><br />The "L2" coil used here is a commercial 3-inch diameter unit from Barker & Williamson, constructed from uninsulated, solid, single-strand "tinned" copper wire (how to make home-build versions is shown later on). Don has taken this coil and unwound four turns in the middle of the coil in order to make a centre-tap. He then measured the exact length of wire in the remaining section and made the length of the "L1" coil turns to be exactly one quarter of that length. The wire used for the "L1" coil looks like Don's favourite "Jumbo Speaker Wire" which is a very flexible wire with a very large number of extremely fine uninsulated copper wires inside it.<br /><br />You will notice that Don has placed a plastic collar on each side of the winding, matching the thickness of the wire, in order to create a secure sliding operation inside the outer "L2" coil, and the additional plastic collars positioned further along the pipe provide further support for the inner coil. This sliding action allows the primary coil "L1" to be positioned at any point along the length of the "L2" secondary coil, and that has a marked tuning effect on the operation of the system. The outer "L2" coil does not have any kind of tube support but instead, the coil shape is maintained by the stiffness of the solid wire plus four slotted strips. This style of construction produces the highest possible coil performance at radio frequencies. With a Tesla Coil, it is most unusual to have the L1 coil of smaller diameter than the L2 coil.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHGSS2RBcvomVLwmGbzmPK4aOAlULS392Qhq9rTVnK0nSZ9z7CXcUOJmgY4ANHO5yyebXHHJYtWva1cSHArQmlWTEil7DxnUhshwP6RkB2jfXFWlIpMLxZaAs8Y6ZdbmonQau5ezOex4Gw/s1600/244.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHGSS2RBcvomVLwmGbzmPK4aOAlULS392Qhq9rTVnK0nSZ9z7CXcUOJmgY4ANHO5yyebXHHJYtWva1cSHArQmlWTEil7DxnUhshwP6RkB2jfXFWlIpMLxZaAs8Y6ZdbmonQau5ezOex4Gw/s400/244.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The "L2" coil has two separate sections, each of seventeen turns. One point to note is the turns are spaced apart using slotted strips to support the wires and maintain an accurate spacing between adjacent turns. It must be remembered that spacing coil turns apart like this alters the characteristics of the coil, increasing it's "capacitance" factor substantially. Every coil has resistance, inductance and capacitance, but the form of the coil construction has a major effect on the ratio of these three characteristics. The coil assembly is held in position on the base board by two off-white plastic cable ties. The nearer half of the coil is effectively connected across the further half as shown in the circuit diagram above.<br /><br />One point which Don stresses, is that the length of the wire in the "L1" coil and the length of wire in the "L2" coil, must be an exact even division or multiple of each other (in this case, the "L2" wire length in each half of the "L2" coil is exactly four times as long as the "L1" coil wire length). This is likely to cause the "L1" coil to have part of a turn, due to the different coil diameters. For example, if the length of the "L2" coil wire is 160 inches and "L1" is to be one quarter of that length, namely, 40 inches. Then, if the "L1" coil has an effective diameter of 2.25 inches, (allowing for the thickness of the wire when wound on a 2-inch diameter former), then the "L1" coil would have 5.65 (or 5 and 2/3) turns which causes the finishing turn of "L2" to be 240 degrees further around the coil former than the start of the first turn - that is, five full turns plus two thirds of the sixth turn.<br /><br />The L1 / L2 coil arrangement is a Tesla Coil. The positioning of the "L1" coil along the length of the "L2" coil, adjusts the voltage to current ratio produced by the coil. When the "L1" coil is near the middle of the "L2" coil, then the amplified voltage and amplified current are roughly the same. The exact wire ratio of these two coils gives them an almost automatic tuning with each other, and the exact resonance between them can be achieved by the positioning of the "L1" coil along the length of the "L2" coil. While this is a perfectly good way of adjusting the circuit, in the build shown in the photograph, Don has opted to get the exact tuning by connecting a capacitor across "L1" as marked as "C" in the circuit diagram. Don found that the appropriate capacitor value was around the 0.1 microfarad (100 nF) mark. It must be remembered that the voltage across "L1" is very high, so if a capacitor is used in that position it will need a voltage rating of at least 9,000 volts. Don remarks that the actual capacitors seen in the photograph of this prototype are rated at fifteen thousand volts, and were custom made for him using a "self-healing" style of construction. As has already been remarked, this capacitor is an optional component. Don also opted to connect a small capacitor across the "L2" coil, also for fine-tuning of the circuit, and that component is optional and so is not shown on the circuit diagram. As the two halves of the "L2" coil are effectively connected across each other, it is only necessary to have one fine-tuning capacitor. However, Don stresses that the "height" length of the coil (when standing vertically) controls the voltage produced while the coil "width" (the diameter of the turns) controls the current produced.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The exact wire length ratio of the turns in the "L1" and "L2" coils gives them an almost automatic synchronous tuning with each other, and the exact resonance between them can be achieved by the positioning of the "L1" coil along the length of the "L2" coil. While this is a perfectly good way of adjusting the circuit, in the 1994 build shown in the photograph, Don has opted to get the exact tuning by connecting a capacitor across "L1" as marked as "<b>C</b>" in the circuit diagram. Don found that the appropriate capacitor value for his particular coil build, was about 0.1 microfarad (100 nF) and so he connected two 47 nF high-voltage capacitors in parallel to get the value which he wanted. It must be remembered that the voltage across "L1" is very high, so a capacitor used in that position needs a voltage rating of at least 9,000 volts. Don remarks that the actual capacitors seen in the photograph of this prototype are rated at fifteen thousand volts, and were custom made for him using a "self-healing" style of construction.<br /><br />Don has also connected a small capacitor across the "L2" coil, and that optional component is marked as "C2" in the circuit diagram and the value used by Don happened to be a single 47nF, high-voltage capacitor. As the two halves of the "L2" coil are effectively connected across each other, it is only necessary to have one capacitor for "L2":<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7iHsHWQ9JA75wPVkZZe8pWUNWojS2Q9srpRHRHk2YO3oiNemTcEJey0AIJOkbpAK46WOzh-9NkG8AcBLOBK6U2khXVlPgkf1yausVPJ8w96xPhSzRyNFlZV6KGtwqjdanTPpWMYeAbgPi/s1600/246.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7iHsHWQ9JA75wPVkZZe8pWUNWojS2Q9srpRHRHk2YO3oiNemTcEJey0AIJOkbpAK46WOzh-9NkG8AcBLOBK6U2khXVlPgkf1yausVPJ8w96xPhSzRyNFlZV6KGtwqjdanTPpWMYeAbgPi/s320/246.jpg" width="310" /></a></center>
<br /><br />There are various ways of dealing with the output from the "L2" coil in order to get large amounts of conventional electrical power out of the device. The method shown here uses the four very large capacitors seen in the photograph. These have an 8,000 or 9,000 volt rating and a large capacity and they are used to store the circuit power as DC prior to use in the load equipment. This is achieved by feeding the capacitor bank through a diode which is rated for both high voltage and high current, as Don states that the device produces 8,000 volts at 20 amps, in which case, this rectifying diode has to be able to handle that level of power, both at start-up when the capacitor bank is fully discharged and "L2" is producing 8,000 volts, and when the full load of 20 amps is being drawn.<br /><br />This capacitor bank is fed through a diode which is rated for both high voltage and high current, as Don states that the device produces 8,000 volts at 20 amps, in which case, this rectifying diode has to be able to handle that level of power, both at start-up when the capacitor bank is fully discharged and "L2" is producing 8,000 volts, and when the full load of 20 amps is being drawn. The actual diodes used by Don happen to be rated at 25 KV but that is a far greater rating than is actually needed.<br /><br />In passing, it might be remarked that the average home user will not have an electrical requirement of anything remotely like as large as this, seeing that 10 kW is more than most people use on a continuous basis, while 8 KV at 20 A is a power of 160 kilowatts. As the neon-tube driver circuit can put out 9,000 volts and since the L1 / L2 coil system is a step-up transformer, if the voltage fed to the capacitor bank is to be kept down to 8,000 volts, then the Variac adjustment must be used to reduce the voltage fed to the neon-tube driver circuit, in order to lower the voltage fed to the L1 / L2 coil pair, typically, to 3,000 volts.<br /><br />A very astute and knowledgeable member of the EVGRAY Yahoo EVGRAY forum whose ID is "silverhealtheu" has recently pointed out that Don Smith says quite freely that he does not disclose all of the details of his designs, and it is his opinion that a major item which has not been disclosed is that the diodes in the circuit diagrams shown here are the wrong way round and that Don operates his voltages in reverse to the conventional way. In fact, the circuit diagram should be:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQXDc97DoeQQuGW-FRUtOvifLKDvza0WIy3aSyHlyGi1mmwR-xLnQcIJGE9v0yfs9Qb3ZHIkT4q_DatQSRgRR6XIwMEqYoSXNnjOVb8mvlE8PnqKQ-k7OUyIDz0q-V78oF8T2YnlbyurFJ/s1600/247.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQXDc97DoeQQuGW-FRUtOvifLKDvza0WIy3aSyHlyGi1mmwR-xLnQcIJGE9v0yfs9Qb3ZHIkT4q_DatQSRgRR6XIwMEqYoSXNnjOVb8mvlE8PnqKQ-k7OUyIDz0q-V78oF8T2YnlbyurFJ/s1600/247.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />He comments: <span style="color: blue;">"the diodes leaving the Neon-tube Driver may need to be reversed as we want to collect the negative polarity. The spark gap will then operate on ambient inversion and the spark will look and sound totally different with a much faster crack and producing very little heat and even becoming covered in frost is possible.<br /><br />The Variac should be raised up just enough to get a spark going then backed off slightly. Any higher voltage is liable to make the Neon-tube Driver think that it has a short-circuit condition, and the new electronic designs will then shut down automatically and fail to operate at all if this method is not followed.<br /><br />When running, C, L1 and L2 operate somewhere up in the Radio Frequency band because the Neon-tube Driver only acts as a tank-circuit exciter. The large collection capacitor C3, should fill inverted to earth polarity as shown above. The load will then be pulling electrons from the earth as the cap is REFILLED back to ZERO rather than the joules in the capacitor being depleted.<br /><br />Also remember that the Back-EMF systems of John Bedini and others, create a small positive pulse but they collect a super large NEGATIVE polarity spike which shoots off the bottom of an oscilloscope display. This is what we want, plenty of this stored in capacitors, and then let the ambient background energy supply the current when it makes the correction."</span><br /><br />This is <b>a very important point</b> and it may well make a really major difference to the performance of a device of this nature.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirBWzUKjAlkAkMHLqV0wwsVfDeyCB6gNC8qpuyvSWwNMN8CE5Icre4eIg6Jp4ob-9bwYcrVkRFZYzu78VRjdrsilfbTuENBy2jBnyVgxfYjtJlPsTNuptNKSV_4E8fZp51Gf74TQtvYUE/s1600/248.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirBWzUKjAlkAkMHLqV0wwsVfDeyCB6gNC8qpuyvSWwNMN8CE5Icre4eIg6Jp4ob-9bwYcrVkRFZYzu78VRjdrsilfbTuENBy2jBnyVgxfYjtJlPsTNuptNKSV_4E8fZp51Gf74TQtvYUE/s1600/248.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />One reader has drawn attention to the fact that Don's main document indicates that there should be a resistor "R" across the L1 coil as well as the capacitor "C" and he suggests that the circuit should actually be as shown above, considering what Don said earlier about his "suitcase" design. Another reader points out that the wire in the output choke shown in the photograph below appears to be wound with wire that is far too small diameter to carry the currents mentioned by Don. It seems likely that a choke is not needed in that position except to suppress possible radio frequency transmissions from the circuit, but a more powerful choke can easily be wound using larger diameter wire.<br /><br />When the circuit is running, the storage capacitor bank behaves like an 8,000 volt battery which never runs down and which can supply 20 amps of current for as long as you want. The circuitry for producing a 220 volt 50 Hz AC output or a 110 volt 60 Hz AC output from the storage capacitors is just standard electronics. In passing, one option for charging the battery is to use the magnetic field caused by drawing mains-frequency current pulses through the output "choke" coil, shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqSW_LLF0jwfWpPCiyMgetbjqKQvgDKk1ybj_3ki4ZGu7_WSMNPs-uSgU-FVEQhomSY06FA1btr-IOAHUfyp0v3D6s6hy1SIgqqyE-fMxjwcoP3y-umgcGIBxW4_KM3JA9o_VGpI2EEu_/s1600/249.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqSW_LLF0jwfWpPCiyMgetbjqKQvgDKk1ybj_3ki4ZGu7_WSMNPs-uSgU-FVEQhomSY06FA1btr-IOAHUfyp0v3D6s6hy1SIgqqyE-fMxjwcoP3y-umgcGIBxW4_KM3JA9o_VGpI2EEu_/s1600/249.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The output current flows through the left hand winding on the brown cylindrical former, and when the photograph was taken, the right-hand winding was no longer in use. Previously, it had been used to provide charging power to the battery by rectifying the electrical power in the coil, caused by the fluctuating magnetic field caused by the pulsing current flowing through the left hand winding, as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8FUtYzhsbbKNq3vdArPVXCxaXotz_WCHe1dK-PkiwwPDXECIV7mS6HZ36iXZz-H8wlKXcOCvAx4hbLDvcXGea7bCqjKoZ2ntqdr3J1jFJSAikcJftm1as-Mrycjdeh8xU2URa1_fRh0l/s1600/250.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8FUtYzhsbbKNq3vdArPVXCxaXotz_WCHe1dK-PkiwwPDXECIV7mS6HZ36iXZz-H8wlKXcOCvAx4hbLDvcXGea7bCqjKoZ2ntqdr3J1jFJSAikcJftm1as-Mrycjdeh8xU2URa1_fRh0l/s1600/250.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The DC output produced by the four diodes was then used to charge the driving battery, and the power level produced is substantially greater than the minor current drain from the battery. Consequently, it is a sensible precaution to pass this current to the battery via a circuit which prevents the battery voltage rising higher than it should. A simple voltage level sensor can be used to switch off the charging when the battery has reached its optimum level. Other batteries can also be charged if that is wanted. Simple circuitry of the type shown in chapter 12 can be used for controlling and limiting the charging process. The components on Don's board are laid out like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid0NMrjC2iHIwaHED10cDY0P2RGX6ZkmZA7iHUbs6Pc5XUjE9YASxwcbVZNunzIgTfpo25KDNfBDE3JvAXdzv_fXJbPq0i9cBv9Kv7nIb7YZhhvyLkERpqYuM9UWsXQGU_YiTIStXdsZzk/s1600/251.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid0NMrjC2iHIwaHED10cDY0P2RGX6ZkmZA7iHUbs6Pc5XUjE9YASxwcbVZNunzIgTfpo25KDNfBDE3JvAXdzv_fXJbPq0i9cBv9Kv7nIb7YZhhvyLkERpqYuM9UWsXQGU_YiTIStXdsZzk/s1600/251.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Don draws attention to the fact that the cables used to connect the output of "L2" to the output of the board, connecting the storage capacitors on the way, are very high-voltage rated cables with special multiple coverings to ensure that the cables will remain sound over an indefinite period. It should be remarked at this point, that the outer 3" diameter coil used by Don, is not wound on a former, but in order to get higher performance at high frequencies, the turns are supported with four separate strips physically attached to the turns - the technique described later in this document as being an excellent way for home construction of such coils.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Please bear in mind that the voltages here and their associated power levels are literally lethal and perfectly capable of killing anyone who handles the device carelessly when it is powered up. When a replication of this device is ready for routine use, it must be encased so that none of the high-voltage connections can be touched by anyone. This is not a suggestion, but it is a mandatory requirement, despite the fact that the components shown in the photographs are laid out in what would be a most dangerous fashion were the circuit to be powered up as it stands. Under no circumstances, construct and test this circuit unless you are already experienced in the use of high-voltage circuits or can be supervised by somebody who is experienced in this field. This is a "one hand in the pocket at all times" type of circuit and it needs to be treated with great care and respect at all times, so be sensible. </b></span><br /><br />The remainder of the circuit is not mounted on the board, possibly because there are various ways in which the required end result can be achieved. The one suggested here is perhaps the most simple solution:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDuCzjlAy4-swo6dRT_nEbigFP6zW-wQEB3tEkcSDuIxsoNt9kEE4hErRtdieuFts1bTMaGJ_NwT0bLmh5lVtxIjDEC-qD74nL-WT1ehclqmhSvtkXgO3vtWa7FNPwv5MPqX4OoIJB3Zn0/s1600/252.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDuCzjlAy4-swo6dRT_nEbigFP6zW-wQEB3tEkcSDuIxsoNt9kEE4hErRtdieuFts1bTMaGJ_NwT0bLmh5lVtxIjDEC-qD74nL-WT1ehclqmhSvtkXgO3vtWa7FNPwv5MPqX4OoIJB3Zn0/s1600/252.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The voltage has to be dropped, so an iron-cored mains-frequency step-down transformer is used to do this. To get the frequency to the standard mains frequency for the country in which the device is to be used, an oscillator is used to generate that particular mains frequency. The oscillator output is used to drive a suitable high-voltage semiconductor device, be it an FET transistor, an IGBT device, or whatever. This device has to switch the working current at 8,000 volts, though admittedly, that will be a current which will be at least thirty six times lower than the final output current, due to the higher voltage on the primary winding of the transformer. The available power will be limited by the current handling capabilities of this output transformer which needs to be very large and expensive.<br /><br />As the circuit is capable of picking up additional magnetic pulses, such as those generated by other equipment, nearby lightning strikes, etc. an electronic component called a "varistor" marked "V" in the diagram, is connected across the load. This device acts as a voltage spike suppressor as it short circuits any voltage above its design voltage, protecting the load from power surges.<br /><br />Don also explains an even more simple version of the circuit as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR28H3gHostVFAQLdOmh7nXmfmVLCsxchxgaAlcmn-l5laHYHBgHJqYxwJkAOp3bjniNJTMsrruphxB4CERlPBzwHPX7EmfCCnkfUuP2gMvAyLs_YaIKF6HIGTJVZUIs6_Ux-3Y9GaWleh/s1600/253.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR28H3gHostVFAQLdOmh7nXmfmVLCsxchxgaAlcmn-l5laHYHBgHJqYxwJkAOp3bjniNJTMsrruphxB4CERlPBzwHPX7EmfCCnkfUuP2gMvAyLs_YaIKF6HIGTJVZUIs6_Ux-3Y9GaWleh/s1600/253.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This simplified circuit avoids the need for expensive capacitors and the constraints of their voltage ratings, and the need for electronic control of the output frequency. The wire length in the turns of coil "L2" still needs to be exactly four times the wire length of the turns in coil "L1", but there is only one component which needs to be introduced, and that is the resistor "<b>R</b>" placed across the primary winding of the step-down isolation transformer. This transformer is a laminated iron-core type, suitable for the low mains frequency, but the output from "L2" is at much higher frequency. It is possible to pull the frequency down to suit the step-down transformer by connecting the correct value of resistor "R" across the output transformer (or a coil and resistor, or a coil and a capacitor). The value of resistor needed can be predicted from the American Radio Relay League graph (shown as Fig.44 in Don's pdf document. The sixth edition of the Howard Sams book "Handbook of Electronics Tables and Formulas" (ISBN-10: 0672224690 or ISBN-13: 978-0672224690) has a table which goes down to 1 kHz and so does not need to be extended to reach the frequencies used here. The correct resistor value could also be found by experimentation. You will notice that an earthed dual spark gap has been placed across "L2" in order to make sure that the voltage levels always stay within the design range.<br /><br />Don also explains an even more simple version which does not need a Variac, high voltage capacitors or high voltage diodes. Here, a DC output is accepted which means that high-frequency step-down transformer operation can be used. This calls for an air-core transformer which you would wind yourself from heavy duty wire. Mains loads would then be powered by using a standard off-the-shelf inverter. In this version, it is of course, necessary to make the "L1" turns wire length exactly one quarter of the "L2" turns wire length in order to make the two coils resonate together. The operating frequency of each of these coils is imposed on them by the output frequency of the neon-tube driver circuit. That frequency is maintained throughout the entire circuit until it is rectified by the four diodes feeding the low-voltage storage capacitor. The target output voltage will be either just over 12 volts or just over 24 volts, depending on the voltage rating of the inverter which is to be driven by the system. The circuit diagram is:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTWuwXvB-U6VvV6EDPoSNZc4_caE3VK6FxeGYgNX83kirJiDbaKZKfMtsW947Yg8oVxXR6QHqpm2TIt0IWteHzb2bSgeqXXwxNRwN6brydbdvvGQddNljNaFMK7JYVnL_H_zLln0qcGHfN/s1600/254.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTWuwXvB-U6VvV6EDPoSNZc4_caE3VK6FxeGYgNX83kirJiDbaKZKfMtsW947Yg8oVxXR6QHqpm2TIt0IWteHzb2bSgeqXXwxNRwN6brydbdvvGQddNljNaFMK7JYVnL_H_zLln0qcGHfN/s1600/254.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />As many people will find the nomograph chart in Don's pdf document very difficult to understand and use, here is an easier version:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDJN8azGRBorIBbplGm6N6kXIrHOQmwkmFDCbQtDdpgFOcJEgHZRCloqY3qwXNq-oEwheb3EZLHjC1RJ7eJIDW4SOBSae9FBHv32a0ltLgJ9MPC6og__-1kNjwzUTm-3TLmUYoU_Hd6jkw/s1600/255.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDJN8azGRBorIBbplGm6N6kXIrHOQmwkmFDCbQtDdpgFOcJEgHZRCloqY3qwXNq-oEwheb3EZLHjC1RJ7eJIDW4SOBSae9FBHv32a0ltLgJ9MPC6og__-1kNjwzUTm-3TLmUYoU_Hd6jkw/s1600/255.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The objective here is to determine the "reactance" or 'AC resistance' in ohms and the way to do that is as follows:<br /><br />Suppose that your neon-tube driver is running at 30 kHz and you are using a capacitor of 100 nF (which is the same as 0.1 microfarad) and you want to know what is the AC resistance of your capacitor is at that frequency. Also, what coil inductance would have that same AC resistance. Then the procedure for finding that out is as follows:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGiaQkXgHGFcsLx82VOJ5kd0hePJoMbuOS92kJtvEulJOIT7kIIPEMWz5YKWBiaUjE1kljylVGHXfJ3F5ni1x4dMRdroOyMWcwwOJ03qgn1lCGxwRGcoP_k6MKHOdZ-43e_-_NeUwTvfQZ/s1600/256.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGiaQkXgHGFcsLx82VOJ5kd0hePJoMbuOS92kJtvEulJOIT7kIIPEMWz5YKWBiaUjE1kljylVGHXfJ3F5ni1x4dMRdroOyMWcwwOJ03qgn1lCGxwRGcoP_k6MKHOdZ-43e_-_NeUwTvfQZ/s1600/256.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Draw a straight line from your 30 kHz frequency (purple line) through your 100 nanofarad capacitor value and carry the line on as far as the (blue) inductance line as shown above.<br /><br />You can now read the reactance ("AC resistance") off the red line, which looks like 51 ohms to me. This means that when the circuit is running at a frequency of 30 kHz, then the current flow through your 100 nF capacitor will be the same as through a 51 ohm resistor. Reading off the blue "Inductance" line that same current flow at that frequency would occur with a coil which has an inductance of 0.28 millihenries.<br /><br />I have been passed a copy of Don’s circuit diagram for this device, and it is shown here:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8yVyOfgCIv_hKiaEpfrDSNJeEz85sb8ESEWtgujRF0KrCvHLkLpF48sK5M13HxPmZec_VHz14KaOKEai9okLxJriAGYTGPSUmeEgOlu3rYBy1t4IOxL3HjghdsnLm_D_wgjasmEoUhH2j/s1600/257.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8yVyOfgCIv_hKiaEpfrDSNJeEz85sb8ESEWtgujRF0KrCvHLkLpF48sK5M13HxPmZec_VHz14KaOKEai9okLxJriAGYTGPSUmeEgOlu3rYBy1t4IOxL3HjghdsnLm_D_wgjasmEoUhH2j/s1600/257.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The 4000V 30mA transformer shown in this circuit diagram, may use a ferrite-cored transformer from a neon-tube driver module which steps up the voltage but it does not raise the frequency as that is clearly marked at 120 Hz pulsed DC. You will notice that this circuit diagram is drawn with Plus shown below Minus (which is most unusual).<br /><br />Please note that when an earth connection is mentioned in connection with Don Smith's devices, we are talking about an actual wire connection to a metal object physically buried in the ground, whether it is a long copper rod driven into the ground, or an old car radiator buried in a hole like Tariel Kapanadze used, or a buried metal plate. When Thomas Henry Moray performed his requested demonstration deep in the countryside at a location chosen by the sceptics, the light bulbs which formed his demonstration electrical load, glowed more brightly with each hammer stroke as a length of gas pipe was hammered into the ground to form his earth connection.<br /><br />Don also explains an even more simple version of his main device. This version does not need a Variac (variable voltage transformer) or high voltage capacitors. Here, a DC output is accepted which means that high-frequency step-down transformer operation can be used. This calls on the output side, for an air-core (or ferrite rod core) transformer which you would wind yourself from heavy duty wire. Mains loads would then be powered by using a standard off-the-shelf inverter. In this version, it is of course, very helpful to make the "L1" turns wire length exactly one quarter of the "L2" turns wire length in order to make the two coils automatically resonate together. The operating frequency of each of these coils is imposed on them by the output frequency of the neon-tube driver circuit. That frequency is maintained throughout the entire circuit until it is rectified by the four diodes feeding the low-voltage storage capacitor. The target output voltage will be either just over 12 volts or just over 24 volts, depending on the voltage rating of the inverter which is to be driven by the system.<br /><br />As the circuit is capable of picking up additional magnetic pulses, such as those generated by other equipment, nearby lightning strikes, etc. an electronic component called a "varistor" marked "V" in the diagram, is connected across the load. This device acts as a voltage spike suppressor as it short-circuits any voltage above its design voltage, protecting the load from power surges. A Gas-Discharge Tube is an effective alternative to a varistor.<br /><br />This circuit is effectively two Tesla Coils back-to-back and the circuit diagram might be:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfhkEJosteuW6Kp7KDLTAPtPx3FEVmFifS3FHr7S7m0Qmkn1gse0fHJi8lsk4stPEbz-frsr7q3rNu_1Pyy9fDAgrFNojMatSLHYBX6dv5jeYWbH0fr_bLVZMU0-iex9b2V3wg3IcPoq9l/s1600/258.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfhkEJosteuW6Kp7KDLTAPtPx3FEVmFifS3FHr7S7m0Qmkn1gse0fHJi8lsk4stPEbz-frsr7q3rNu_1Pyy9fDAgrFNojMatSLHYBX6dv5jeYWbH0fr_bLVZMU0-iex9b2V3wg3IcPoq9l/s1600/258.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />It is by no means certain that in this circuit, the red and blue windings are wound in opposing directions. The spark gap (or gas-discharge tube) in series with the primary of the first transformer alters the operation in a somewhat unpredictable way as it causes the primary to oscillate at a frequency determined by it’s inductance and it’s self-capacitance, and that may result in megahertz frequencies. The secondary winding(s) of that transformer <b>must</b> resonate with the primary and in this circuit which has no frequency-compensating capacitors, that resonance is being produced by the exact wire length in the turns of the secondary. This looks like a simple circuit, but it is anything but that. The excess energy is produced by the raised frequency, the raised voltage, and the very sharp pulsing produced by the spark. That part is straightforward. The remainder of the circuit is likely to be very difficult to get resonating as it needs to be in order to deliver that excess energy to the output inverter.<br /><br />When considering the “length” of wire in a resonant coil, it is necessary to pay attention to the standing wave created under those conditions. The wave is caused by reflection of the signal when it reaches the end of the wire OR when there is a sudden change in the diameter of the wire as that changes the signal reflection ability at that point in the connection. You should pay attention to Richard Quick’s very clear description of this in the section of his patent which is included later on in this chapter. Also, remember what Don Smith said about locating the peaks of the standing wave by using a hand-held neon lamp.<br /><br />One very significant thing which Don pointed out is that the mains electricity available through the wall socket in my home, does <b>not</b> come along the wires from the generating station. Instead, the power station influences a local ‘sub-station’ and the electrons which flow through my equipment actually come from my local environment because of the influence of my local sub-station. Therefore, if I can create a similar influence in my home, then I no longer need that sub-station and can have as much electrical energy as I want, without having to pay somebody else to provide that influence for me.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>A Practical Implementation of one of Don Smith’s Designs</b><br />The objective here, is to determine how to construct a self-powered, free-energy electrical generator which has no moving parts, is not too expensive to build, uses readily available parts and which has an output of some kilowatts. However, under no circumstances should this document be considered to be an encouragement for you, or anyone else to actually build one of these devices. This document is presented solely for information and educational purposes, and as high voltages are involved, it should be considered to be a dangerous device unsuited to being built by inexperienced amateurs. The following section is just my opinions and so should not be taken as tried and tested, working technology, but instead, just the opinion of an inexperienced writer.<br /><br />However, questions from several different readers indicate that a short, reasonably specific description of the steps needed to attempt a replication of a Don Smith device would be helpful. Again, this document must not be considered to be a recommendation that you actually build one of these high-voltage, potentially dangerous devices. This is just information intended to help you understand what I believe is involved in this process.<br /><br />In broad outline, the following steps are used in the most simple version of the arrangement:<br /><br /><b>1.</b> The very low frequency and voltage of the local mains supply is discarded in favour of an electrical supply which operates at more than 20,000 Hz (cycles per second) and has a voltage of anything from 350 volts to 10,000 volts. The higher voltages can give greater overall output power, but they involve greater effort in getting the voltage back down again to the level of the local mains voltage in order for standard mains equipment to be used.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> This high-frequency high voltage is used to create a series of very rapid sparks using a spark gap which is connected to a ground connection. Properly done, the spark frequency is so high that there is no audible sound caused by the sparks. Each spark causes a flow of energy from the local environment into the circuit. This energy is not standard electricity which makes things hot when current flows through them, but instead this energy flow causes things to become cold when the power flows through them, and so it is often called “cold” electricity. It is tricky to use this energy unless all you want to do is light up a series of light bulbs (which incidentally, give out a different quality of light when powered with this energy). Surprisingly, the circuit now contains substantially more power than the amount of power needed to produce the sparks. This is because additional energy flows in from the ground as well as from the local environment. If you have conventional training and have been fed the myth of “closed systems”, then this will seem impossible to you. So, let me ask you the question: if, as can be shown, all of the electricity flowing into the primary winding of a transformer, flows back out of that winding, then where does the massive, continuous flow of electricity coming from the secondary winding come from? None of it comes from the primary circuit and yet millions of electrons flow out of the secondary in a continuous stream which can be supplied indefinitely. So, where do these electrons come from? The answer is ‘from the surrounding local environment which is seething with excess energy’ but your textbooks won’t like that fact as they believe that the transformer circuit is a ‘closed system’ – something which probably can’t be found anywhere in this universe.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> This high-voltage, high-frequency, high-power energy needs to be converted to the same sort of hot electricity which comes out of a mains wall socket at the local voltage and frequency. This is where skill and understanding come into play. The first step is to lower the voltage and increase the available current with a step-down resonant transformer. This sounds highly technical and complicated, and looking at Don Smith’s expensive Barker & Williamson coil, makes the whole operation appear to be one for rich experimenters only. This is not the case and a working solution can be cheap and easy. It is generally not convenient to get the very high voltage all the way down to convenient levels in a single step, and so, one or more of those resonant transformers can be used to reach the target voltage level. Each step down transformer boosts the available current higher and higher.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> When a satisfactory voltage has been reached, we need to deal with the very high frequency. The easiest way to deal with it is to use high-speed diodes to convert it to pulsing DC and feed that into a capacitor to create what is essentially, an everlasting battery. Feeding this energy into a capacitor converts it into conventional “hot” electricity and a standard off-the-shelf inverter can be used to give the exact voltage and frequency of the local mains supply. In most of the world, that is 220 volts at 50 cycles per second. In America it is 110 volts at 60 cycles per second. Low-cost inverters generally run on either 12 volts or 24 volts with the more common 12 volt units being cheaper.<br /><br />So, let’s take a look at each of these step in more detail and see if we can understand what is involved and what our options are:<br /><br /><b>1.</b> We want to produce a high-voltage, high-frequency, low-current power source. Don Smith shows a Neon-Sign Transformer module. His module produced a voltage which was higher than was convenient and so he used a variable AC transformer or “Variac” as it is commonly known, to lower the input voltage and so, lower the output voltage. There is actually no need for a Variac as we can handle the higher voltage or alternatively, use a more suitable Neon-Sign Transformer module.<br /><br />However, we have a problem with using that technique. In the years since Don bought his module, they have been redesigned to include circuitry which disables the module if any current flows out of it directly to earth, and as that is exactly what we would want to use it for, so most, if not all of the currently available neon-sign transformer modules are not suitable for our needs. However, I’m told that if the module has an earth wire and that earth wire is left unconnected, that it disables the earth-leakage circuitry, allowing the unit to be used in a Don Smith circuit. Personally, I would not recommend that if the module is enclosed in a metal housing.<br /><br />A much cheaper alternative is shown <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDDRe_4D93Q">here</a> where a small plasma globe circuit is used to generate a high-frequency spark. It seems highly likely that one of those modules would suit our needs:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGENXkQyx8B1d2ODmi2OIvNYI9D38yPQceVfZiNQxNn8WV8u1nJbjYUB_4w-ZWgBBe77C_Psn3EtxeE4NTJAKLpqQRy-ubkwzlSuKbV1qVT5P7LA_xR7-Ef0puoyjGZX6DHrsOKHMuwt_q/s1600/259.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGENXkQyx8B1d2ODmi2OIvNYI9D38yPQceVfZiNQxNn8WV8u1nJbjYUB_4w-ZWgBBe77C_Psn3EtxeE4NTJAKLpqQRy-ubkwzlSuKbV1qVT5P7LA_xR7-Ef0puoyjGZX6DHrsOKHMuwt_q/s1600/259.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />An alternative method is to build your own power supply from scratch. Doing that is not particularly difficult and if you do not understand any electronics, then perhaps, reading the beginner’s electronics tutorial <a href="http://www.free-energy-info.com/Chapter12.pdf">here</a> will fill you in on all of the basics needed for understanding (and probably designing your own) circuits of this type. Here is a variable frequency design for home-construction:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1IeKf-9shM-1RSFriRyygpuWAmDFAcunXKzJ2tKNF4rGESTl-rZNNdA42GQ8ycgz156DYKfEjKOmvdl1o-MeVTJjanEKkfBiHFS6a9btK1TfBxhijuxyNwHLyUYAuYPbPO1Q78y1S4EPz/s1600/260.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1IeKf-9shM-1RSFriRyygpuWAmDFAcunXKzJ2tKNF4rGESTl-rZNNdA42GQ8ycgz156DYKfEjKOmvdl1o-MeVTJjanEKkfBiHFS6a9btK1TfBxhijuxyNwHLyUYAuYPbPO1Q78y1S4EPz/s1600/260.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />One advantage of this circuit is that the output transformer is driven at the frequency set by the 555 timer and that frequency is not affected by the number of turns in the primary winding, nor it’s inductance, wire diameter, or anything else to do with the coil. While this circuit shows the rather expensive IRF9130 transistor, I expect that other P-channel FETs would work satisfactorily in this circuit. The IRF9130 transistor looks like this:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvGLjOUyG63MVLCkG2QwnOXjFZKgaEZ1ZSMW7NoQBZ_Cd6YVL6XEKW8CTQc-ViS0oPrgrlVAIYYESz7k5sx4fFR8diiP9oOFwmsSIB-dR6mCLrcUPiCF9Jz75tPd-toCXOJfWq9p4jQLnh/s1600/261.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvGLjOUyG63MVLCkG2QwnOXjFZKgaEZ1ZSMW7NoQBZ_Cd6YVL6XEKW8CTQc-ViS0oPrgrlVAIYYESz7k5sx4fFR8diiP9oOFwmsSIB-dR6mCLrcUPiCF9Jz75tPd-toCXOJfWq9p4jQLnh/s1600/261.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The circuit has a power supply diode and capacitor, ready to receive energy from the output at some later date if that is possible and desired. The 555 circuit is standard, giving a 50% Mark/Space ratio. The 10 nF capacitor is there to maintain the stability of the 555 and the timing section consists of two variable resistors, one fixed resistor and the 1 nF capacitor. This resistor arrangement gives a variable resistance of anything from 100 ohms to 51.8K and that allows a substantial frequency range. The 47K (Linear) variable resistor controls the main tuning and the 4.7K (Linear) variable resistor gives a more easily adjustable frequency for exact tuning. The 100 ohm resistor is there in case both of the variable resistors are set to zero resistance. The output is fed through a 470 ohm resistor to the gate of a very powerful P-channel FET transistor which drives the primary winding of the output transformer.<br /><br />The output transformer can be wound on an insulating spool covering a ferrite rod, giving both good coupling between the windings, and high-frequency operation as well. The turns ratio is set to just 30:1 due to the high number of primary winding turns. With a 12-volt supply, this will give a 360-volt output waveform, and by reducing the primary turns progressively, allows the output voltage to be increased in controlled steps. With 10 turns in the primary, the output voltage should be 3,600 volts and with just 5 turns 7,200 volts. The higher the voltage used, the greater the amount of work needed later on to get the voltage back down to the output level which we want.<br /><br />Looking at the wire specification table, indicates that quite a small wire diameter could be used for the oscillator output transformer’s secondary winding. While this is perfectly true, it is not the whole story. Neon Tube Drivers are very small and the wire in their output windings is very small diameter indeed. Those driver modules are very prone to failure. If the insulation on any one turn of the winding fails and one turn becomes a short-circuit, then that stops the winding from oscillating, and a replacement is needed. As there are no particular size constraints for this project, it might be a good idea to use enamelled copper wire of 0.45 mm or larger in an attempt to avoid this insulation failure hazard. No part of the transformer coil spool should be metal and it would not be any harm to cover each layer of secondary winding with a layer of electrical tape to provide additional insulation between the coil turns in one layer and the turns in the layer on top of it.<br /><br />A plug-in board layout might be:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvJlmMASAqATtV_7oxLBUNZXZWbmY4fTH4pVE_Qm9XPUH6kj6XS8sKnyLtcT0LyTXuiUM2dDcZ27E8jt1MA0ZJfsBSj-9ra6Fm7WpFchByA3HNsjs7TsWo7G-ieTe5zfRdRcRM6vAze6Zp/s1600/262.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvJlmMASAqATtV_7oxLBUNZXZWbmY4fTH4pVE_Qm9XPUH6kj6XS8sKnyLtcT0LyTXuiUM2dDcZ27E8jt1MA0ZJfsBSj-9ra6Fm7WpFchByA3HNsjs7TsWo7G-ieTe5zfRdRcRM6vAze6Zp/s1600/262.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Please remember that you can’t just stick your average voltmeter across a 4 kV capacitor (unless you really do want to buy another meter) as they only measure up to about a thousand volts DC. So, if you are using high voltage, then you need to use a resistor-divider pair and measure the voltage on the lower resistor. But what resistor values should you use? If you put a 10 Megohm resistor across your 4 kV charged capacitor, the current flowing through the resistor would be 0.4 milliamps. Sounds tiny, doesn’t it? But that 0.4 mA is 1.6 watts which is a good deal more than the wattage which your resistor can handle. Even using this arrangement:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA_3FHwOHdcJEf06H2KVe9w4MkjhjnIdJ-eYAYNdCVJAnjcv8JIR62dmhg3X53BedrfMfkwFH12gb-lcoA1L4vbiLpvcPvVDXlS86pyygXQ3x-7Yc7jHsdxV22idrTI4lKg8kJFageEZv3/s1600/264.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA_3FHwOHdcJEf06H2KVe9w4MkjhjnIdJ-eYAYNdCVJAnjcv8JIR62dmhg3X53BedrfMfkwFH12gb-lcoA1L4vbiLpvcPvVDXlS86pyygXQ3x-7Yc7jHsdxV22idrTI4lKg8kJFageEZv3/s1600/264.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />the current will be 0.08 mA and the wattage per resistor will be 64 mW. The meter reading will be about 20% of the capacitor voltage which will give a voltmeter reading of 800 volts. The input resistance of the meter needs to be checked and possibly, allowed for as the resistance in this circuit is so high (see chapter 12). When making a measurement of this type, the capacitor is discharged, the resistor chain and meter attached, and then, and only then, is the circuit powered up, the reading taken, the input power disconnected, the capacitor discharged, and the resistors disconnected. High-voltage circuits are highly dangerous, especially so, where a capacitor is involved. The recommendation to wear thick rubber gloves for this kind of work, is not intended to be humorous. Circuits of this type are liable to generate unexpected high-voltage spikes, and so, it might be a good idea to connect a varistor across the meter to protect it from those spikes. The varistor need to be set to the voltage which you intend to measure and as varistors may not be available above a 300V threshold, two or more may need to be connected in series where just one is shown in the diagram above. The varistor should not have a higher voltage rating than your meter.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> We now need to use this high voltage to create a strategically positioned spark to a ground connection. When making an earth connection, it is sometimes suggested that connecting to water pipes or radiators is a good idea as they have long lengths of metal piping running under the ground and making excellent contact with it. However, it has become very common for metal piping to be replaced with cheaper plastic piping and so any proposed pipe connection needs a check to ensure that that there is metal piping which runs all the way into the ground.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb9XkjR9uP4TrqvMHtiUOY22aGp2W0JdbsxU16F51VNxJpfj5yyVoc6ghPTmdrUuYNbBKIfW4jd9dY3flliTFlhpDSxARmzBtPACIEWcO9KV9h60l_8QB-cY3lvbiUMRYGw6lA9s2Aa9JT/s1600/265.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb9XkjR9uP4TrqvMHtiUOY22aGp2W0JdbsxU16F51VNxJpfj5yyVoc6ghPTmdrUuYNbBKIfW4jd9dY3flliTFlhpDSxARmzBtPACIEWcO9KV9h60l_8QB-cY3lvbiUMRYGw6lA9s2Aa9JT/s320/265.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The spark gaps shown can be commercial high-voltage gas discharge tubes, adjustable home-made spark gaps with stainless steel tips about 1 mm apart, car spark plugs, or standard neon bulbs, although these run rather hot in this application. A 15 mm x 6 mm size neon bulb operates with only 90 or 100 volts across it, it would take a considerable number of them connected in series to create a high voltage spark gap, but it is probably a misconception that the spark gap itself needs a high voltage. Later on in this chapter, there is an example of a very successful system where just one neon bulb is used for the spark gap and an oscillating magnetic field more than a meter wide is created when driven by just an old 2,500 volt neon-sign transformer module. If using a neon bulb for the spark gap, then an experienced developer recommends that a 22K resistor is used in series with the neon in order to extend it’s working life very considerably.<br /><br />This circuit is one way to connect the spark gap and ground connection:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF18udaUXEvfFIPQscfvYVZH_d0ygCdh_hHpvBujhg4zY3tT7aTtFu5YUtLYAgHlsveiLOBApzlk5yg5vWfnvZuu2yvo-zf3Lf_ubpYChTciYd2J8da28vtHo47UUwIOuq6ef5h_tb1epx/s1600/266.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF18udaUXEvfFIPQscfvYVZH_d0ygCdh_hHpvBujhg4zY3tT7aTtFu5YUtLYAgHlsveiLOBApzlk5yg5vWfnvZuu2yvo-zf3Lf_ubpYChTciYd2J8da28vtHo47UUwIOuq6ef5h_tb1epx/s400/266.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This is an adaption of a circuit arrangement used by the forum member “SLOW-‘N-EASY” on the Don Smith topic in the energeticforum. Here, he is using a ‘LowGlow’ neon transformer intended for use on a bicycle. The diodes are there to protect the high-voltage power supply from any unexpected voltage spikes created later on in the circuit. The spark gap is connected between the primary winding of a step-up transformer and the earth connection. No capacitor is used. Seeing this circuit, we immediately think of Don Smith’s large and expensive coils, but this experimenter does not use anything like that. Instead, he winds his transformer on a simple plastic former like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsyf3XQNT9_Y76l5gTKOxezOtyUQsD82UGnRDnOBqhMG4w1ED-ZYr5anqnD-A6gHSOxocNLAvkz_FNP6ql61H7zjqsG_eWvxOAHmGZfTJEyskwI8uMDAxZAhjAUYrjOW5KyOIVAFhVENG8/s1600/267.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsyf3XQNT9_Y76l5gTKOxezOtyUQsD82UGnRDnOBqhMG4w1ED-ZYr5anqnD-A6gHSOxocNLAvkz_FNP6ql61H7zjqsG_eWvxOAHmGZfTJEyskwI8uMDAxZAhjAUYrjOW5KyOIVAFhVENG8/s400/267.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />And to make matters ‘worse’ the primary winding wire is just 9 inches (228.6 mm) long and the secondary just 36 inches (914.4 mm) long, the primary being wound directly on top of the secondary. Not exactly a large or expensive construction and yet one which appears to perform adequately in actual tests.<br /><br />This is a very compact form of construction, but there is no necessity to use exactly the same former for coils, nor is there anything magic about the nine-inch length of the L1 coil, as it could easily be any convenient length, say two feet or 0.5 metres, or whatever. The important thing is to make the L2 wire length exactly four times that length, cutting the lengths accurately. It is common practice to match the weight of copper in each coil and so the shorter wire is usually twice the diameter of the longer wire.<br /><br />The circuit above, produces a cold electricity output of high voltage and high frequency. The voltage will not be the same as the neon transformer voltage, nor is the frequency the same either. The two coils resonate at their own natural frequency, unaltered by any capacitors.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> The next step is to get the high voltage down to a more convenient level, perhaps, like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdeH60FsBLgTr73nJWctaqwqHF64964LhLCBhcNvQSbhtdTThvUCqdfiZHbDGQ0o5p3XOL8vNscndJ3blDg3sTXBX_cS7PbS-_8E3kPI5O5-hW_g2g0RMNphyvTAGQSIWySRPyOwq60cQI/s1600/268.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdeH60FsBLgTr73nJWctaqwqHF64964LhLCBhcNvQSbhtdTThvUCqdfiZHbDGQ0o5p3XOL8vNscndJ3blDg3sTXBX_cS7PbS-_8E3kPI5O5-hW_g2g0RMNphyvTAGQSIWySRPyOwq60cQI/s1600/268.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, an identical transformer, wound in exactly the same way, is used in reverse, to start the voltage lowering sequence. The wire length ratio is maintained to keep the transformer windings resonant with each other.<br /><br />Supposing we were to wind the L2 coil of this second transformer in a single straight winding and instead of winding just one L1 winding on top of it, two or more L1 identical windings were placed on top of it – what would happen?:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYqDEz5VgTqU8YgJRajF2nBPK0g1hHj69m_uzCpIiXfUuFbMCkmTLG82QfNBhkQSNX_-T5f9aBcgp4lx21Qcoo7nF9ISZsVUCNJpo-Uh3QFnwxyopJxO8pSvU4T9ccOPqTbbKNoKEoDc0u/s1600/269.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYqDEz5VgTqU8YgJRajF2nBPK0g1hHj69m_uzCpIiXfUuFbMCkmTLG82QfNBhkQSNX_-T5f9aBcgp4lx21Qcoo7nF9ISZsVUCNJpo-Uh3QFnwxyopJxO8pSvU4T9ccOPqTbbKNoKEoDc0u/s320/269.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Now for a comment which will seem heretical to people steeped in the present day (inadequate) level of technology. The power flowing in these transformers is cold electricity which operates in an entirely different way to hot electricity. The coupling between these coils would be inductive if they were carrying hot electricity and in that case, any additional power take-off from additional L1 coils would have to be ‘paid’ for by additional current draw through the L2 coil. However, with the cold electricity which these coils are actually carrying, the coupling between the coils is magnetic and not inductive and that results in no increase in L2 current, no matter how many L1 coil take-offs there are. Any additional L1 coils will be powered for free. However, the position of the coils relative to each other has an effect on the tuning, so the L1 coil should be in the middle of the L2 coil, which means that any additional L1 coils are going to be slightly off the optimum tuning point.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> Anyway, following through on just one L1 coil, there is likely to be at least one further step-down transformer needed and eventually, we need conversion to hot electricity:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFtwmvQfjmpAHwkYmNJfe7qC1dGQZaDlkIdKzdIWzVjvxpMOxJoojt5X4jipJIFe-Em0ysN4TURc2nGf3-49Ooofkf7DxxJNXKKOvuOxLmyE098TJT_S60zbY4qbIerV_u3ojEM1xiwXkn/s1600/270.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFtwmvQfjmpAHwkYmNJfe7qC1dGQZaDlkIdKzdIWzVjvxpMOxJoojt5X4jipJIFe-Em0ysN4TURc2nGf3-49Ooofkf7DxxJNXKKOvuOxLmyE098TJT_S60zbY4qbIerV_u3ojEM1xiwXkn/s1600/270.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Probably the easiest conversion is by feeding the energy into a capacitor and making it standard DC. The frequency is still very high, so high-speed diodes (such as the 75-nanosecond UF54008) are needed here although the voltage level is now low enough to be no problem. The DC output can be used to power an inverter so that standard mains equipment can be used. It is not necessary to use just one (expensive) large-capacity inverter to power all possible loads as it is cheaper to have several smaller inverters, each powering it’s own set of equipment. Most equipment will run satisfactorily on square-wave inverters and that includes a mains unit for powering the input oscillator circuit.<br /><br />PVC pipe is not a great material when using high-frequency high-voltage signals, and grey PVC pipe is a particularly poor coil former material. The much more expensive acrylic pipe is excellent, but if using PVC, then performance will be better if the PVC pipe is coated with an insulating lacquer (or table tennis balls dissolved in acetone as show on YouTube).<br /><br />However, there are some other factors which have not been mentioned. For example, if the L1 coil is wound directly on top of the L2 coil, it will have roughly the same diameter and so, the wire being four times longer, will have roughly four times as many turns, giving a step-up or step-down ratio of around 4:1. If, on the other hand, the coil diameters were different, the ratio would be different as the wire lengths are fixed relative to each other. If the L2 coil were half the diameter of the L1 coil, then the turns ratio would be about 8:1 and at one third diameter, 12:1 and at a quarter diameter 16:1 which means that a much greater effect could be had from the same wire length by reducing the L2 coil diameter. However, the magnetic effect produced by a coil is linked to the cross-sectional area of the coil and so a small diameter is not necessarily at great advantage. Also, the length of the L1 coil wire and number of turns in it, affect the DC resistance, and more importantly, the AC impedance which affects the amount of power needed to pulse the coil.<br /><br />It is also thought that having the same weight of copper in each winding gives an improved performance, but what is not often mentioned is the opinion that the greater the weight of copper, the greater the effect. You will recall that Joseph Newman (chapter 11) uses large amounts of copper wire to produce remarkable effects. So, while 9 inches and 36 inches of wire will work for L1 and L2, there may well be improved performance from longer lengths of wire and/or thicker wires.<br /><br />We should also not forget that Don Smith pointed out that voltage and current act (out of phase and) in opposite directions along the L2 coil, moving away from the L1 coil:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUsKbtiTokYSS-e_J6mMdWqbwWsqiE-689KOwkV5Q-3nUB_sCJ7uFTful5zRYbrbii0xH-L0eRbJxohgTkJzQDFrpmEe8RARKf0m31SZChRJrSgWfCp2n6vGtB3azLuvQkd-tsg2hNaE_V/s1600/271.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUsKbtiTokYSS-e_J6mMdWqbwWsqiE-689KOwkV5Q-3nUB_sCJ7uFTful5zRYbrbii0xH-L0eRbJxohgTkJzQDFrpmEe8RARKf0m31SZChRJrSgWfCp2n6vGtB3azLuvQkd-tsg2hNaE_V/s320/271.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />It has been suggested that a greater and more effective power output can be obtained by splitting the L2 coil underneath the L1 coil position, winding the second part of L2 in the opposite direction and grounding the junction of the two L2 windings. Don doesn’t consider it necessary to reverse the direction of winding. The result is an L2 winding which is twice as long as before and arranged like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhzQsjlqw3OysdCL32N1VFwNXR3s0M7b982BzOj1irL5dxa7V6arp3fo28wd7NBW-cYins7fp1An7B523xnCO6jzHG4SwvBxdQRzP5rdASOKbK4Fxv_JtNe_JDaipgjR8WbvVAjRkJtsBy/s1600/272.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhzQsjlqw3OysdCL32N1VFwNXR3s0M7b982BzOj1irL5dxa7V6arp3fo28wd7NBW-cYins7fp1An7B523xnCO6jzHG4SwvBxdQRzP5rdASOKbK4Fxv_JtNe_JDaipgjR8WbvVAjRkJtsBy/s1600/272.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, the additional high-voltage diodes allow the two out of phase windings to be connected across each other. You will notice that this arrangement calls for two separate earth connections, both of which need to be high-quality connections, something like a pipe or rod driven deeply into moist soil or alternatively, a metal plate or similar metal object of substantial surface area, buried deep in moist earth, and a thick copper wire or copper braid used to make the connection. These earthing points need to be fairly far apart, say, ten metres. A single earth connection can’t be used as that would effectively short-circuit across the L1/L2 transformer which you really do not want to do.<br /><br />With this arrangement, the outline circuit becomes:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiibiyhMGiqGhyphenhyphen9Bxz8u7B59SX_H4-PVgRtSGwmhLFUqgrkv8rj97AVzn98FDiNf7iilz1-eD69JTLtxyW_NU8a3wnQ3dQJz32Z-P2wd-MCvOu-noEywdeZsh18Gyz3tLhrzqOcNRBGjlXH/s1600/273.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiibiyhMGiqGhyphenhyphen9Bxz8u7B59SX_H4-PVgRtSGwmhLFUqgrkv8rj97AVzn98FDiNf7iilz1-eD69JTLtxyW_NU8a3wnQ3dQJz32Z-P2wd-MCvOu-noEywdeZsh18Gyz3tLhrzqOcNRBGjlXH/s1600/273.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The thick earth wiring is helpful because in order to avoid the earth wire being included in the resonant wire length, you need a sudden change in wire cross-section:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYv3x6N8jpuJkK9KkRzGZL9-h7J2bbwhOJO7VewB6rZkVtYdQxHPXW3xKQTbsi0_fRDB9yea4ilvyJxd-fZh0CsPG4D3dZLJ2jJ1FueYS3Hs-MiNRBsD0s0Yn1sHfD8WuasBG1lpxifBxE/s1600/274.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYv3x6N8jpuJkK9KkRzGZL9-h7J2bbwhOJO7VewB6rZkVtYdQxHPXW3xKQTbsi0_fRDB9yea4ilvyJxd-fZh0CsPG4D3dZLJ2jJ1FueYS3Hs-MiNRBsD0s0Yn1sHfD8WuasBG1lpxifBxE/s400/274.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />These are just some ideas which might be considered by some experienced developer who may be thinking of investigating Don Smith style circuitry.<br /><br />To give you some idea of the capacity of some commercially available wires when carrying hot electricity, this table may help:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1XzG0HpZvmyByTBBIS7lDipa-Sgoi31XERkoFZiZKI8UxO-ZP-ru4e08Ha0CIJiIxNNt-S-USvoMAh8U0RONuKi-d2jJi-Rbr2DLS5yidGQqttNMSulAE96taqx5zJ1lXBxdhyphenhyphen15k4-x4/s1600/275.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1XzG0HpZvmyByTBBIS7lDipa-Sgoi31XERkoFZiZKI8UxO-ZP-ru4e08Ha0CIJiIxNNt-S-USvoMAh8U0RONuKi-d2jJi-Rbr2DLS5yidGQqttNMSulAE96taqx5zJ1lXBxdhyphenhyphen15k4-x4/s1600/275.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />It is recommended that the wire have a current carrying capacity of 20% more than the expected actual load, so that it does not get very hot when in use. The wire diameters do not include the insulation, although for solid enamelled copper wire, that can be ignored.<br /><br />There is a most impressive video and circuit shown <a href="http://youtu.be/Q3vr6qmOwLw">here</a> where a very simple arrangement produces an immediately successful performance for the front end of Don’s circuitry. The circuit appears to be:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMhWYMqL7ydIQTdVU41mN6ocAUe9uDQovrlptGVLf4SzxKR0yGFcmZFX7hmArdrDes6wNopuv9clOnBBv_AhlG6BeWz7OXZUV8hisG3vxP8_h3Q5NulEwWPhuevZ2nFRnbktD527bR42Ww/s1600/276.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMhWYMqL7ydIQTdVU41mN6ocAUe9uDQovrlptGVLf4SzxKR0yGFcmZFX7hmArdrDes6wNopuv9clOnBBv_AhlG6BeWz7OXZUV8hisG3vxP8_h3Q5NulEwWPhuevZ2nFRnbktD527bR42Ww/s1600/276.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Here, a simple Neon Sign Transformer module which has no earth connection, is used to produce a 2.5 kV voltage with a frequency of 25 kHz and a maximum output current capacity of 12 mA. There is no difficulty in constructing the equivalent to that power supply unit. The two outputs from the module are converted to DC by a chain of four 1N4007 diodes in series in each of the two outputs (each chain being inside a plastic tube for insulation).<br /><br />This output is fed through an optional 22K resistor via a neon lamp to a microwave oven capacitor which happens to be 874 nF with a voltage rating of 2,100 volts. You might feel that the voltage rating of the capacitor is too low for the output voltage of the neon sign module, but the neon has a striking voltage of just 90 volts and so the capacitor is not going to reach the output voltage of the power supply. The resistors are solely to extend the life of the neons as the gas inside the tube gets a considerable jolt in the first nanosecond after switch-on. It is unlikely that omitting those resistors would have any significant effect, but then, including them is a trivial matter. The second neon feeds the primary of the resonant transformer which is only shown in notional outline in the diagram above as the developer suggests that the primary acts as a transmitter and that any number of receiving coils can be used as individual secondaries by being tuned to the exact frequency of that resonating primary.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbDXP0olJkQ_WVt4g4dXAdG0CCVaqOTI7bRYKRSTybwT4SHDgNVynEHZUC-EDbCtdLFvFRd_ss4iTEpPfeOQSyNfBAOjumWQLLig49uzgGS1sZ7CpvCPhRQB02QsjLNlhcw1YMeQfUXjb/s1600/277.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbDXP0olJkQ_WVt4g4dXAdG0CCVaqOTI7bRYKRSTybwT4SHDgNVynEHZUC-EDbCtdLFvFRd_ss4iTEpPfeOQSyNfBAOjumWQLLig49uzgGS1sZ7CpvCPhRQB02QsjLNlhcw1YMeQfUXjb/s400/277.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />In the video showing this arrangement, the developer demonstrates the fluctuating, high-frequency field which extends for some four feet (1.2 m) around the coil. He also remarks that the single neons in his arrangement could each be replaced with two neons in series. In test which I ran, I found that I needed two neons in series ahead of the capacitor in order to get continuous lighting of the output neon. Also, one of the diodes needed to be reversed so that one faced towards the input and one away from it. It did not matter which diode was reversed as both configurations worked. Again, please note that this presentation is for information purposes only and it is <b>NOT</b> a recommendation that you should actually build one of these devices. Let me stress again that this is a high-voltage device made even more dangerous by the inclusion of a capacitor, and it is quite capable of killing you, so, don’t build one. The developer suggests that it is an implementation of the “transmitter” section of Don’s Transmitter/multiple-receivers design shown below. However, before looking at that design, there is one question which causes a good deal of discussion on the forums, namely, if the centre-tap of the L2 secondary coil is connected to ground, then should that earth-connection wire length be considered to be part of the quarter length of the L1 coil? To examine this possibility in depth, the following quote from Richard Quick’s very clear explanation of resonance in his US patent 7,973,296 of 5th July 2011 is very helpful.<br /><br />However, the simple answer is that for there to be exact resonance between two lengths of wire (whether or not part, or all of those lengths of wire happen to be wound into a coil), then one length needs to be <b>exactly</b> four times as long as the other, and ideally, half the diameter as well. At both ends of both lengths of wire, there needs to be a sudden change in wire diameter and Richard explains why this is. But, leaving that detailed explanation for now, we can use that knowledge to explain the above simplified system in more detail. Here is the circuit again:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAvdg5-lVMMIao-mo7F9IBMToFnUQEJuufk_ZErl8TcZdUwv8IiXiCgnmGLnRsankLuu71cXomn5Im878stlkzqI_1Hj6PaXa43H0_aKYmPxFjzskARtdVYDups4GPCaHKh4go5u9qKF1K/s1600/278.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAvdg5-lVMMIao-mo7F9IBMToFnUQEJuufk_ZErl8TcZdUwv8IiXiCgnmGLnRsankLuu71cXomn5Im878stlkzqI_1Hj6PaXa43H0_aKYmPxFjzskARtdVYDups4GPCaHKh4go5u9qKF1K/s1600/278.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />One very important point to note is that no earth connection is required and in spite of that, the performance shown on video is very impressive. While an earth connection can feed substantial power into the circuit, not needing one for the front end is an enormous advantage and potentially, opens the way for a truly portable device. Another very important point is the utter simplicity of the arrangement where only cheap, readily available components are used (and not many of those are needed). The resistors for extending the life of the neon bulbs are not shown, but they can be included if desired and the circuit operation is not altered significantly by having them there. If a higher spark voltage is wanted, then two or more neon bulbs can be used in series where these circuit diagrams show just one.<br /><br />A point to note is that the lower diode is shown reversed when compared to the previous diagram. This is because the power supply shown is any generic power supply which drives a simple output coil which does not have a centre tap. The neon supply of the earlier diagram appears to have two separate outputs which will, presumably, be out of phase with each other as that is common practice for neon-sign driver modules. If you wish, the two diodes shown here could be replaced by a diode bridge of four high-voltage, high-speed diodes.<br /><br />The wire lengths of L1 and L2 are measured very accurately from where the wire diameter changes suddenly, as indicated by the red dashed lines. The L2 wire length is exactly four times as long as the L1 wire length and the L2 wire diameter is half of the L1 wire diameter.<br /><br />How long is the L1 wire? Well, how long would you like it to be? It can be whatever length you want and the radius of the L1 coil can be whatever you want it to be. The theory experts will say that the L1 coil should resonate at the frequency of the power feeding it. Well, good for them, I say, so please tell me what frequency that is. It is not going to be the frequency of the power supply as that will be changed by at least one of the neon bulbs. So, what frequency will the neon bulb produce? Not even the manufacturer could tell you that as there is quite a variation between individual bulbs which are supposedly identical.<br /><br />Actually, it doesn’t matter at all, because the L1 coil (and the L2 coil if you measure them accurately) has a resonant frequency all of its own and it will vibrate at that frequency no matter what the frequency feeding it happens to be. A coil resonates in very much the same way that a bell rings when it is struck. It doesn’t matter how hard you strike the bell or how rapidly you strike it – the bell will ring at it’s own natural frequency. So the L1 coil will resonate at it’s own natural frequency no matter what rate the voltage spikes striking it arrive, and as the L2 coil has been carefully constructed to have exactly that same frequency, it will resonate in synchronisation with the L1 coil.<br /><br />This means that the length of the wire for the L1 coil is the choice of the builder, but once that length is chosen it determines the length of the wire for the L2 coil as that is exactly four times as long, unless the builder decides to use an arrangement which has L2 wound in both the Clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, in which case, each half of the L2 coil will be four times the length of the wire in the L1 coil, like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtqDs-NWoUOO5tD3AaNekQ0OK4fHnxYpK5oADsjNBztsEEM-9r-5ZyLrG14Xps1-CLET3DAkpjvw04WA0YEgRFh0PE07Q0CV4fpOBKMmRdzhF8N0R9Y5r7ShNntYChb_5E9QVOXmi9kTGD/s1600/279.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtqDs-NWoUOO5tD3AaNekQ0OK4fHnxYpK5oADsjNBztsEEM-9r-5ZyLrG14Xps1-CLET3DAkpjvw04WA0YEgRFh0PE07Q0CV4fpOBKMmRdzhF8N0R9Y5r7ShNntYChb_5E9QVOXmi9kTGD/s1600/279.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Mind you, there is one other factor to be considered when deciding what the most convenient wire length for L1 might be, and that is the number of turns in the L1 coil. The larger the ratio between the turns in L1 and the turns in L2, the higher the voltage boost produced by the L1/L2 transformer, and remember that the length of L2 is fixed relative to the length of L1.<br /><br />So, a possible circuit style might be:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf2SO0_JFvFOlNZ1ritSAr-dhuHmOHzMfcVS262TOmRylQf2hVVv2FEftEQ9aXZAaCcCToBgUtCN7nDqweGQdghCdWn_NrH_hb7uc0_V-RTj8KtDHlvPAb9v8O6Fst0hyAkqSE92VHpwEg/s1600/280.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf2SO0_JFvFOlNZ1ritSAr-dhuHmOHzMfcVS262TOmRylQf2hVVv2FEftEQ9aXZAaCcCToBgUtCN7nDqweGQdghCdWn_NrH_hb7uc0_V-RTj8KtDHlvPAb9v8O6Fst0hyAkqSE92VHpwEg/s1600/280.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />There are some important points to remember. One is that there must be a sudden change of wire diameter at both ends of each L1 coil and at the ends of each L2 coil. If there isn’t, then the connecting wire length will form part of the coil and if there is some change in diameter but not very much, then it is anybody’s guess what the resonant wire length for that coil will be. There can be as many step-down isolation air-core L1/L2 transformers as desired and these do not need to be particularly large or expensive.<br /><br />The builder of this circuit put it together in just a few minutes, using components which were to hand, including the microwave oven capacitor marked “C” in the diagrams above. That capacitor is isolated on both sides by the neon bulb spark gaps and so it will have no modifying effect on the resonant frequency of any of the coils in this circuit. But it is vital to understand that the energy stored in that capacitor can, and will, kill you instantly if you were to touch it, so let me stress once again that this information is <b>NOT</b> a recommendation that you actually build this circuit. The DC output from the circuit is intended to power a standard inverter, which in turn, would be perfectly capable of powering the high voltage, high frequency input oscillator.<br /><br />One final point is that as demonstrated in the video, the oscillating magnetic field produced by the L1 coil can power several identical L2 coils, giving several additional power outputs for no increase in input power, because the coupling is magnetic and not inductive as mentioned earlier in this chapter. Please notice that neither the L1 coil nor the L2 coil has a capacitor connected across it, so resonance is due solely to wire length and no expensive high-voltage capacitors are needed to get every L1/L2 coil pair resonating together. One possible arrangement might be like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXhRSg4esAdD8x49RU7FBJgAl6G01nTXm1PlLKTwywkWjOqouIePgf7geohHOV-5bKEqxtChQJSbpCn_TOEHk2nyOuXMfGaDRfLOv77rrOuvVrYWVYuAGSuYNO9Bt_lDBox-vPC7V04RW/s1600/281.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXhRSg4esAdD8x49RU7FBJgAl6G01nTXm1PlLKTwywkWjOqouIePgf7geohHOV-5bKEqxtChQJSbpCn_TOEHk2nyOuXMfGaDRfLOv77rrOuvVrYWVYuAGSuYNO9Bt_lDBox-vPC7V04RW/s1600/281.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Where two of the L2 coils are shown connected together to give increased output power. This arrangement uses low-voltage inexpensive components for the output stages and there is no obvious limit to the amount of output power which could be provided. As the circuit operates at high frequency throughout, there is no particular need for additional L2 coils to be placed physically inside the L1 coil:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih4uXVFF3tO5Ue-60eygqDZ97jQCTVHOuY5PSOfWlYGwOz-zSBgLXINiMpBa5ITiFU55RtTbNirUgiR99qfZm9PchiPV8WCFq43hKxhfdVE_Rp3209lgOD-Ash9wRD8V7jVOUcOnzUUgAz/s1600/282.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih4uXVFF3tO5Ue-60eygqDZ97jQCTVHOuY5PSOfWlYGwOz-zSBgLXINiMpBa5ITiFU55RtTbNirUgiR99qfZm9PchiPV8WCFq43hKxhfdVE_Rp3209lgOD-Ash9wRD8V7jVOUcOnzUUgAz/s400/282.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />However, there can be an advantage to this arrangement in that the wire length of the L1 coil is greater, which in turn makes the wire length of each L2 coil greater (being four times longer). This gives greater flexibility when planning the turns ratio of the L1/L2 transformer. The voltage step-up or step-down of that transformer happens to be in the ratio of the turns, in spite of the fact that this is not inductive coupling and so standard transformer technology does not apply.<br /><br />When you choose the number of turns and coil diameter for L1, that also gives the length of the L2 wire. In order to get the desired output voltage, if perhaps, the step-down ratio is needed to be an amount of 46:1, then you need 46 times the number of L1 turns on the L2 coil. That means that you know both the wire length and number of turns wanted in the L2 coil. But, as each turn will have a length of 3.14159 times the diameter, it follows then that the wanted diameter is the wire length per turn, divided by 3.14159. The wire sits on top of the tube on which it is wound and so has a greater diameter by one wire thickness, so the calculated tube diameter needs to be reduced by one wire diameter. For example, if the length per turn is 162 mm and the wire diameter 0.8 mm, then the tube diameter would be 162 / 3.14159 – 0.8 which is 50.766 mm (just over two inches).<br /><br />Now for Richard’s explanation of the resonant frequency of any length of wire:<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>“Quarter-Wave” Resonance; Standing Electromagnetic Waves”</b><br />One of the two main types is electrical resonance is referred to here as quarter-wave resonance. This type of resonance depends almost entirely on the length of a wire element For reasons described below, if a segment or length of wire is one quarter as long as the “voltage waves” which are travelling through the wire, then a set of “reflected” waves will be added to the emitted waves, in a synchronised alignment which creates stronger “superimposed waves”.<br /><br />Accordingly, an understanding of the “quarter-wave” phenomenon will help a reader understand how a straightforward and easily-controlled factor (i.e., the length of a wire ribbon which will be used to form a spiral coil) can help create a “quarter-wave” resonant response, which will create the types of electromagnetic pulses and fields referred to as “standing waves”.<br /><br />The speed at which a voltage impulse is transmitted through a metal wire is extremely fast. It is essentially the same as the speed of light, which travels 300 million meters (186,000 miles) in a single second (that distance would circle the earth more than 7 times).<br /><br />If wavelength (in meters) is multiplied by frequency (cycles per second), the result will be the speed of light, 300 million meters/second. Therefore, the wavelength of an “alternating current” (AC) voltage, at some particular frequency, will be the speed of light, divided by which frequency.<br /><br />Therefore, using simple division, if an alternating voltage operates at a frequency of 1 megahertz (MHz), which is a million cycles per second, then the “wavelength” at that frequency will be 300 meters. If the frequency halves become 500 kilohertz, the wavelength becomes twice as long (600 meters); and, if the frequency were to increase to 2 megahertz, the wavelength drops to 150 meters.<br /><br />It should be noted which the term “cycles” is what scientists call “a dimensionless unit”, which drops out and becomes silent when other physical terms are multiplied or divided.<br /><br />At AC frequencies of 10 kilohertz or greater, the common references to “alternating current” (AC) voltage begin using a different term, which is “radio-frequency” (RF) voltage. Accordingly, RF voltage is a form (or subset) of AC voltage, which operates at frequencies higher than 10 kilohertz. RF power generators are readily available, and are sold by numerous companies which can be easily located by an Internet search, using the term “RF power generator”. For example, Hotek Technologies Inc. (hotektech.com) sells two RF power generators, called the AG 1024 and AG 1012 models, which can provide output power at frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 1 MHz; the 1012 model has a power output of 1000 watts, while the 1024 model has a power output of 2000 watts. The output frequency of any such RF power supply can be adjusted and “tuned” across the entire range of operating frequencies, merely by turning knobs or manipulating other controls in a power supply of this type.<br /><br />In a wire having a fixed and unchanging length, the easiest way to create a “standing wave” is to adjust the RF frequency emitted by a power supply with an adjustable frequency, until the “tuned” frequency creates a wavelength which is 4 times as long as the wire. This principle is well-known to physicists, and it is commonly referred to as “quarter-wave” behaviour, since the length of the wire segment must be one quarter as long as the wavelength. Since it is important to this invention, the principles behind it are illustrated in a series of drawings provided in <b>Fig.1 to Fig.4</b>, all of which are well-known prior art.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyXHUOjL8CIMEhmrHyAUjDDh-n3V0kIjaB2BHrci2e1tvJ-kIKXjxctBxJm33em2gV56tEA1VJXoAgjybMf3UAUC_gaLkY6zESX5ilv0P0xc1t1I7lm_dBWSL1GJJKG94b-Ne3nVmirD43/s1600/283.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyXHUOjL8CIMEhmrHyAUjDDh-n3V0kIjaB2BHrci2e1tvJ-kIKXjxctBxJm33em2gV56tEA1VJXoAgjybMf3UAUC_gaLkY6zESX5ilv0P0xc1t1I7lm_dBWSL1GJJKG94b-Ne3nVmirD43/s1600/283.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Fig.1A indicates an idealized wavelength of an alternating voltage, depicted by a sine wave which is being sent from an AC power supply (shown by a circle at the left end of a horizontal straight wire) into the “input” end of the wire. The voltage waves travel through the wire towards the right, as indicated by the block arrow in Fig.1A. When the waves reach the end of the wire, they cannot leave the wire (at least, not in a simplified and “ideal” system, which is being assumed and used here to explain the principle of how a simple straight wire can create a standing wave). Therefore, the voltage wave will effectively “bounce” or “reflect” back from the tip of the wire, and the “reflected wave” will begin travelling back through the wire, going in the opposite direction, as indicated by the left-pointing block arrow in Fig.1B.<br /><br />Because of the laws of conservation of energy, the reflection and “return travel” of these types of waves, when they bounce off the tip of a wire, is actually quite good, and rather efficient, as discussed below, provided which the wire tip does not emit sparks, arc discharges, or other forms of “escaping” electrical energy.<br /><br />Accordingly, Fig.1A depicts a set of “emitted waves” travelling towards the right, while Fig.1B depicts an idealised set of “reflected waves” travelling toward the left along the same wire. Fig.1C illustrates what happens when both sets of waves (emitted and reflected) are superimposed on each other. Since the two sets of waves are travelling at exactly the same speed, and since they have exactly the same wavelength, they will create a “standing wave” pattern when they are added together. As can be visualised from Fig.1C, there will be a set of locations, along the length of the wire, which can be referred to as “peak nodes”, where the AC voltage reaches it’s maximum.<br /><br />At a location halfway between a pair of adjacent “peak nodes”, there will be a spot which can be called a “null node”, a “zero node”, a trough or valley node, or similar terms. At each “null node” location, the AC voltage will appear to be not fluctuating at all. Those are the sites, along the length of the wire, where each “positive” hump (created by a sine wave travelling toward the right) will be counter-balanced and offset by a “negative hump” with exactly the same height, travelling at an identical speed toward the left.<br /><br />As a result, this type of response within a wire creates a “standing wave”. If the instantaneous voltage is measured at a “null node”, it would appear that nothing is happening, in terms of fluctuating voltage. Furthermore, the “null node” will not be moving, along the length of the wire; instead, it will appear to be standing still.<br /><br />This can be demonstrated, in a coil, by using a “grounded lead” to test for voltages along the length of a coil. If a “grounded lead” coupled to a volt meter is used to touch the surfaces of a series of strands in a non-insulated coil (such as a coil made of thin copper tubing, wrapped around a plastic cylindrical shape, as used in the types of large transformers used by hobbyists to create “Tesla coils” which will emit large and visually impressive electrical arcs), the “test lead” will detect no apparent voltage at a null node, which will occur at some particular strand in the coil. At a different strand of the coil, the “test lead” will detect an alternating voltage which has twice the strength and intensity of the voltage being emitted by the power supply.<br /><br />If voltage is measured at a “peak node”, the voltage will be doing something which can be called, using vernacular or laymen's terms, “the full-tilt boogie”. The AC voltage levels will be moving back and forth, between: (i) a very high and intense positive voltage, to (ii) an equally intense negative voltage. This is indicated by the “bubble” shapes shown along the wire in Fig.1C.<br /><br />The “bubbles” which are shown in Fig.1C can help someone understand how standing waves are created, and how they act in a synchronised manner. However, which drawing fails to show another result which is very important in what actually happens in a standing wave. For purposes of description and analysis at this introductory level, the system can be assumed to be “ideal”, which implies a perfect “mirror-image” reflection of each wave from the right end of the wire. An “ideal” system also implies that no reflections occur at the left hand end of the wire where the power supply is located, and all “reflected” wave activity simply ceases. In real circuits and wires of this type, second and third order reflections do in fact occur, and they are used to further increase the strength and power output of these types of systems; however, those additional factors and “harmonics” should be ignored until after the basic principles of this type of system have been grasped and understood.<br /><br />In an ideal system, when the reflected waves (which are travelling toward the left, in the wire segments illustrated in Fig.1) are “superimposed” on the emitted waves (travelling toward the right), the “peak” positive voltage which will be instantaneously reached, at the highest point of each “bubble” shown in Fig.1C, will occur when the positive peak of an emitted wave crosses a mirror-image positive peak of a reflected wave, travelling in the opposite direction. Accordingly, when those two “positive peak” values are added to each other, the instantaneous positive peak voltage which will occur, in the wire, will actually be twice as intense as the “positive peak” voltage being emitted by the AC power supply.<br /><br />An instant later, at that exact point on that segment of wire, a negative peak voltage will be created, which will be the sum of (i) the negative peak voltage emitted by the power supply, and (ii) the negative peak voltage of a reflected wave also will pass through, travelling toward the left. At which instant, when those two negative peak voltages are added to each other, the instantaneous negative voltage which will occur, in the wire, will be twice as intense as the “negative peak” voltage being generated by the AC power supply.<br /><br />A more accurate and representative visual depiction of a “standing wave” in a wire would actually show the heights of the peaks as being twice as tall as the peaks of the emitted voltage waves, and the reflected voltage waves. However, which depiction might confuse people, so it usually is not shown in drawings of “standing waves”.<br /><br />Accordingly, the instantaneous response in the wire, at a location halfway between two “null nodes”, is doing something which can fairly and properly be called “the full-tilt double double boogie”. The “double double” phrase (note which it contains not just one but two “doubles”) was added to that phrase, for two reasons: (i) To emphasise the fact that each and every voltage peak (maximum positive, and maximum negative) will be twice as strong, and twice as intense, as the maximum positive and negative peak voltages emitted by the power supply; and,<br /><br />(ii) to point out that the frequency of the superimposed “bubbles”, shown in Fig.1C, is actually twice as fast as the frequency of the AC cycle which is emitted by the power supply, as discussed below. The “twice the intensity” result is directly comparable to what an observer will see, if a large mirror is placed behind a light bulb in an otherwise dark room. The mirror effectively keeps the room dark, everywhere behind the mirror, so there is no “magical doubling” of the light in the room; which would violate the basic law of conservation of energy. Instead, what the mirror does is to shift light away from the backside of the mirror, and keep that light energy on the reflective side of the mirror. Anyone standing in front of the mirror will see two apparent light bulbs. Both of those light bulbs (the original bulb, and the reflected image) will have the same brightness (if the mirror is perfect). Therefore, the mirror will double the intensity of the light energy reaching the observer.<br /><br />That same effect, in a circuit, will happen if the end of a wire acts like a mirror. If a wire does not have any components which will cause it to become an active “emission source” (which is the behaviour of transmission antennas and certain other components), in a way which efficiently releases voltage-created energy into the atmosphere, then the basic rules which require conservation of energy will prevent that energy from simply disappearing and ceasing to exist. As a result, even if the end of a wire is not designed to be a perfect reflector, a large portion of the voltage wave will indeed reflect off the wire tip, and travel back through the same wire, in a “second pass”.<br /><br />To understand adequately, the type and amount of “wave reflection” which occurs at a wire tip, consider what happens if a light bulb is shining in a room which has shiny, glossy white paint on all the walls and ceilings; then, consider how it would look if the same light bulb were located in a room with all of the walls and ceilings painted “matt black”. The total amount of light which would be available, to carry out a task such as reading a newspaper, clearly would be much greater in the white room, because light reflects off white paint, even though white paint does not even begin to approach the type of “reflection quality or clarity” which a mirror creates. The difference in what happens, when light intensity in a room painted matt black is compared to a room painted a glossy white, does not arise from the presence or absence of “reflection quality or clarity”; instead, it is governed by the laws of conservation of energy. When light shines on to a surface which is painted matt black, the light energy is absorbed by the paint, and it literally warms the paint up. In contrast to that, glossy white paint will not absorb light energy, so it reflects the light back out, for a “second pass” through the air which fills a room.<br /><br />Because of the laws of conservation of energy, and without depending on any “quality of reflectance” characteristic of wire tips, electrical energy cannot simply disappear, when it reaches the end of a wire. Instead, there are only two things which can happen to that energy:<br /><br />(i) the electrical energy can be emitted into the surroundings, such as by emitting sparks, arcs, or radio-frequency signals which will carry energy; or<br /><br />(ii) if the energy is not emitted by the tip of the wire, then, by simple necessity and because of the basic law of conservation of energy, it must be reflected back into the wire, and it will be forced to travel back through the wire again.<br /><br />If a wire has a long and tapered tip, then the reflected wave might become somewhat diffused, and it might lose some portion of the “clarity” of the wave. However, since wavelengths in the frequencies of interest here are hundreds of meters long, the type of tip created by a conventional wire cutter will not create any significant diffusion, in a reflected wave. And, unlike the white-painted walls of a room, there is not a large area which is available, at the tip of a wire, which can create scatter, spread, or diffusion. As a result, the tip of a wire will be a relatively efficient mirror-type reflector, when an AC voltage is “pumped” into one end of the wire. The second factor mentioned above, when the “double-double” boogie phrase was mentioned, relates to a doubling of the frequency of a standing wave. When a standing wave is created in a wire by reflection of an emitted AC voltage wave, the frequency of the standing wave is, quite literally, double the frequency of the emitted wave.<br /><br />This can be seen, visually, by noting that in the emitted AC voltage, shown in Fig.1A, a single complete wavelength contains both a “positive hump” and a “negative hump”. Accordingly, three complete sine waves, divided into three segments by the imaginary vertical lines, are shown in Fig.1A.<br /><br />By contrast, each and every “bubble” shown in Fig.1C depicts a complete and total “wavelength”, in a standing wave. Six of those standing wave “bubbles” fit into exactly the same length of wire which holds only 3 emitted wavelengths from the power supply.<br /><br />The “frequency doubling” effect of standing waves is important, because AC systems can convey and release energy in a manner which increases, as the frequency of the AC voltage supply increases. To some extent, this is analogous to saying that, if a motor can be run at twice the speed (while still generating the same torque), then the work output of that motor can be twice as great, at the higher speed. That analogy is not entirely accurate, since work output from an electric device which uses AC power depends on “area of the curve” functions which occur when sine waves are involved. Nevertheless, as a general principle, if the frequency of the voltage peaks increases, then power output will also increase, in many types of electric circuit components.<br /><br />In the three panels of Fig.1, the wire length is three times as long as the wavelength of the voltage from the power supply. However, to create standing waves, a wire length does not need to be any particular multiple of the wavelength of an AC voltage. As can be seen by considering Fig.1C, the same types of “bubbles” would be created: (i) if the wire length were exactly twice as long as the wavelength; or, (ii) if the wire length were the same length as the wavelength.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM4qQ3zMUX_v2Bhe5LfsOKEaVgRLo-b3F6KSffFt0ASjfc7vwDKEEeCOuXnOoPx2pOjuPX0Cc9PdX9uf5IBY872LWQOUEpiDC0-xscPu-OzCsj2XP55GXzdCOxQ7nO07OyN0_vwFo81IqF/s1600/284.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM4qQ3zMUX_v2Bhe5LfsOKEaVgRLo-b3F6KSffFt0ASjfc7vwDKEEeCOuXnOoPx2pOjuPX0Cc9PdX9uf5IBY872LWQOUEpiDC0-xscPu-OzCsj2XP55GXzdCOxQ7nO07OyN0_vwFo81IqF/s1600/284.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Accordingly, Fig.2 (which includes Fig.2A showing an emitted wave, Fig.2B showing a reflected wave, and Fig.2C showing the superimposed “bubbles”) shows what happens in a wire segment which has a length which is equal to a single wavelength from an AC voltage at a fixed frequency. A resonant standing wave will be formed, with a frequency which is double the frequency of the input AC voltage. which same result will apply, in a wire having any length which is an exact (integer) multiple (such as 1x, 2x, 3x, etc.) of the wavelength of the AC voltage being pushed (or forced, driven, pumped, etc.) into the wire segment.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLm6lwu-szc7lVs08RBCOSiySY2H8k0BRtlYyqbQ-caCedccbDTF7unPH5BsJEOoFQ7sRjLFvxB-ZJvLeU8XWfNJ0dWI3AXUscYn5Q3FpRzohVhyphenhyphenA5QlUA8iGOY7hAnl0JY5U7lfHRKw_G/s1600/285.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLm6lwu-szc7lVs08RBCOSiySY2H8k0BRtlYyqbQ-caCedccbDTF7unPH5BsJEOoFQ7sRjLFvxB-ZJvLeU8XWfNJ0dWI3AXUscYn5Q3FpRzohVhyphenhyphenA5QlUA8iGOY7hAnl0JY5U7lfHRKw_G/s1600/285.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Moving to still shorter wires, the same principle also applies to any wire with a length equal to one half of an AC voltage wavelength. As shown in Fig.3 (which includes Fig. 3A showing an emitted wave, Fig. 3B showing a reflected wave, and Fig. 3C showing the superimposed “bubbles”), if the wire length is one half of the wavelength, a natural and resonant standing wave will still form, with a frequency which is double the frequency of the input AC voltage.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Finally, moving to a still shorter wire, the same principle also applies to any wire which has a length equal to one quarter of an AC voltage wavelength, as shown in Fig.4A, Fig.4B, and Fig.4C Even though it does not stretch across or cover a complete “bubble”, the standing wave shown in Fig.4C is nevertheless a stable, natural, and resonant “standing wave”, with a frequency which is exactly twice the frequency of the input AC voltage.<br /><br />It is possible to create partially stable and semi-resonant responses, using one eighth, one sixteenth, or shorter lengths of wire, by using additional devices which can remove electrical power from the system, or which can generate effects which are usually called “harmonics”. However, those are not the types of natural and stable responses which can be created by a simple, basic system consisting of nothing more than: (i) a wire having a fixed length and a “reflective” tip; and (ii) an AC power source with a frequency which can be “tuned” until it creates a resonant response in any wire segment having a suitable length. Therefore, since quarter-wave wire lengths are the shortest lengths which can create natural and stable standing waves, the conventional term which is commonly used, to describe what happens when a wire creates a resonant standing-wave response, is a “quarter-wave” response.<br /><br />In some devices, telescoping components (or other elements which can alter the effective length of a wire-type element) can be used to alter the ability of the element to respond to a fixed wavelength. Many types of antennas use this approach, if they need to process signals which are being transmitted on fixed and known frequencies. However, those examples are not relevant to spiral coil reactors, which will use an approach which involves tuning and adjusting the frequency of the voltage which is being supplied to a reactor, until a resonant response is observed in coils with fixed and unchanging lengths.<br /><br />It should also be noted that certain types of “tuning” elements (such as capacitors, which can have either fixed or adjustable capacitance levels) can also be coupled electrically to a wire, in a manner which “emulates” adding more length to that wire. This approach can be used to alter (or increase the range of) the frequencies to which a wire circuit will respond resonantly.<br /><br />So, if we have resonant standing-wave voltages in our L2 coil and some of that signal passes through the wire connecting one end of the coil to the earth, then what will happen? The best way to check it is to test the way which a prototype behaves, however, if I may express an opinion, I would suggest that the signal passing down the earth wire will be absorbed when it reaches the earth and that will prevent the signal being reflected back to the L2 coil to upset it’s operation.</span><br /><br /><br />The third of Don’s designs which we can consider is particularly attractive because almost no home-construction is needed, all of the components being available commercially, and the output power being adaptable to any level which you want. Don particularly likes this circuit because it demonstrates COP>1 so neatly and he remarks that the central transmitter Tesla Coil on its own is sufficient to power a household.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuRbCgAZEMbT5q2GdfzKZXdYZHlsKNehqSKf1cjCsHitFbr2Xj1lA5a5VT4qDHZ4hl9GdjkGQM6qgypDf1CBtJxctcR_CYDZsfMzGrQEg0l1j30BgCMftERgsyphi6EV6UdZaeUxFQ6QC/s1600/287.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuRbCgAZEMbT5q2GdfzKZXdYZHlsKNehqSKf1cjCsHitFbr2Xj1lA5a5VT4qDHZ4hl9GdjkGQM6qgypDf1CBtJxctcR_CYDZsfMzGrQEg0l1j30BgCMftERgsyphi6EV6UdZaeUxFQ6QC/s1600/287.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The coil in the centre of the board is a power transmitter made from a Tesla Coil constructed from two Barker & Williamson ready-made coils. Three more of the inner coil are also used as power receivers. The outer, larger diameter coil is a few turns taken from one of their standard coils and organised so that the coil wire length is one quarter of the coil wire length of the inner coil ("L2").<br /><br />As before, a commercial neon-tube driver module is used to power the "L1" outer coil with high voltage and high frequency. It should be understood that as power is drawn from the local environment each time the power driving the transmitter coil "L1" cycles, that the power available is very much higher at higher frequencies. The power at mains frequency of less than 100 Hz is far, far less than the power available at 35,000 Hz, so if faced with the choice of buying a 25 kHz neon-tube driver module or a 35 kHz module, then the 35 kHz module is likely to give a much better output power at every voltage level.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHsAh7ruDJyoLhGIL7zQg1CumA2PJOIa2h6quMUXrMlusUVb9N1uWeAqXmnVqOmSLdx4RU9ucJclG4X8POnFjHoo6n4qDBfBURkx0yiD5PuyVpgcSvMBzuK8tbQ5LBipTPZ2GNRhbJC14L/s1600/288.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHsAh7ruDJyoLhGIL7zQg1CumA2PJOIa2h6quMUXrMlusUVb9N1uWeAqXmnVqOmSLdx4RU9ucJclG4X8POnFjHoo6n4qDBfBURkx0yiD5PuyVpgcSvMBzuK8tbQ5LBipTPZ2GNRhbJC14L/s400/288.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The "L1" short outer coil is held in a raised position by the section of white plastic pipe in order to position it correctly relative to the smaller diameter "L2" secondary coil.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The secondary coils are constructed using Barker & Williamson's normal method of using slotted strips to hold the tinned, solid copper wire turns in place.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />As there are very slight differences in the manufactured coils, each one is tuned to the exact transmitter frequency and a miniature neon is used to show when the tuning has been set correctly.<br /><br />The key feature of this device is the fact that any number of receiver coils can be placed near the transmitter and each will receive a full electrical pick up from the local environment, without altering the power needed to drive the Tesla Coil transmitter - more and more output without increasing the input power - unlimited COP values, all of which are over 1. The extra power is flowing in from the local environment where there is almost unlimited amounts of excess energy and that inflow is caused by the rapidly vibrating magnetic field generated by the central Tesla Coil. While the additional coils appear to just be scattered around the base board, this is not the case. The YouTube <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiNEHZRm4z4&feature=related">video</a> demonstrates that the pick-up of these coils is affected to a major degree by the distance from the radiating magnetic field. This is to do with the wavelength of the signal driving the Tesla Coil, so the coils shown above are all positioned at exactly the same distance from the Tesla Coil. You still can have as many pick-up coils as you want, but they will be mounted in rings around the Tesla Coil and the coils in each ring will be at the same distance from the Tesla Coil in the centre.<br /><br />Each of the pick up coils act exactly the same as the "L2" secondary coil of the Tesla Coil transmitter, each picking up the same level of power. Just as with the actual "L2" coil, each will need an output circuit arrangement as described for the previous device. Presumably, the coil outputs could be connected in parallel to increase the output amperage, as they are all resonating at the same frequency and in phase with each other. Each will have its own separate output circuit with a step-down isolation transformer and frequency adjustment as before. If any output is to be a rectified DC output, then no frequency adjustment is needed, just rectifier diodes and a smoothing capacitor following the step-down transformer which will need to be an air core or ferrite core type due to the high frequency. High voltage capacitors are very expensive. The <a href="http://www.richieburnett.co.uk/parts.html">www.richieburnett.co.uk web site</a> shows various ways of making your own high-voltage capacitors and the advantages and disadvantages of each type.<br /><br />There are two practical points which need to be mentioned. Firstly, as the Don Smith devices shown above feed radio frequency waveforms to coils which transmit those signals, it may be necessary to enclose the device in an earthed metal container in order not to transmit illegal radio signals. Secondly, as it can be difficult to obtain high-voltage high-current diodes, they can be constructed from several lower power diodes. To increase the voltage rating, diodes can be wired in a chain. Suitable diodes are available as repair items for microwave ovens. These typically have about 4,000 volt ratings and can carry a good level of current. As there will be minor manufacturing differences in the diodes, it is good practice to connect a high value resistor (in the 1 to 10 megohm range) across each diode as that ensures that there is a roughly equal voltage drop across each of the diodes:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdYCluRSRZ8YZDRI0XwDCiwfVOvOOb5XH2sq75y7uTnLdq6i0rUps9tZu9Qs5IEQ8C7trwodwNUDaBzlO9hhRtznaFzi-Y6gRyXTWXBhrFEyhEQnHNXUIf2ka2v62RwvSrxVWSLpJxpP_y/s1600/291.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdYCluRSRZ8YZDRI0XwDCiwfVOvOOb5XH2sq75y7uTnLdq6i0rUps9tZu9Qs5IEQ8C7trwodwNUDaBzlO9hhRtznaFzi-Y6gRyXTWXBhrFEyhEQnHNXUIf2ka2v62RwvSrxVWSLpJxpP_y/s400/291.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />If the diode rating of these diodes were 4 amps at 4,000 volts, then the chain of five could handle 4 amps at 20,000 volts. The current capacity can be increased by connecting two or more chains in parallel. Most constructors omit the resistors and find that they seem to get satisfactory performance.<br /><br />The impedance of a coil depends on it’s size, shape, method of winding, number of turns and core material. It also depends on the frequency of the AC voltage being applied to it. If the core is made up of iron or steel, usually thin layers of iron which are insulated from each other, then it can only handle low frequencies. You can forget about trying to pass 10,000 cycles per second (“Hz”) through the coil as the core just can’t change it’s magnetic poles fast enough to cope with that frequency. A core of that type is ok for the very low 50 Hz or 60 Hz frequencies used for mains power, which are kept that low so that electric motors can use it.<br /><br />For higher frequencies, ferrite can be used for a core and that is why some portable radios use ferrite-rod aerials, which are a bar of ferrite with a coil wound on it. For higher frequencies (or higher efficiencies) iron dust encapsulated in epoxy resin is used. An alternative is to not use any core material and that is usually referred to as an “air-core” coil. These are not limited in frequency by the core but they have a very much lower inductance for any given number of turns. The efficiency of the coil is called it’s “Q” (for “Quality”) and the higher the Q factor, the better. The resistance of the wire lowers the Q factor.<br /><br />A coil has inductance, and resistance caused by the wire, and capacitance caused by the turns being near each other. However, having said that, the inductance is normally so much bigger than the other two components that we tend to ignore the other two. Something which may not be immediately obvious is that the impedance to AC current flow through the coil depends on how fast the voltage is changing. If the AC voltage applied to a coil completes one cycle every ten seconds, then the impedance will be much lower than if the voltage cycles a million times per second.<br /><br />If you had to guess, you would think that the impedance would increase steadily as the AC frequency increased. In other words, a straight-line graph type of change. That is not the case. Due to a feature called resonance, there is one particular frequency at which the impedance of the coil increases massively. This is used in the tuning method for AM radio receivers. In the very early days when electronic components were hard to come by, variable coils were sometimes used for tuning. We still have variable coils today, generally for handling large currents rather than radio signals, and we call them “rheostats” and some look like this:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />These have a coil of wire wound around a hollow former and a slider can be pushed along a bar, connecting the slider to different winds in the coil depending on it’s position along the supporting bar. The terminal connections are then made to the slider and to one end of the coil. The position of the slider effectively changes the number of turns of wire in the part of the coil which is being used in the circuit. Changing the number of turns in the coil, changes the resonant frequency of that coil. AC current finds it very, very hard to get through a coil which has the same resonant frequency as the AC current frequency. Because of this, it can be used as a radio signal tuner:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />If the coil’s resonant frequency is changed to match that of a local radio station by sliding the contact along the coil, then that particular AC signal frequency from the radio transmitter finds it almost impossible to get through the coil and so it (and only it) diverts through the diode and headphones as it flows from the aerial wire to the earth wire and the radio station is heard in the headphones. If there are other radio signals coming down the aerial wire, then, because they are not at the resonant frequency of the coil, they flow freely through the coil and don’t go through the headphones.<br /><br />This system was soon changed when variable capacitors became available as they are cheaper to make and they are more compact. So, instead of using a variable coil for tuning the radio signal, a variable capacitor connected across the tuning coil did the same job:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />While the circuit diagram above is marked “Tuning capacitor” that is actually quite misleading. Yes, you tune the radio receiver by adjusting the setting of the variable capacitor, but, what the capacitor is doing is altering the resonant frequency of the coil/capacitor combination and it is the resonant frequency of that combination which is doing exactly the same job as the variable coil did on it’s own.<br /><br />This draws attention to two very important facts concerning coil/capacitor combinations. When a capacitor is placed across a coil “in parallel” as shown in this radio receiver circuit, then the combination has a very high impedance (resistance to AC current flow) at the resonant frequency. But if the capacitor is placed “in series” with the coil, then there is nearly zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the combination:<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><br />This may seem like something which practical people would not bother with, after all, who really cares? However, it is a very practical point indeed. Remember that Don Smith often uses an early version, off-the-shelf neon-tube driver module as an easy way to provide a high-voltage, high-frequency AC current source, typically, 6,000 volts at 30,000 Hz. He then feeds that power into a Tesla Coil which is itself, a power amplifier. The arrangement is like this:<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />People who try to replicate Don’s designs tend to say “I get great sparks at the spark gap until I connect the L1 coil and then the sparks stop. This circuit can never work because the resistance of the coil is too low”.<br /><br />If the resonant frequency of the L1 coil does not match the frequency being produced by the neon-tube driver circuit, then the low impedance of the L1 coil at that frequency, will definitely pull the voltage of the neon-tube driver down to a very low value. But if the L1 coil has the same resonant frequency as the driver circuit, then the L1 coil (or the L1 coil/capacitor combination shown on the right, will have a very high resistance to current flow through it and it will work well with the driver circuit. So, no sparks, means that the coil tuning is off. It is the same as tuning a radio receiver, get the tuning wrong and you don’t hear the radio station.<br /><br />This is very nicely demonstrated using simple torch bulbs and two coils in the YouTube video showing good output for almost no input power: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQdcwDCBoNY and while only one resonant pick-up coil is shown, there is the possibility of using many resonant pick-up coils with just the one transmitter.<br /><br />With a coil (fancy name “inductor” and symbol “L”), AC operation is very different to DC operation. The coil has a DC resistance which can be measured with the ohms range of a multimeter, but that resistance does not apply when AC is being used as the AC current flow is not determined by the DC resistance of the coil. Because of this, a second term has to be used for the current-controlling factor of the coil, and the term chosen is “impedance” which is the feature of the coil which “impedes” AC current flow through the coil.<br /><br />The impedance of a coil depends on it’s size, shape, method of winding, number of turns and core material. It also depends on the frequency of the AC voltage being applied to it. If the core is made up of iron or steel, usually thin layers of iron which are insulated from each other, then it can only handle low frequencies. You can forget about trying to pass 10,000 cycles per second (“Hz”) through the coil as the core just can’t change it’s magnetic poles fast enough to cope with that frequency. A core of that type is ok for the very low 50 Hz or 60 Hz frequencies used for mains power, which are kept that low so that electric motors can use it.<br /><br />For higher frequencies, ferrite can be used for a core and that is why some portable radios use ferrite-rod aerials, which are a bar of ferrite with a coil wound on it. For higher frequencies (or higher efficiencies) iron dust encapsulated in epoxy resin is used. An alternative is to not use any core material and that is usually referred to as an “air-core” coil. These are not limited in frequency by the core but they have a very much lower inductance for any given number of turns. The efficiency of the coil is called it’s “Q” (for “Quality”) and the higher the Q factor, the better. The resistance of the wire lowers the Q factor.<br /><br />Here is a copy of Don Smith’s pdf:<br /><br /><center>
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DIPOLE TRANSFORMER GENERATOR </center>
DESCRIPTION<br /><br />TECHNICAL FIELD: </b><br />The Invention relates to loaded Dipole Antenna Systems and their Electromagnetic radiation. When used as a transformer with an appropriate energy collector system it becomes a transformer generator. The invention collects and converts energy which, with conventional devices, is radiated and wasted.<br /><br /><b>BACKGROUND ART: </b><br />An International search of Patent Databases for closely related methods did not reveal any prior Art with an Interest in conserving radiated and wasted magnetic waves as useful energy.<br /><br /><b>DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION: </b><br />The Invention is a new and useful departure from transformer generator construction, such that radiated and wasted magnetic energy changes into useful electrical energy. Gauss Meters show that much energy from conventional electromagnetic devices is radiated back into the ambient background and wasted. In the case of conventional transformer generators, a radical change in the physical construction, allows better access to the energy available. It is found that creating a dipole and Inserting capacitor plates at right angle to the current flow, allows magnetic waves to change back to useful electrical (coulombs) energy. Magnetic waves passing through the capacitor plates do not degrade and the full impact of the available energy is accessed. One, or many sets of capacitor plates, may be used as desired. Each set of plates makes an exact copy of the full force and effect of the energy present in the magnetic waves. The originating source is not depleted or degraded as is common in conventional transformers.<br /><br /><b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS: </b><br />The Dipole at right angle allows the magnetic flux surrounding it to intercept the capacitor plate, or plates, at right angles. The electrons present are spun in such a way that the electrical component of the electrons is collected by the capacitor plates. Essential parts are the South and North component of an active Dipole. Examples presented here, exist as fully functional prototypes, and were engineer constructed and fully tested for utility by the Inventor. Corresponding parts are utilized in each of the three examples as shown in the Drawings.<br /><br /><b>DRAWING 1 OF 4: VIEW OF THE METHOD</b><br />N = North and S = South of the Dipole<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>1.</b> North and South component of the Dipole.<br /><b>2.</b> Resonate High Voltage induction coil.<br /><b>3.</b> Dipole's electromagnetic wave emission.<br /><b>4.</b> Heaviside current component.<br /><b>5.</b> Dielectric separator for the capacitor plates.<br /><b>6.</b> For purposes of the drawing, a virtual limit of the electromagnetic wave energy.<br /><b>7.</b> Capacitor plates with dielectric in between.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Fig.2-A: </b><br /><b>1.</b> Hole for mounting Dipole B-1.<br /><b>2.</b> Resonate high voltage induction coil.<br /><b>5.</b> Dielectric separator, a thin sheet of plastic separating the capacitor plates<br /><b>7.</b> Capacitor plates, upper plate is aluminium and lower plate is copper.<br /><b>8.</b> Battery system, deep cycle.<br /><b>9.</b> Inverter. Input: Direct Current, output 120 Volts at 60 cycles per second.<br /><b>10.</b> Connector wires.<br /><b>11.</b> Output to point of use being the load<br /><br /><b>Fig.2-B</b> N = North and S = South component of the Dipole<br /><b>1.</b> Metal rod, being soft magnetic metal such as iron.<br /><b>2.</b> Resonate high voltage induction coil.<br /><b>10.</b> Connector wires.<br /><b>11.</b> High Voltage input energy source such as a neon tube transformer.<br /><br /><b>DRAWING 3 OF 4</b> : Proof of Principle Device, using a Plasma Tube as an active Dipole.<br />N = North and S = South Components of the active Dipole.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhNQm4cdeL5p5CkPDhhbuTYuoTbqgQ2F3rEV__dIPTyAQnP1aIhKx91Hcwe3FdelmWiDGbHhT4xa1jmnJaY_BZ3DAqm9pxSKqEEgbRzOtktBDhBBl6LLDfj8HpnNCNP5HoVCuCUqpmAyN/s1600/315.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhNQm4cdeL5p5CkPDhhbuTYuoTbqgQ2F3rEV__dIPTyAQnP1aIhKx91Hcwe3FdelmWiDGbHhT4xa1jmnJaY_BZ3DAqm9pxSKqEEgbRzOtktBDhBBl6LLDfj8HpnNCNP5HoVCuCUqpmAyN/s320/315.gif" width="240" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>5.</b> Dielectric separator of the capacitor plates.<br /><b>7.</b> Upper capacitor plate: upper plate is aluminium and lower plate is copper.<br /><b>10.</b> Connector wires.<br /><b>15.</b> Plasma Tube, 4 feet long and 6 inches in diameter.<br /><b>16.</b> High Voltage Energy source for the active Plasma Dipole.<br /><b>17.</b> Connector block: outlet for testing and use.<br /><br /><b>DRAWING 4 OF 4</b>: Manufactures Prototype, Constructed and fully tested.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>1.</b> Metal Dipole rod<br /><b>2.</b> Resonate High Voltage induction coil.<br /><b>10.</b> Connector wires.<br /><b>17.</b> Connector block for Input from high voltage energy source.<br /><b>18.</b> Clamps for upper edge of capacitor packet.<br /><b>19.</b> Support Device for The Dipole Transformer Generator.<br /><b>20.</b> Packet of Capacitor Plates.<br /><b>21.</b> Output connectors of the capacitor, producing energy into a deep cycle battery which then powers the inverter.<br /><br /><br /><b>BEST METHOD OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION:</b><br />The Invention is applicable to any and all electrical energy requirements. The small size and high efficiency makes It an attractive option. It is particularly attractive for remote areas, homes, office buildings, factories, shopping centres, public places, transportation, water systems, electric trains, boats, ships and all things small or great Construction materials are readily available and the skill level required is moderate.<br /><br /><br /><b>CLAIMS: </b><br /><b>1.</b> Radiated magnetic flux from the Dipole, when intercepted by capacitor plates at right angles, changes to useful electrical energy.<br /><b>2.</b> A Device and method for converting for use, normally wasted electromagnetic energy.<br /><b>3.</b> The Dipole of the Invention is any resonating substance such as Metal Rods, Coils and Plasma Tubes which have interacting Positive and Negative Components.<br /><b>4.</b> The Resulting Heaviside current component Is changed to useful electrical energy.<br /><br /><br /><b>ABSTRACT </b><br />An Electromagnetic Dipole Device and Method, wherein, radiated and wasted energy is transformed into useful energy. A Dipole as seen in Antenna Systems is adapted for use with capacitor plates such that the Heaviside Current Component becomes a useful source of electrical energy.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>TransWorld Energy<br />227 W. Airtex Blvd.<br />Houston, Tx. 77090 </b><br /><br />September 23.2002</center>
<br /><br />Phone: (281)876-9200 Web-site: altenergy-pro.com<br />Fax: (281)876-9216 E-mail: donsm1@earthlink.net<br /><br /><br />Dear Reader:<br /><br />TransWorld Energy is dedicated to improving the Human Condition in the Field of Energy which, at the same time, makes possible Healthy Water and increases the food Supply. A never-ending source of energy found throughout the universe is easily accessed with the minimum of effort and cost. The technology for doing this has been around since the 1820s. Selfish special interests have made sure that the technology remains discredited. People who control the Energy Sources control the World.<br /><br />Extensive research and development by TransWorld and Associates has been progressing for more than 15 years. Numerous successful Energy Producing Devices have been produced and demonstrated throughout the World. Some of these can be viewed by the Web Site located using any major search engine (such as Lycos, Yahoo, Altavista, NorthenLight and more than 2,000 others throughout the World).<br /><br />The Book which You are viewing has more than 40,000 copies in circulation. It has been translated and distributed in all major languages including Japanese, Arabic, Portuguese, French, Italian, Russian, Chinese, German, Spanish and many more. There are seven editions in circulation. An enormous interest is evident in the subject matter. An average of about fifty e-mails per day are received from the ends of the Earth (that is about 1,500 per month).<br /><br />Once the Web Site and the book are viewed, it will become evident that abundant, self- sustainable energy is available everywhere for the taking. This is natural energy which does not harm the environment or those using it. The proper Device for Collecting is all that's required.<br /><br />The Good News is that the problem is solved and with assistance, an ultimate source of energy which is environmentally benign, abundant throughout the universe and inexpensive to capture, is there for the taking.<br /><br />Thank You for your consideration<br /><br /><br /><br />_________________________<br />Donald L. Smith, CEO<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>Electrical Energy Generating System</b></center>
<br /><br /><b>Description and Function: </b><br />The Generation of Electrical Power requires the presence of electrons with various methods of stimulation, yielding magnetic and electrical impulses, collectively resulting in Electrical Energy (Power). In place of the mechanical - coils and magnet system, present in conventional electrical power generation, visible moving parts are replaced by resonate magnetic induction, using radio frequency. Transfer of energy by resonate induction is related to the ratio of the square of the cycles per second.<br /><br />The Energy System, presented here, operates at millions of cycles per second verses the conventional 60 C.P.S. This tells us that it has a frequency advantage over conventional methods. This same advantage applies to the amount of electrical energy output. Therefore the Device is small in size and produces large amounts of Electrical Energy. The Electrons acquired, are from the surrounding Air and Earth Groundings, being the same source as in conventional methods. This is accomplished by magnetic resonate radio induction.<br /><br /><br /><b>Applications: </b><br />This Electrical System adapts nicely to all Energy Requirements. It is a direct replacement for all existing Energy Systems. This includes such things as Manufacturing, Agricultural, Home Usage, Office Complexes, Shopping Centers, Rail Transportation, Automobiles, Electrical Power Grids, Municipalities, Subdivisions, and Remote Areas. Briefly, the only limiting factor is the imagination.<br /><br /><br /><b>Economic Possibilities: </b><br />No Historical Reference Point exists for a comparison of the Possibilities of this System. One can see from the impacted applications listed above, that the magnitude exceeds any known invention, presently a part of the Human Experience.<br /><br /><br /><b>Present and Future Plans: </b><br />The Energy System has been in the developmental stage during the past seven years. It is Patent Pending # 08/100,074 with the Patent Office. No prior art exists according to the Patent Office's response. The System is presently being introduced into the World Market.<br /><br /><br />Useful energy occurs as the result of imbalances in the ambient background energy, which is a transient phenomena. In the electrical field, it is a closed system subject to heat death, which severely limits it's utility. The flip side of the electron, produces magnetic waves which are an open system, not subject to heat death. These waves, being unrestricted, are the universal source of energy when unlimited resonate duplicates from this one source are available. Therefore, the key to unlimited energy, is Magnetic Resonance. In order to understand this, requires putting a stake through the Heart of Antique Physics. Non-linear and Open Systems are universally available in Magnetic Resonance Systems, Explosions of any sort [including Atomic Explosions] and Combustibles of any type. Mechanical equivalents would be levers, pulleys and hydraulics. A highly obvious example is the Piano where the Key impacts the one note giving one sound level, which resonates with it's two side keys providing a much higher sound level. Magnetic Resonance Energy clearly amplifies itself, demonstrating more energy out, than in.<br /><br />Ohmic resistance does not apply to Magnetic Resonance which travels unrestricted for great distances, therefore multitudes of electrons are disturbed, and their back-spin translates magnetic into usable electric energy. The right angle component which the magnetic flux provides, translates into useful electrical energy. Taken at right angles, the Magnetic Dipole provides an unlimited source of electrical energy. The writer is recognized world-wide for his knowledge and experience. See his Web Site at altenergy-pro.com .<br /><br />Gravity is a function of spin phenomenon as observed in gravity separation of liquids. When spun, milk and cream separate. Therefore, relative specific gravity is function of mass versus spin. Magnetics and gravity are both spin related. In part, a top levitates when spun. Therefore, spinning magnetic fields are a functional motor source as in flying saucers.<br /><br /><b>ABSTRACT: Technology of New Energy: </b><br />Developments in the understanding of Electricity, along with Materials which were not previously available, allows the construction of Devices which collect energy in large quantities, from the Earth's Ambient Electrical Background. This Energy is naturally occurring, environmentally benign and is available everywhere. It is available wherever and whenever it is required. New Devices use Resonate Magnetic Waves which replicate upon spinning the locally present electrons, providing multiple duplicate copies of the Energy Present. Each electron when spun yields both magnetic and electric waves in equal proportion. The electrical component is a closed system limited by Ohms Law. The magnetic component is an open system not limited and it replicates multiple copies of the energy present.<br /><br />Special materials and recent developments allow the magnetic energy to reproduce, through resonance, unlimited duplicate copies acquired from the ambient background. These Devices harvest the energy that has been, and is always present universally. Conventional methods consist of coils and magnets systems. Upon moving past each other, the magnetic flux field disturbs electrons which yield electricity, which is collected by the coils system. This is accomplished electronically with the new technology, without any moving parts and the energy is multiplied such that the Device becomes self-sustaining once it is started. This Technology, already presented Worldwide, will be shown at the Conference.<br /><br />Dr. Smith www.altenergy-pro.com<br />e-mail donsml@earthlink.net<br /><br /><br /><br />"Putting a stake through the Heart" and thus removing the mental block created by antique physics is required. Conditions wherein this becomes necessary are non-linearity, resonance and explosions of any sort. Combustibles of any sort such gasoline and atomic explosions are good examples wherein more energy out than in, is obvious. You can add to that the non-linearity found in pulleys, hydraulics, steam power and suchlike. Magnetic resonance is a highly obvious source for multiplying energy output. The sound system present in the piano, demonstrates this very clearly. Energy amplification clearly present in the above, demonstrates the silliness attested to by many Physicists.<br /><br />Ohmic resistance does not apply to magnetic resonance which travels unrestricted for great distances, therefore multitudes of electrons are disturbed, and their back-spin converts from magnetic energy to usable electric energy. These same electrons have been around from the beginning of time and they are undiminished and will remain so until the end of time.<br /><br /><center>
<b>ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS PREFACE</b></center>
<br /><br />Useful Electrical Energy is obtained directly from electron spin induced by incoming magnetic waves, or indirectly through mechanical exchange as in dynamo type devices. Simply put, electron spin converts from magnetic to electrical energy and vice versa. Nature provides grand scale magnetic wave induction throughout the universe, for free. In Electrical Systems, movement is at right angles to the direction of current movement. This explains the rotary movement of the Earth and other related Systems. The rate of Spin for the Earth is known as well as the mass (5.98 x 1024 Kg - "Physics for Scientist and Engineers", by Raymond A. Serway, Saunders College Publishing, 2nd Ed. page 288, Table 14.2), therefore the amount of incoming Electrical Energy which produces this action can be calculated.<br /><br />It can be seen quite easily, that the incoming magnetic wave energy is Vast and Continuous. As an accretion mass, the Earth is an Energy Sink, getting it's energy from elsewhere, being Cosmic, Galactic and Solar. Conversion of incoming magnetic waves into electrical energy provides an unending, inexpensive and environmentally friendly source available to all. Cosmic and Galactic Energy is available twenty four hours per day. Large amounts of this Energy accumulates in the Earth's radiation belts. This Giant Energy Storage, when properly understood, provides a major source of free unending electrical energy. Each of My Inventions plugs into this vast energy source.<br /><br />A perverse, Intentional Ignorance on the part of the Establishment, prevents recognition of the importance of the Energy Systems shown here. Any new system which is favourable towards the masses, is considered as disruptive, and therefore not allowed. Those who have the (Gold) Energy Rule (Golden rule ) Mandated Destruction of all Humanity is not a consideration.<br /><br />This Presenter will remove some of the Fog placed with the intention of preventing the recognition of this unending, environmentally clean, electrical energy Source, which is present everywhere throughout the Universe. The Cost of Harvesting and Using this Free Energy is a function of Human Stupidity.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>RESONANCE CIRCUITS DEMO</b></center>
<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Used to demonstrate electromagnetic radiation between two UC circuits - one a transmitter and the other a receiver. When the 1.5 volt power transmitter is pulsed, the radiated signal is picked up by the remote receiver circuit which then lights up a 70 volt neon lamp.<br /><br />With this apparatus, the student quickly understands some basic principles governing wireless communication, broadcasting, etc.<br /><br />Kit: #10-416 $49.95<br /><br />THE SCIENCE SOURCE<br />WALDOBORO, MAINE 04572<br />P.O. BOX 727<br /><br />Tel. 1-800-299-5469<br />info@thesciencesource.com<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinYOwqp-JHffHCuLErvk1EEAugC8nvrPNPLHvCCM64h4ZxXLPXlU0O4y6zWqxAsD_11RMdQ4FxFZKR5_RipC9uXQKMShshI2ulGe3jMVz06Nxnkb9hsMkTmG6W5pVkZpIdLF8HtoXrXFP0/s1600/318.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinYOwqp-JHffHCuLErvk1EEAugC8nvrPNPLHvCCM64h4ZxXLPXlU0O4y6zWqxAsD_11RMdQ4FxFZKR5_RipC9uXQKMShshI2ulGe3jMVz06Nxnkb9hsMkTmG6W5pVkZpIdLF8HtoXrXFP0/s1600/318.gif" /></a><br />Diagram of transmitter and receiver coils</center>
<br /><br /><br /><b><center>
ULTIMATE ENERGY SOURCES</center>
</b><br />A human is a speck of dust on Earth, the Solar System is a speck of dust in the Galaxy and in turn, the Galaxy is a speck of dust in the Universe (Cosmos). All of these respectively represent vast ambient energy reservoirs. Awareness of the Sun, opens doors into other energy sources. Electromagnetic Energy which is present everywhere throughout the Universe, is accessed by catalytic activity, directly as in Solar Cells or indirectly as by mechanical means. Resonate, Magnetic Waves (Faraday's "Action at a Distance") allow Energy Activation Transfer to remote points of usage. The method of capture and use of this Energy is optional, and therefore it's cost is a function of Human Stupidity (Free-Energy).<br /><br />Direct access is more desirable, and technology transfer from Solar Cell-type Devices provides the Catalyst. Enormously high Ambient Energy Levels are not detected by instruments that use the Ambient Background as a Reference Plane. A spoonful of water lifted from the Ocean does not define the Ocean. Incoming magnetic waves are reflected, Deflected or absorbed. Deflected Magnetic Waves spin electrons sideways producing useful Electrical Energy. Absorbed Wave Energy produces heat, therefore a hot interior for the Earth. In Electrical Systems physical movement is in the direction of current flow, <u>frictional drag from inflow current defines gravity</u>. Accretion masses resulting from Energy Sinks, provide all solid entities with their respective gravitational effect.<br /><br />Increasing the tolerance level for Intellectual Awakening opens Doors of Reality. These doors blink into, and out of existence, and upon recognition, benefit Mankind. Opening some of these Doors, which at the present time are seen through a deep fog, is our purpose. Exploring Unrecognized Energy Sources, which are a Part of the Ambient Background, is another goal. Our Available Instruments do not use reference planes which allow recognition of this energy, as we shall see, vast Energy Sources that totally surround us are available through Technology Transfer. They are inexpensive (Free), fully self-renewable and environmentally benign.<br /><br />Incoming Magnetic Wave Energy with Faraday's "action at a distance" will be looked at closely. Particle Physics will be left for the Astrophysics. Excited Electrons at point "A" the Sun (including the Galaxy and Cosmos) do not travel to point "B" the Earth, however a corresponding action occurs at point "B". The Electrons being disturbed at the Central Power Plant, in the same manner excite the Electrons at Your House, upon switching into an Earth grounding (known as "flipping the switch"). Correspondingly, there are Four Major Power Sources providing enormous amounts of Ambient Background Magnetic Wave Energy. They are The Cosmic, Galactic, Solar and Earth's Ambient Electromagnetic Backgrounds. The Earth's Electromagnetic Field comes from reflection, deflection and absorption as a result of action at a distance from the above.<br /><br />Prescription Physics mandates that the Earth's background is of little interest. When we have Considered the evidence herein, it will become obvious that Special Interest's effort at keeping the People ignorant has, until now, largely succeeded.<br /><br />Information for the entire World is available regarding the Magnetic Flux Background of the Earth's Surface (United State's Geological Survey, Colorado, USA, Office). When examined and properly understood, these Maps yield important information regarding reflection, deflection and absorption of incoming Magnetic Waves, plus action at a distance. When properly understood, these Maps reveal a very large Ambient Electromagnetic Energy Source. This is the Part of the Earth's Energy System that relates to the Bird on the High Voltage Line. When deflected, magnetic flux from electrons changes to electrical flux, providing the Motor System that spins or rotates the Earth. Physical movement by electrical systems is from inflow current movement. What level of current movement is required to spin the Earth? The Earth's Mass is 5.98 x 10<sup>24</sup>. From this Information, the Watts of Electricity Required may be calculated! Absorbed microwave flux energy heats from the inside out, therefore a hot interior of the Earth results. Water is strongly diamagnetic, and on windless days, ocean waves provide visible Proof of the overhead incoming magnetic flux. From the information above, the Earth's weight and rate of spin allows the calculation of the amount of incoming ambient background energy required. As You can see, it is not inconsequential as Prescription Physics mandates.<br /><br />Astrophysicist are concerned with charged particles that whiz by, once every one hundred years, rather than Wave Phenomenon associated with action at a distance. This highly Active Wave Energy translates into Electrical Energy at point "B". The Galaxy is alive With Energy which is billions of times greater than that of the Sun. Visible Light is a very tiny part of the Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum. Frequencies present in the Galaxy and Cosmos allow Radio Telescope photographs of their existence and magnitude. One such 408 MHz photograph of the Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum shows that the Earth is a tiny speck of dust in this Enormous Ocean of Energy, and can be seen near the left end of the Central High Energy Area.<br /><br />This Energy extends in all directions. Accretion and formation of Planets, Suns and Galaxies are results of energy sinks and variable sized black holes. Mass retains heat, and is cooked from the inside out by the microwave background energy provided by the Universe. Flux movement into energy sinks, provides the frictional force know as gravity. Spinning mass in the presence of incoming flux amplifies the gravitational effect.<br /><br />At present, only Solar Energy is recognized. It is inconsistent, flaky and a very small Part of the Magnetic Wave Energy Present. Technology Transfer from Solar Power provides uncomplicated and inexpensive, direct access to the Other Greater Energy Sources. All Electromagnetic Energy harvesting methods include a Catalyst, a Collector and a Pump. Catalysts include sensitization through doping with certain elements, air and earth groundings. Collectors include temporary storage as in Capacitors, Coils and Transformers. The Pump System includes induced movement onward to the point of use. Conventional rotating coils and magnet systems activate electrons present, such that action at a distance can occur, therefore it is an energy activation pump. In Direct Access Systems such as Solar Cells, the same occurs without mechanical action. Direct access occurs when Magnetic Waves impact a catalyst, spinning the local electrons sideways, producing useful electrical energy.<br /><br />Indirect acquisition of electrical energy by mechanical means is wasteful, troublesome, expensive and degrades the environment. The dynamo is a combination collector and pump of energy which is collected from the Earth's Ambient Energy Background. Generators do not. make electricity, they collect it from the Ambient Background and forward it, as in Faraday's "action at a distance". Energy Conservation Laws relating to these systems, relate to grey areas, and when understood, are excluded because of the existence of External forces, open and non-linear systems as per Einstein. The Knowledge Base just viewed, provides a Direct Understanding of the Requirements for Harvesting of unending, fully renewable, environmentally benign Sources of Electrical Energy.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><center>
Magnetic Resonance Power System<br />Suggestions for Construction</center>
</b><br />This is the Basic Sonar Power System which permits submarines to see approximately 50 miles distance. What is not commonly known is that it works better at higher frequencies in the Gigahertz range. Any Device that can radiate 50 miles plus, is producing an enormous el ectromagnetic disturbance from a small input into a rod of magnetostrictive material. Disturbing the Earth's Ambient Background plus the strong dipole being produced, turns the magnetostrictive rod into a combination of a receiving antenna and a vastly superior output transformer.<br /><br />The Drawing is only the Key Unit. A power input module and an output inverter circuit (diode bridge plus output transformer) are also required. The metal core and the wire size of the output transformer, plus adjusting the Earth Grounding of the Load, will determine the Amperage.<br /><br />The Ideal rod material is Terfenol-D (check the internet). However a 1.5" diameter 10" long rod, costs over $5,000 each. Less expensive alternatives are obvious. When constructing, use PVC tubing with removable caps. Wind the coils on it and insert the experimental rod. Use only magnetostrictive material. When you get it right, you will have exactly what the Doctor ordered:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSW6RbVFGw5JhrZdTXCUwq62AOkArgMPPoMGpuULVrYPwE-P-yuHDrINMJ4mxt0tb7IYcEl_TQ471pOPeaBzO51qsiyowUZZBf4LPgMX-1J_asIu93E8hBCCJYAWoNKBWkmcWL2zVyZwoB/s1600/319.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSW6RbVFGw5JhrZdTXCUwq62AOkArgMPPoMGpuULVrYPwE-P-yuHDrINMJ4mxt0tb7IYcEl_TQ471pOPeaBzO51qsiyowUZZBf4LPgMX-1J_asIu93E8hBCCJYAWoNKBWkmcWL2zVyZwoB/s1600/319.gif" /></a><br />Diagram of transmitter and receiver coils</center>
<br /><br />Magnetostriction oscillators work by magnetic resonance in a rod of magnetostriction material. This rod serves two purposes: It vibrates at the frequency of resonance oscillation, and it becomes the feedback transformer. Frequency is determined by items 4, 5, 6 and 8. The diameter, length and volume of the rod and output windings, determines the output. Item 2 provides feedback into the system. The negative magnetic character of item 8 plus the windings 2, in reaction to the magnetic flux field provided by 9, increases (amplifies or magnifies) the output. Magnetic permeability is the counterpart of negative resistance. Resonating with negative magnetic resistance, it pumps energy from the Earth's ambient background. Magnetic permeability is the ratio of flux density (Earth's B field) to the magnetizing force (H) in oersteds.<br /><br />Magnetostrictive materials are piezoelectric in character, and have a very high resistance to electrical current flow. Examples are:<br /><b>1.</b> Permealloy Negative Magnetic Permeability > 80,000<br /><b>2.</b> Sendust Negative Magnetic Permeability 30,000 -120,000<br /><b>3.</b> Metglas Negative Magnetic Permeability > 200,000<br /><b>4.</b> Iron with (34%) Cobalt Magnetic Permeability 13,000<br /><b>5.</b> New Technology Magnetic Permeability > 1,000,000<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><center>
ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS METHODS</center>
</b><br /><b>1. DIRECT</b><br />Faraday's "Action at a Distance" incoming magnetic wave conversion to useful electrical energy. This includes Cosmic, Galactic, Solar and Magnets. Technology Transfer is from Solar Cell Technology.<br /><br /><b>2. INDIRECT</b><br />Electron Stimulation-Induced Electron Spin Systems, Electron Avalanche Pumping Systems<br /><i>Primitive</i><br />Indirect Conversion from another form of energy. Coils and Magnet as in Dynamo Systems (Closed Systems). Chemical Systems, Atomic, Pons & Fleischman and etc.<br /><i>Advanced</i><br />Direct Conversion, Magnetic Wave ( Open Systems ).<br />Ambient Sources<br />Air Core Coil Systems<br />Gaseous Tube Systems,<br />Solid State Marx Generator Avalanche Type Systems.<br />Leyden Bottle Capacitor Types inserted in Lakes and other.<br />Magnet Systems<br />Electron Beam Antenna Systems<br /><br /><b>3. TRANSFER MECHANISMS</b><br /><u>Solids</u> - as in metal conductors<br /><u>Gaseous</u> as in radio wave transmission, a form of ionization.<br /><u>Sensitizing</u> of Systems by use of Trace Doping with Radioactive elements, includes metal surfaces.<br /><u>Open Systems</u>, non-linear with external forces. Albert Einstein in a direct quote from his biography states that these are excluded from the conservation of energy laws.<br /><u>Closed Systems</u> Maxwellian Type Systems. Mathematics are predictable requiring deductive reasoning. Ohm's Law is King, and Establishment Intellectuals being comfortable with this, brand all else as a violation of the Laws of Nature by obtaining something for nothing. This is Dishonesty grand mal.<br /><br /><br /><b><center>
AMBIENT ENERGY SOURCES</center>
</b><br /><center>
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<br /><br />A deep fog pervades the entire Scientific Community with regards to the Significance of the Above Energy Sources. Magnetic Waves convert directly into Electrical Waves (useful electricity). Two sides of the electromagnetic system are always present and never separate. Local electron spin provides (action at a distance) the flip side of the incoming magnetic wave energy.<br /><br />Enormous amounts of incoming magnetic wave energy becomes a part of the Ambient Background, and as such, cannot be measured directly. Reconstruction from indirect information, allows us to establish the actual energy levels which are present. Instruments provided by the Scientific Community measure only point "A" to "B", and when both are ambient, no potential energy is shown. This is the "bird sitting on the million volt power line and sensing nothing" approach. The Earth's actual ambient background has as it's Energy level multi-billions of Volts, which are conveniently and obliviously ignored by the scientific community. When properly understood, this enormous, never-ending source of environmentally-friendly energy becomes available.<br /><br /><center>
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<b>Electrical Energy System<br />Don L. Smith, Energy Consultant</b></center>
<br />At a meeting between J.P. Morgan, Edison and Tesla, Tesla proposed an Electrical Energy System which could he connected into directly, without using a meter. Tesla's Idea of "Free Energy" was not compatible with their thinking. Courtesy of Morgan and Edison, from that day foreword, a complete and total bastardization of the Idea has been in progress. Agents for Morgan and Friends include the U.S. Patent Office and Academia. Academia's bad habit of incestuous quoting of each other, eliminates them as a possibility in cleaning up the mess. This selective ignorance, permeates throughout the study of electricity.<br /><br />Many people, otherwise known as "intellectuals", have a total blackout and become jabbering idiots when "free-energy" is mentioned. The term has been amended to say, "something which was never there is being harvested and that this violates the laws of physics". For the selectively ignorant, this seems the way to run. Those who choose Morgan's drum beat, have severely limited the possibilities built into electricity.<br /><br />This paper will be an exercise in creative understanding, in placing updated knowledge at your disposal. Whether it becomes a useful tool or is selectively ignored is your choice.<br /><br />Electrons are defined as being the practical source of electrical and magnetic energy. The electron as a particle, was postulated by professor J. Thompson in early 1900's. It is now universally accepted that the electron exists and that it is the source of electricity. When the electron is agitated it produces magnetic and negative electrical energy. Physics as it exists today, cannot explain why the electron remains intact and is not diminished by the energy it releases. This is a part of the built-in ignorance provided by the Morgan and Edison Camp.<br /><br />One volts worth of electrons, when cycled, yields one volts worth of electricity. This can be repeated continuously forever and it never deplete or diminishes the electrons in question. They simply return to their air and/or earth source, waiting to do the whole thing again and again. Therefore, electrical energy is available, anywhere and everywhere humans go. People who intercede for profit, set the cost of electrical energy. Otherwise, all electrical energy is free, Morgan and Edison be damned.<br /><br />Improving upon Professor Thompson's postulation, other obvious characteristics can be seen to further define the electron. It has both magnetic and electrical emanations resulting from a right-hand and left-hand spin. Since magnetism and amperage come as one package, this suggest, that electrons in their natural non-ionic state, exist as doublets. When pushed apart by agitation one spins and supplies electricity and the other spins and provides magnetic (amperage) energy. When they reunite, we have Volts x Amperage = Watts. This Idea, until now, has been totally absent from the knowledge base.<br /><br />The number of times that an electron is cycled, sets the collective energy potential present. The electrical equivalent of E = mC<sup>2</sup> is E = (Volts x Amperes) x (Cycles Per Second)<sup>2</sup>. Those who choose, are now free to head for the bushes and make their usual contribution to humanity.<br /><br />Prior to Tesla, there was a large group of people in Europe, who were building resonant coil systems for medical use. Amperage was dangerous in their coil systems. The Tesla Coil is only the Voltage half of their coil system, as will be demonstrated.<br /><br />A short list of those (from 1860 onwards) active in resonate high frequency coil systems include; the Curies, Roentgen, Ruhmkoff, Oudin, Hertz, Levassor, Dumont, D'Arsonval and many others.<br /><br />Peugeot, Panhard-Levassor, Bollee, Renault and others had successful electric automobiles in production using A C. motors. Various electrically-powered airships, including the Dirigible "France" were in service.<br /><br />D'Arsonval, Professor of Experimental Medicine at the College of France, invented the electrocardiograph, oscilloscope, amp and volt meters, thermography and numerous other medical applications of high frequency electricity. As early as 1860, he was building high frequency coil systems, which he used in his experimental work. There is a strong connection between the work of Tesla and the people mentioned above.<br /><br />Electric vehicles of all sorts, dominated until the 1920s, when the electric starter motor made the internal combustion engine practical. Prior to that, upon cranking, it frequently would break the owner's arm. At that point the use of batteries as a source of power was replaced by oil.<br /><br />The establishment's carpet has some rather large lumps under it. Coulomb's and Newton's inverse square law is politely ignored and it's opposite is allowed to have only the most abstract status. Without opposites we have no definition.<br /><br />The source value of a remote flux reading, requires the squaring of the distance, times the remote reading, to obtain the original value. The opposite of this, being the derivations relate to Energy equals Mass times the Velocity constant squared. The electrical equivalent, being Energy equal capacitance times voltage squared and Energy equals induction times amperes squared. Flux lines increase as the law of squares and then activate electron energy which was not previously a part of the sum. The cumulative capacitance and inductance increase as the outer ends of a Tesla coil are approached, and this results in output energy being greater than the input energy present. This Energy is real. It can be safely measured by magnetic flux methods and electrostatic voltmeters, based on the inverse square law<br /><br />As seen above, flux lines result both from induction-henrys-amperage and capacitance-coulombs-volts, and define electrical energy. The non-linearity of this system does not obey Ohm's law, which is replaced with impedance and reactance for alternating current systems. Impedance is the sum of the system's resistance to AC current flow, and this becomes zero at resonance. In resonant induction systems, a cycles-per-second increase, invokes a second round for the law of squares.<br /><br />The degree to which flux lines are present, disturbs an equal amount of electrons, upsetting the ambient background energy, resulting in useful electrical energy being obtained. The frequency at which the disturbance occurs, increases the useful energy available, and it obeys the law of squares. Two square-law components, flux density and frequency are involved. Enter resonance which cancels the resistive effect.<br /><br />Only the electrical energy which is either above or below the ambient level is useful. For the Central U.S. going east to west, ambient as approximated by electro-static voltmeters and flux methods is 200,000 volts on a solar-quiet day. At night time, the ambient energy level drops to about one half of the daytime value. On a solar-active day, it may reach more than five times that of a solar-quiet day. Ambient background energy at the polar regions, is approximately 500,000 volts on a solar-quiet day. The background energy varies as it relates to the North-South component and the East-West continuum.<br /><br />This leaves us with an interesting problem. Electrons, when disturbed, first produce magnetic flux and then produce electrical flux when they spin back to their normal position. Therefore any electron movement produces above ambient energy, being over unity.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>ELECTRICAL ENERGY WITH ASSOCIATED PHENOMENA</b></center>
<br /><b>1.</b> Current-amperes results from the unequal distribution of negativity (electrons).<br /><b>2.</b> Electron spin causes electrical current and magnetic lines of force.<br /><b>3.</b> Magnetic imbalance causes the gravitational effect. This is evidenced in electric motors by magneto-gravitational displacement of mess, which causes the motor to rotate.<br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>ENERGY LINES OF FLUX (FORCE)<br />FIELDS & WAVES *</b></center>
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Derivation of Magnetic and Electrical Power</center>
<br /><u>Analogous Relationships</u>: </b><br /><b>1.</b> Potential Power is present in a bar magnet as shown:<br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>2.</b> The Source of these Electrons being from the Solar Plasma, are non-ionic and occupy all Free Space. They are commonly obtained from Earth and Air Groundings. They exist in Doublet Pairs, one being more negative than the other. The more negative one has a Left Hand Spin. The less negative one has a Right Hand Spin.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> Resonate Electrical Coil Systems (Tesla ) are Analogous to the System observed in the Bar Magnet (above). The Bloch Wall Area is Located at the base of the L-2 Coil. The Left Spin portion of the coil (Voltage Only ) Coil predominates. The Right hand Spin portion of the coil (Magnetic-Amperage) is mostly absent.<br /><br /><center>
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<b>Induced Electrical Energy System</b></center>
<br />Collection and transfer of energy requires temporary storage, which occurs as capacitors and coils of a resonant circuit are cycled, on and off. The frequency at which the capacitors and coils are pumped, determines the amount of electrical energy that moves onward.<br /><br />The amount of Energy transferred relates directly to the density of lines of flux present. The Kinetic Energy Formula is helpful in establishing the amount of energy present. This formula squares the velocity times mass. In the case of electrical energy, the intensity of voltage and amperes multiplied by the cycles per second, replace the velocity component.<br /><br />Note that the "acceleration" of the Voltage "E" and Amperage "I", which increase as non-linear components, then obeys the Law of Squares.<br /><br />Each unit of increase, causes a squaring of the flux lines present. The amount of energy transfer caused by this increase in flux lines is demonstrated below.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />In resonant air-core coil energy transfer, the increase in flux lines present disturbs more electrons than previously, resulting in over-unity energy being present and available.<br /><br />Energy stored, times the cycles per second, represents the energy being pumped by the system. Capacitors and inductors store electrons temporarily.<br /><br />Capacitor formula: <b>W = 0.5 x C x E x Cycles per second </b>where:<br /><br /><b>W</b> = energy in Joules (Watt Seconds )<br /><b>C</b> = capacitance in farads<br /><b>E</b> = applied potential in volts squared.<br /><br />Inductor (Coil) formula: <b>W = 0.5 x L x I x Cycles per second</b> where:<br /><br /><b>W</b> = energy in Joules (Watt Seconds )<br /><b>L</b> = inductance in henrys<br /><b>I</b> = current in amperes squared<br /><br />Both one henry, and one farad, equal one volt. The higher the cycles per second, including the squaring of the flux lines, cause a large increase in the amount of energy being produced.<br /><br />The above combined with a resonant energy induction system (where all electrons are moving in the same direction at the same time), make the next move into over-unity practical.<br /><br />The dampening process of conventional electrical power generation, has all the available electrons bouncing randomly, mostly cancelling out each other. In that System, the useful energy available is a very small percentage of the energy which is present.<br /><br />In the resonant induction system, a very high percentage of the energy present is useful. At resonance, (ohms-impedance-Z) becomes zero and all of the energy present is not degraded and becomes available to do useful work. "Ohms" is load or wasted energy, and "amperes" is the rate of that wasting of energy.<br /><br />Using the previous information, if we now apply it to an air-core coil, resonant transformer energy system. L-1 and L-2 coils are now present. L-1 has a smaller number of turns and is several times the diameter of L-2. Input from a 12 volt high-voltage laser driver source, produces 8,000 volts with a low level of wasted energy, pushing amperage into, say, 4 turns of coil L-1. Each turn of the L-1 coil then acquires 2,000 volts of resonant potential. Consequently, each turn of L-2 is then exposed to the electric flux of 2,000 volts. Each turn at the bottom end of L-2 acquires 2,000 volts. The flux lines are squared and are additive as the voltage and amperage progresses towards the top end of L-2's large number of turns.<br /><br />A huge number of additional flux lines which were not previously present become present at the top end of the L-2 coil. These flux lines excite the nearby electrons in it's earth and air and groundings. This high level of excitement above the ambient, causes a large number of electrons which were not previously a part of the energy present, to become available for use. At this point over-unity is present in large amounts.<br /><br />The "bubble gum between the ears" response to this is: "this must be lots of volts but no amperes". Please recall that amperage is wasted energy, and that until that wasting occurs, there are no amperes. A good way to demonstrate this, would be to let the bubble gum crowd put their hands on the high-voltage end of the device while standing on wet ground (a people zapper). <span style="color: red;"><b>Note: don't do this</b></span>.<br /><br />This over-unity device produces energy at radio frequencies which range into the megahertz band. This allows the device to be small in size, and yet produce large amounts of energy. A megawatt-sized unit will sit comfortably on a breakfast table. This energy is changed to Direct Current and then switched to produce the desired working frequency AC<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>1.</b> Random movement of electrons in "A" and "B", mostly cancel each other out. This dampening, or wasteful concept of energy, is a source of much pleasure for the establishment.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> "C" (Volt, Amperes, Reactive "V.A.R."), is the situation where all of the electrons move in the same direction at the same time. This results in near-unity energy output by resonant induction transfer.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> Resonant induction transfer from one isolated power system, allows other resonant induction systems to duplicate the original source, which in no way diminishes the original source. Air-core coils (isolation-transformers) confirm this when they are a part of one of these functioning systems. A less perfect illustration would be the fact that the number of radio sets tuned to a particular radio transmission, does not alter the power required at the radio transmitter.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> Resonant induction transfer, disturbs a large number of adjacent electrons which were not a part of the original input power source. The pulsating-pumping effect then draws in the newly available additional electrons into the on-going energy generation system. A near unity energy system of resonant air-core coils and the extra acquired electron-energy source constitute an over-unity system.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>Electrical Power Generation / Points of Reference</b></center>
<br />Useful Electrical Power is Generated when Electrons from Earth and Air Groundings are disturbed by the movement of coils and magnets with reference to each other. The resulting electrical and magnetic energy is then changed to joules [watt-seconds: Volts x Amps x Seconds]. Each forward electron movement results in a magnetic impulse and each return movement causes an electrical impulse. The composite of the electrical energy impulses from these electrons yields useful energy [Power].<br /><br />Let the above electron movement be represented by a room full of ping pong balls bouncing randomly. Most of the energy present cancels out by random impacts. This is the Classic Under-Unity approach to Electrical Power Generation, sanctioned by the Establishment.<br /><br />In contrast to that, in the Electrical Energy Generation System presented here, the resonant Electrons are all moving in the same direction at the same time. This allows Near-Unity Electrical Power to Develop. This is the room-temperature equivalent of super conductivity.<br /><br />The Energy System presented here, consists of a properly-adjusted and functional resonant air-core coil tank. The magnetic energy is stored in the coil system and the Electrical Energy is stored in capacitors. From Maxwell and others, we know that electrical-related energy has an equal amount of magnetic energy associated with it.<br /><br />"The formula which establishes the Useful Energy of the System":<br /><br /><b>Joules = 0.5 x C x V<sup>2</sup> x (Cycles Per Second)<sup>2</sup> </b><br /><i>units: </i><br />Joules (Volts x Amps x Seconds) Watt Seconds where<br /><br /><b>C</b> = Capacitance in microfarads<br /><b>V</b> = Potential in Volts<br /><br />The transfer of Electrical Power by Resonant Induction is a direct function of the squaring of the cycles per second. For example, square 60 C.P.S. and then square the radio frequency C.P.S.s of the System here presented. Obviously, One Million Cycles per Second transfers more energy than Sixty Cycles per second. The Sanctioned Method of Electrical Power Generation uses the 60 C.P.S. Method. Using 60 C.P.S. and the random scattering of the Electrons System, assures the Establishment of it's desired Under-Unity Goal.<br /><br />This random bouncing of the Electrons is the Ohms of Ohm's Law and is used to establish the rate of dissipation and/or Load [Work].<br /><br />In the Resonant Tank Induction Energy Transfer System presented here, Impedance [system resistance] replaces the conventional ohm's usage. At Resonance, impedance becomes zero and the full force and effect of the Energy Transfer occurs. This is superconducting conditions at room temperature. At radio frequency the Electrons do not pass through the conductor as they do at lower frequencies. Instead, these Electrons encircle the conductor and are free of the conductor's resistance.<br /><br />Let the Establishments Power Generation System be called 'A" and the System presented here be called "B".<br /><br />With "A": Given 60 C.P.S. at 120 Volts using a 10 microfarad Capacitor:<br /><br /><b>Joules</b> = [0.5 x 0.000010 x 120 squared] x C.P.S. squared<br />(120 x 120 = 14,400)<br />[0.000010 x 14,400 = 0.144]<br />[0.144 x 0.5 = .072]<br />(0.072 x 3,600 = <b>259.2</b>]<br /><br />Using the Inventor's Resonant Induction System, the Electrical Power available would then be 259.2 Joules [Watt-Seconds]. Using the Establishment's method only permits less than 10 Watt-Seconds of Useful Electrical Energy.<br /><br />"B". Given One Million Cycles per second at 100,000 Volts, using a 10 microfarad Capacitor.<br /><br />Joules = [0.5 x 0.000010 x 100,000]<sup>2</sup> x (C.P.S)<sup>2</sup><br /><br />(100,000 x 100,000 = 10,000,000,000)<br />[0.000010 x 10,000,000,000 = 100,000]<br />(100,000 x 0.5 = 50,000]<br />(50,000 x One Million squared = <b>50,000,000,000,000,000</b>)<br /><br />The useful Electrical Energy available is greater than 50 Mega Watts. Since the Resonant Electrons are non-impacting, all of the Energy is available for direct usage.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>Benefits of the Inventor's System</b></center>
<br /><b>1.</b> Induction Energy transfer is enhanced by the squaring of the cycles per second produced by the System.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> Induction Energy transfer is enhanced by the squaring the input voltage and amperage.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> The increase of the flux lines occurring from the above, disturbing more electrons, causes more electrical energy to become available.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> Resonant Induction has all of the Electrons moving unimpeded, resulting in superconductor conditions at room temperature.<br /><br /><b>5.</b> A smaller amount of energy is used to disturb a larger number of Electrons. Electrons not originally a part of the System then contribute their energy, resulting in a net gain in available usable power.<br /><br /><b>6.</b> The physical size of the System [Device] is small. The Device described in "B" sits comfortable on a breakfast table.<br /><br /><b>7.</b> A small energy source is used to start the device and that source remains fully charged at all times by the System.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>The Evidence Against Under Unity</b></center>
<br /><b>1.</b> Use of Logarithmic Scales on electrical measurement instruments. Linear measurement works fine where Ohm's Law applies (direct current). In alternating current, ohms are replaced by impedance and the measurements become non-linear.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> Infinite "Q" at resonance confirms that voltage and amperage is squared, as in the kinetic energy formula. See the formulas of this report.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> Square waves are clipped infinite "Q"s.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> Maxwell and others show that magnetic-inductance-amperage and electrical-capacitance-voltage are two sides of the same coin. Magnetic-inductance is directly equal to amperage. Both obey the Law of Squares, which has over-unity built in.<br /><br /><b>5.</b> Magnetic and electrical flux are present in enormous amounts at the outer ends of an operating Tesla Coil.<br /><br /><b>6.</b> Ignorance of how to measure and relate magnetic and electrical flux, is the chief weapon of the under-unity gaggle.<br /><br /><b>7.</b> The Cumulative inductance and capacitance of the Tesla Coil grounds itself out, if not properly utilized. See this report for the temporary energy storage accessible, when properly managed.<br /><br /><b>8.</b> The Patent Office refers devices related to over-unity to their metering group, which is a sure indication that they are aware and accept the logarithmic measuring devices. This is direct and absolute evidence that they accept the square law as it relates to kinetic energy. This also indicates they are aware that over-unity exists. Since their bureaucratic brain is improperly motivated they continue to badger inventors who are working in the over-unity arena. Their level of intellectual dishonesty is sanctioned by, and is a real part of doing business with, a government which prides itself in being a hooliganistic bureaucracy.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>Reading List</b></center>
<br /><img src="https://www.free-energy-info.com/Ch3/Fig781.gif" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>An Answer to America's Energy Deficit<br />Donald L. Smith </b><br /><i>Energy Consultant</i></center>
<br />Energy, energy everywhere and not a Joule to Jounce. Conventional wisdom, when properly tuned will appreciate the nature of energy, as here presented. The basic unit of electricity (the electron) upon encountering a moving magnetic field (or wave) spins, giving off an electric impulse. When this impulse collapses, it spins back to it's natural position, giving off a magnetic impulse. Therefore, magnetic and electric are two sides of the same coin. When the magnetic side is pulsed, it yields electricity and conversely, pulsing of the electrical side yields a magnetic field. Moving one in relation to the other produces useful energy. When done consecutively, each cycle pushes (current) forward, while pulling electrons into the system... in much the same way as a water pump moves water. These electrons are obtained from Earth and air grounding.<br /><br />The word "electric" comes from the Latin word electron "amber". When rubbed, amber develops an electrical charge, which can be transferred to a dissimilar substance. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a great deal of attention was centered on this attribute of amber. Amber was used to differentiate the non-metals. Carbon-related substances and other non-metals, when subjected to friction, give up negative electrical charges. On the other hand, metals when subjected to friction, simply conduct the charge. It is important to note that approximately 70% of the Earth's exposed crustal portions (surface) consist of silicone-related non-metals (electron donors) and become a direct source of electrical energy when properly agitated.<br /><br />Useful electrical energy can be obtained by grounding into the Earth's non-metal crust and into it's atmosphere as a natural source of electrons. These electrons have accumulated from the solar plasma during the aging of the Earth for more than 4.5 billion years, at a rate exceeding 3.9 exajoules per year This indicates that the Earth's electrical field contains in excess of 17.6 x 1018 of cumulative exajoules of energy. One exajoule is the approximate energy equivalent of 125 million barrels of oil. The electrical energy in one display of lightning is approximately ten trillion joules. During each 24 hour period, the land portions of Earth's surface yields in excess of 200,000 emissions, which involves more than 2,000 quadrillion watts.<br /><br />C.F. Gauss (1777-1855) and H.C. Oersted (1777-1851) were each separately trying to define the Earth's electrical field with all external influences removed. These external influences being solar-quiet periods and being remote from the land's surface. The air electricity background which they measured varies with latitude. Their European measurements correspond to approximately the latitude of Washington. D C. They were measuring magnetic field flux as an indicator of negative electron energy active and present. A related family of measurement are now presented. Units of measurement used to define flux fields include Gauss (one unit = 100,000 volts), Oersted (one unit = 50,000 volts), Tesla (one unit = 10,000 Gauss) and Gamma (one unit = 1/10,000 of a Gauss). Much confusion exists in electrical related publications about these units. As presented here they are correct with values taken from their original definitions.<br /><br />The entire surface of the Earth has been surveyed by aerial magnetometer, in most cases using gamma or nano teslas. One gamma is the magnetic flux equivalent of 10 active volts of electricity. When the data is corrected for flight height it becomes obvious that there are numerous areas where the gamma readings exceed one trillion gammas. Lightning strikes from the ground up are in that energy range. With knowledge of these electron enriched areas, the quality of Earth grounding, becomes enhanced. The correction necessary for land surface data when acquired from aerial magnetometer maps (using Coulomb's law) requires that the remote distance be squared and then multiplied by the remote reading. As an example, if the remote reading is 1,600 gammas and the flight height being 1,000 feet. Take 1,000 x 1,000 = 1,000,000 x 1,600 gammas = 1.6 trillion gammas x 10 volts = 16 trillion volts equivalent for land surface data. Present day methodology requires mechanical energy in exchange for electrical energy. Once obtained, this energy is subject to Ohm's Law. Present Methodology obtains it's electrical energy from it's non-metal and air groundings.<br /><br />This same energy can be obtained without the wasteful mechanical approach and at a much, much lower cost. Any required amount of electricity is available by resonant induction transfer from the Earth's magnetic and electrical fields. The major difference is in the functioning of Ohm's Law in relation to resonant circuits. In the resonant induction system suggested here, system resistance (Z) becomes zero at resonance.<br /><br />Therefore, Volts and Amperes are equal (V.A.R.) until work (load) is introduced.<br /><br />Each cycling of this resonant induction system pulls in additional electrons from the Earth's electrical field, generating electrical energy in any required amount. In this system, a small amount of electrical energy is used to activate and pull a much larger amount of energy into the system.<br /><br />This electrical advantage corresponds to the pulley and lever of the mechanical world. The electrical system presented here is extremely efficient. Using present methodology as a basis for comparison, with it's 60 cycles per second system. The resonant induction system, cycling at 60 million times per second produces one million times the energy which is produced by the present energy systems. A single small size unit of the resonant induction system has more usable electrical output than a major conventional unit. The radio frequency energy produced is easily changed to Direct Current, and then to the present 60 cycles per second system in preparation for commercial usage.<br /><center>
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<br /><br />The Patent Pending on this system is #08/100,074, "Electrical Energy Generating System", dated 4 February, 1992.<br /><br /><b>Definitions:</b><br />One <b>Joule</b> is one watt for one second<br />One <b>Watt</b> is one volt ampere<br /><b>V.A.R.</b> is Volt Amperes Reactive<br /><br /><b>Additional Reading: </b><br />Electricity and Magnetism by B.I. Bleany and B. Bleany Oxford University Press 1991 ISBN. 0-19-851172-8<br /><br />Engineering Electromagnetics by W. H. Hayt. Jr. McGraw-Hill 1989 ISBN. 0-07-027406-1<br /><br />Energy Methods in Electromagnetism by P. Hammond Oxford University Press 1986 ISBN. 0-19-859368-6<br /><br />Energy in Electromagnetism by H. G. Booker Institution of Electrical Engineers by Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 1982 ISBN 0-900040-59-1<br /><br />The American Radio Relay League Handbook for 1992 and 1993. 69th and 70th editions. Published by The American Radio Relay League. (For V.A.R. information) ISBN. 0-87259-169-7<br /><br />Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Techniques & Applications by R. S. Alger, U. S. Naval Radiological Defence Laboratory, San Francisco, California. Pub. Interscience Lib. Congress #67-20255<br /><br />Geomagnetic Diagnosis of the Magnetosphere by A. Nishida, University of Tokyo 1978 Pub: Springer-Verlag ISBN. 0-387-08297-2<br /><br />Energy and The Missing Resource by I. Dostrovsky. Pub: Cambridge University Press 1988 ISBN. 0-521-26592-4<br /><br />High Voltage Measurement Techniques By A. Schwab, M.I.T.. 1971 I S.B.N. 0-262-19096<br /><br />Environmental Magnetism by R. Thompson & F. Oldfield Pub: Allen & Unwin, London 1986 ISBN. 0-04-538003-1<br /><br />Geo-electromagnetic Investigation of the Earth's Crust and Mantle. Translated from Russian, By I. I. Rokityansky. Institute of Geophysics, Kiev, U.S.S R. Pub: Springer-Verlag 1082. ISBN. 3-540-10630-8<br /><br />Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Transition Ions by A. Abragam and B. Bleaney Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 1986<br /><br />The Electromagnetic Field by A. Shadowitz, Dover Publications, New York, N.Y.<br /><br />Geomagnetism, Several Volumes, Pub. Periodically by J.A. Jacobs, Institute of Earth Studies, Dyfed, U.K. Pub: Academic Press 1989-1990's.<br /><br />Geomagnetism by S. Chapman and J. Bartels, 3 Volumes Oxford University Press, 1940<br /><br />Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, Several Volumes by S. Matsushita and W. H. Campbell National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado Library of Congress #67-23168 Pub: Academic Press, 1967<br /><br />Physics Problems and How to Solve Them by C. E. Bennett, Professor Emeritus of Physics. University of Main (Particularly the sections on Electricity and Magnetism, and Units of Measure). Pub: Harper & Row ISBN. 0-06-460203-6<br /><br />Units and Standards for Electromagnetics By P. Vigoureux, National Physical Laboratory Pub: Springer-Verlag 1071 ISBN. 0-387-91077-8<br /><br />Surveyor's Guide to Electromagnetic Distance Measurement. Edited by J. J. Saastamoinen, Canada Pub: University of Toronto Press<br /><br />Electromagnetic Distance Measurement by C. D. Burnside Pub: Granada, London 1971 ISBN. 0-258-96793-5<br /><br />Der Magnetische Kreis "The Magnetic Circuit" By Von Heinz Rieger of Siemens AG. 1970 Berlin and Munchen, Germany I.S.B.N. 3-8009-4719 6<br /><br />Electronic Modelling of Power Electronic Converters by J. A Ferreira Pub: Kluwer Academic 1989 33 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands I.S.B.N. 0-7923-9034-2<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<b>E.E.S. II, BACKGROUND INFORMATION & CONCEPT</b></center>
<br />With alternating electrical current, electrons do not move from point "A" to point "B" as commonly envisioned! Electrical potential (oscillating electrons) at point "A", results in harmonic electron activity at point "B", when the grounding switch (circuit) is closed. That is to say, point "B" supplies it's own electrons and mirrors the activity of point "A". Impulsing (turbulence) by magnetic induction causes electrons to be pulled into the system, which then oscillates. When the magnetic field collapses (becomes absent) the electrical potential returns to it's natural background level.<br /><br />Several major flaws are present in the conventional 60 cycles per second method of electrical power generation and it's iron core transformer system. This system is handcuffed by the inverse relationship of volts to amperes. This represents a stodgy, inflexible inheritance, courtesy of Mr. T.A. Edison and his concept of electrical power generation.<br /><br />Nikola Tesla stood, almost alone, against Edison and managed to prevail with his Alternating Current system. Without the alternating current system, electronic things in the modern sense would not exist.<br /><br />This report will be concerned with some of the extensions and benefits of the alternating current electrical system. This study will limit it's scope to air core coil transformers at radio frequency and upwards. The electrical power produced by this method is inverted to Direct Current and then to Alternating Current as required for popular usage. There are several important advantages of this system over conventional power generation.<br /><br />Start with two coils (separate-apart), one being a reactor coil (L-1) and a second coil (L-2), being the reactant coil. Magnetic field fluxing (off-on of the electrical source) causes inductive reactance of L-1 which replicates by induction in L-2. Pulsing of the magnetic field (from L-1) in the presence of L-2, generates electrical potential. For example, should the L-1 coil have ten turns, with an imposed AC. potential of 1,200 volts. This results in each turn of L-1 acquiring 120 volts of potential. This induced magnetic field, then replicates itself in each turn of the L-2 coil. The L-2 coil may have one or many hundreds of turns. Modern encapsulation techniques makes high frequency and high energy controllable.<br /><br />Let's take another important step in this air-core transformer process. For purpose of discussion, let the value of inductive reactance at 60 cycles per second, equal one. Each time the frequency is doubled, the effectiveness of induction is squared. At about 20,000 Hz, when radio frequency is achieved, the electrons begin spinning free, outside of the inductor and they become increasingly free of the inverse relationship of volt-amperes. From this point on, they replicate by the inductive process as V.A.R.. That is to say, volts and amperes are equal, until resistance (work) is introduced. Therefore, additional, not previously available electrons become incorporated for a very large net gain in potential. This gain is real !<br /><br />The quality of the grounding system determines the effectiveness of this method of producing electricity. A handy reference to locate the negative grounding areas for power generation can be found in the Aeromagnetic Map Studies of the US Geological Survey. They provide an excellent method for locating the best sites for optimum negative grounding areas.<br /><br />When this method is combined with the induction coil system, already described, it provides an electrical power generating system millions of times more efficient than any known conventional method.<br /><br />This new system ("E.E.S. II") is uncomplicated, physically small and it is inexpensive to build. The technology required for it's construction already exists. Maintenance is near zero, as there are no moving parts. Once operating, this system could last forever.<br /><br />Small mobile E.E.S. II units are already available as replacements for the batteries used in electric automobiles. Larger E.E.S. II units can be provided as a replacement source of power for hotels, office buildings, subdivisions, electric trains, manufacturing, heavy equipment, ships, and generally speaking, any present day application of electrical power.<br /><br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>Earth Electrical System II, Modular Units</b></center>
<br />The system consists of three separate modules. Reverse engineering is used in matching the modules to the desired usage.<br /><br /><br /><b>HIGH VOLTAGE INDUCTION TRANSFORMER MODULE:</b><br /><b>1.</b> Preferably an off-the-shelf-unit similar to a TV flyback and/or automobile ignition type related coil (transformer).<br /><b>2.</b> Ratio of input to output may be from less than 1:100 to greater than 1:1,000 A voltage tripler may then be used.<br /><b>3.</b> A connection allowing the high voltage output to pass onward through the induction coil L-1 and then to it's grounding.<br /><br /><b>AN AIR CORE INDUCTION COIL TRANSFORMER MODULE: </b><br /><b>1.</b> There are two coils: the reactor coil L-1 and the reactant coil L-2. L-1 has a high voltage radio frequency capacitor between it and it's grounding.<br /><b>2.</b> Input into the L-1 inductor is divided by the number of turns in it. The magnetic flux field provided from each turn of L-1 replicates itself as an electrical potential in each turn of L-2.<br /><b>3.</b> L-2 may have one turn or many hundreds of turns. The net gain depends upon the number of turns in L-2. Output from L-2 is in V.A.R. With this type of output, volts and amperes are the same until work(resistivity) is introduced.<br /><br /><b>THE INVERTER MODULE: </b><br /><b>1.</b> Inverts to direct current (D C.)<br /><b>2.</b> Inverts to alternating current (A C ), as desired.<br /><b>3.</b> Provides customized output of electrical power ready for designated usage<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Speech presented the evening of 23 July. 1994 at the International Tesla Society Convention at Colorado Springs. Colorado:<br /><br /><center>
DONALD L. SMITH<br />ENERGY CONSULTANT<br />8110 BENT OAK LANE<br />SPRING. TEXAS 77379<br /><br />ELECTRICAL ENERGY REFERENCE POINTS Electrical Energy Generating System<br />Patent Pending # 08/100.074. 2/4/92</center>
<br /><br />The word "electric" comes from the Latin word electron "amber". When rubbed, amber develops an electrical charge, which can be transferred to a dissimilar substance. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a great deal of attention was centered on this attribute of amber. Amber was used to differentiate the non-metals. Carbon-related substances and other non-metals, when subjected to friction, give up negative electrical charges. On the other hand, metals when subjected to friction, simply conduct the charge. It is important to note that approximately 70% of the Earth's exposed crustal portions (surface) consist of silicone related non-metals (electron donors) and therefore becomes a direct source of electrical energy when properly agitated.<br /><br />Useful electrical energy is obtained by grounding into the Earth's non-metal crust and into it's atmosphere as a natural source of electrons. These electrons have accumulated from the solar plasma during the aging of the Earth for more than 4.5 billion years, at a rate exceeding 3.9 exajoules per year. This indicates that the Earth's electrical field contains in excess of 17.6 x 1018 power of cumulative exajoules of energy. One exajoule is the approximate energy equivalent of 125 million barrels of oil. The electrical energy in one display of lightning is approximately ten trillion joules. During each 24 hour period, the land portions of the Earth's surface yields in excess of 200,000 emissions, which involves more than 2,000 quadrillion watt-seconds of active energy on display.<br /><br />This physical phenomenon indicates that the Earth's crust is an unending source of electrical energy. The surface area involved is a very small portion of the Earth's crust.<br /><br />J.C. Maxwell (1891) suggested that an active electron field gives rise to an associated magnetic field. Therefore, both are present with pulsating current. Early studies, involving observation of compass needles by microscopy, revealed that the needle vibrates as with alternating current. More recent studies by A. Nishida and others, confirm that alternating current is common in the Earth's crust.<br /><br />C.F. Gauss (1777-1855) and H.C. Oersted (1777-1851), both were separately trying to define the Earth's electrical field with all external influences removed. These external influences being solar-quiet periods and being remote from the land's surface. The air electricity background which they measured varies with latitude. Their European measurements correspond to approximately the latitude of Washington, D.C. They were measuring magnetic field flux as an indicator of negative electron energy active and present.<br /><br />A related family of measurement is now presented. Units of measurement used to define flux fields include Gauss (one unit = 100,000 volts), Oersted (one unit - 50,000 volts), Tesla (one unit = 10,000 Gauss) and Gamma (one unit = 1/10,000 th of a Gauss). Much confusion exists in electrical related publications about these units. As presented here, they are correct with values taken from their original definitions.<br /><br />The entire surface of the Earth has been surveyed by aerial magnetometer, in most cases using gamma or nano teslas. One gamma is the magnetic flux equivalent of 10 active volts of electricity. When this data is corrected for flight height, it becomes obvious that there are numerous areas where the gamma readings exceed one trillion gammas. Lightning strikes from the ground up are in that energy range. With knowledge of these electron enriched areas, the quality of Earth grounding, becomes enhanced.<br /><br />The correction necessary for land surface data when acquired from aerial magnetometer maps (using the inverse square law) requires that the remote distance be squared and then multiplied by the remote reading. For example, if the reading is 1,600 gammas and the flight height is 1,000 feet. Take 1,000 x 1,000 = 1,000,000 x 1,600 gammas = 1.6 trillion gammas x 10 volts = 16 trillion volts equivalent for land surface data.<br /><br />Present day methodology requires mechanical energy to be expended in exchange for electrical energy. Any required amount of electricity is available by resonant induction transfer from the Earth's magnetic and electrical fields. Each cycling of this resonant induction system pulls in additional electrons, generating energy in any required amount. A small amount of electrical energy is used to activate and pull into the system a much larger amount of energy.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br />Electrons become active when placed inside the critical distance allowed by their negativity.<br /><br />Active Electrons provide:<br /><b>1.</b> Electricity<br /><b>2.</b> Magnetics<br /><b>3.</b> Gravitational thrust as in Electric Motors<br /><b>4.</b> The source of Visible Light<br /><b>5.</b> It's charge is Negative<br /><br />They move in a closed loop as seen in the Icon for infinity, not in a circle as shown in many books. One half of the loop consist of a magnetic impulse and the return half consist of the electrical impulse. This is seen as the classic sine wave of alternating electrical energy.<br /><br />A flash of light occurs when two electrons suddenly find they are too close together. Daylight results from the impingement of Electrons in the Earth's atmosphere with the Electrons of the Solar Plasma.<br /><br />My Concept of the Forces of Nature differs from the conventional. It consist of a weak and a strong force, each being additionally composed of electrical, magnetic and gravitational (fields and waves). Any two of the three constitute the third member; Gravity "B" of the weak force competes with humans on a daily basis. Gravity "A" of the strong force is the force that holds the Solar System and the Universe in place. Energy from the Electrons represent the weak force. Energy inside the Atom represents the strong force "A". Controlled resonant induction of any two of the three, changes into the third and is the motor that runs the Universe. We see this in the electrically-induced magnetic thrust against gravity in electric motors.<br /><br />Weak force is required to dislodge electrons and strong force (atomic) to dislodge protons. Unless dislodged, these particles are of little value in producing Conventional Electrical Energy.<br /><br />Therefore, in conventional electrical energy production, the particle of importance is the negative electron. Electrons have a "grudging" relationship with other electrons. They like each other, especially at arms length. Like potentials repel each other, and unlike potentials attract. To demonstrate this, take two batteries of the same type, but of a different charge level (unequal potentials). Put the plus and minus ends facing the same direction. Then with a volt meter, measure the electrical potential between the two negative ends and then the two positive ends. It is obvious that the "more negative" moves to the "less negative" is the correct concept for electrical energy generation. Electrical Energy flow consist of a higher concentration of electrons moving to an area of lesser concentration.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>OHM'S LAW WITH CORRECTIONS: </b><br />A major obstruction in reference to the correct function of electrical energy is the establishment's incorrect interpretation of Ohm's Law. The corrected version is:<br /><br />Volts = Energy Available (Potential)<br /><br />Ohm = Scattering, dissipation of Energy (Load)<br /><br />Ampere = the rate of, dissipation / scattering of energy<br /><br />It is important to note that Ohm and Ampere are after the fact, and are not decisive except for the dissipation factor. High Voltage at low amperage simply means that the High Voltage is still intact for future usage. In no way is the potential diminished by low amperage.<br /><br /><br /><b>EXAMPLES OF OVERUNITY </b><br />Dominos did not exist in England when the Laws of Conservation were originally put in place. Otherwise they might have been very different. For example, let us take a long row of upright dominos, (many thousands) and flip number one. The Energy required to flip the first domino must now be added with that of thousands more in order to have a correct assessment.<br /><br />The Electron itself is an excellent example of over-unity. The electron provides various forms of energy continuously throughout eternity and is in no way diminished. It simply cycles through the system and is available thereafter.<br /><br />In Electrical Systems, Electrons active at point "A" are not the same Electrons active at point "B". That is to say, the Electrons activated at the Central Electrical Energy Station are not the ones used at your house. When you ground your system by flipping the wall switch, you use your own electrons. In closed energy systems, electrons communicate with and replicate the activity of the overbalanced potential, when provided with Earth and or Air Groundings.<br /><br />The number of Radio sets and Television sets running at any one time do not diminish, in any way the electrical output of the source station.<br /><br />For example, let now use an Air Coil Resonant Induction System for the purpose of flipping some electrons. The flipping device (reactor coil L-1) is pulsed, which then provides a resonant induction pulse. In turn, this flips the electrons present at the (reactant L-2) Coil. The energy input in L-1 is divided by the number of turns present. The induced magnetic pulsing in turn flips the electrons in each turn of L-2. If more turns are present in L-2 than L-1, there is a net gain in the Energy present, as demonstrated by the dominos above. The farads and henrys of the resonant system provide the resonant frequency when pulsed by an external energy system. A system shunt in the resonant circuit sets the containment level for energy potential.<br /><br />The Induction Process itself provides an excellent example of over-unity. When comparing rate of induction, the cycles per second must be squared and then compared to the square of the second System. Let us then compare the 60 Hz System with my 220 MHz Device. Energy produced at radio frequency has several major advantages over the conventional system. Ohm's Law does not apply to a resonant air-core radio frequency system.<br /><br />For example: When the system is resonant, the following is true:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />This is named the V.A.R. ( Volt Amperes Reactive ) System.<br /><br />When compared to the Conventional Under-Unity iron-core transformer system, the results are over- unity. It is strange that mechanical advantage as in pulleys, gears, levers and others which correspond to the electrical advantage above mentioned, are not considered over-unity devices.<br /><br />Let us take a closer look at resonant induction. As an example, let a room full of ping pong balls randomly bouncing at a high speed represent the Conventional method of under-unity energy generation. Suppose that by resonant induction the balls all move in the same direction at the same time. When this occurs a huge amount of energy not previously available is present. The resonant air-core coil system lines up the electrons in such a manner that the energy factor is nearly 100 % , and not the 2% or 3% of Conventional under-unity devices sanction by the establishment.<br /><br />Some other devices where overunity is common would be resonant induction circuits present in conventional radio tubes (high plate voltage), negative-feedback systems found in Op-Amps and possibly others.<br /><br /><b><center>
SUMMARY</center>
</b><br />Useful electrical energy is achieved when the electron density at point "A" becomes greater than at point "B", (being the more-negative moving to the less-negative concept). Coils moving through a magnetic field or vice versa causes this imbalance.<br /><br />The mindset of the professional Electrical Engineer is restricted to non-resonant and iron-core coil resonant systems. Ohm's Law, when applied to resonant air-core induction systems, becomes, system resistivity (impedance, Z). "Z" becomes zero at resonance. Therefore, in this system, volts and amperes are equal until load (resistivity) is introduced. This is called the Volt Ampere Reactive (V.A.R.) System. With impedance being zero, the System grounding is coupled directly into the Earth's immense electrical potential. Efficiency of induction relates to the square of the cycles per second. Compare the ratio of the conventional 60 c.p.s. System and the 220 million plus cycles of my Earth Electrical System II.<br /><br />Electrons which cycle through this system, after being used, are returned intact to their former state for future usage.<br /><br />Electron spin causes electrical current and magnetic lines of force<br /><br />The effect of current, results from the unequal distribution of negativity (electrons).<br /><br />Magnetic imbalance causes the gravitational effect. This is evidenced in electric motors by magnet-gravitational displacement of mass which causes the motor to rotate.<br /><br />The System is an extension of present technology.<br /><br />The System and it's source utilizes magnetometer studies.<br /><br />This System (Earth Electrical System II. "EES.II") utilizes a fully renewable energy source.<br /><br />This System utilizes a non-polluting energy source.<br /><br />This System utilizes an universally available energy source.<br /><br />Endorsement and Certification of The System can be anticipated by States with pollution problems.<br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>AIR CORE INDUCTION COIL BUILDERS GUIDE<br />DONALD L. SMITH</b><br />Energy Consultant </center>
<b>1.</b> Decide frequency. Considerations are: (economy of size)<br />a. Use radio frequency upward (above 20,000 Hz).<br />b. Use natural frequency (coils have both capacitance and inductance), that is match the wire length of the wire in the coil to the desired frequency.<br />c. Wire length is either one quarter, one half or full wave length.<br />d. To obtain the wire length (in feet) use the following: If using one quarter wave length divide 247 by the desired frequency (megahertz range is desirable). If using one half wave length divide 494 by the desired frequency. If using full wave length divide 998 by the desired frequency.<br /><br /><b>2.</b> Decide number of turns, ratio of increase in number of turns sets the function. In the case of the L-1 coil, each turn divides the input voltage by the number of turns. In the case of L-2 coil, the resulting voltage in each turn of L-1 is induced into each turn of L-2, adding up with each turn. For example if the input into L-1 from a high voltage, low amperage module is 2,400 volts, and L-1, for example, has 10 turns, then each turn of L-1 will have 240 volts of magnetic induction which transfers 240 volts of electricity to each turn of L-2. L-2 may be one turn or many turns, such as 100 to 500 or more turns. At 100 turns, 24,000 volts would be produced. At 500 turns, 120,000 volts would be produced.<br /><br /><b>3.</b> Decide the height and diameter of the coil system. The larger the diameter of the coil, the fewer turns are required, and the coil has a lesser height. In the case of L-2 this results in lowering the amplification of the induced voltage from L-1.<br /><br /><b>4.</b> For example, if 24.7 MHz is the desired frequency output from L-2. One quarter wave length would be 247 divided by 24.7 which equals 10 feet of wire. The number of turns will be the amplification factor. The coil may be wound on standard size P.V.C. or purchased from a supplier. The supplier is normally a ham radio supply source. Once the length is determined and the number of turns decided, move to the next step. For example, let each turn of L-1 have 24 volts and desired output of L-2 be 640 volts. Therefore L-2 needs 26.67 turns. It has been determined that the wire length for one quarter wave length is 10 feet. The number of inches in 10 feet is 120. Using Chart "A" supplied look for next higher number of turns showing (being between 20 and 30 turns with a 2 inch diameter coil). This tells us to use a 2" coil. If ready-made as in the case of Barker and Williamson, 10 Canal Street, Bristol, Penna., 215-788-5581, the coils come in standard sizes of 4, 6 and 10 turns per inch. For higher "Q" use wider spacing of the turns. These coils come in a ready-made length of 10 inches. Select from the coil 30 turns and put input clamps on the base of the coil and at 30 turns. For exact determination of the correct position of the output clamp, use an externally grounded voltage probe. The node of maximum intensity, being the natural resonant point. Off the shelf multimeters are not radio frequency responsive. The easiest way to accomplish the above is to get from the hardware store or Radio Shack a voltage detector having a neon bulb system (Radio Shack Cat. No. 272-1100b, NE2-Neon Lamps) will work. With your hand as a ground, move the wire extension of the neon lamp along the coil surface until the neon is brightest. This is the desired point of resonance and it is the optimum connection point.<br /><br /><b>5.</b> The input power now needs consideration. A 2,400 High Voltage module has been previously selected. This module can be made from a diode bridge or any combination of voltage amplifiers. The one used here is an off-the-shelf type, similar to those used for laser technology.<br /><br /><b>6.</b> Construction of the input L-1 coil. It has already been decided that there will be 10 turns. The length of the wire here is not critical. Since the L-2 coil is 2-inches in diameter, the next off-the-shelf larger size may be used for L-1. Use a 3 inch diameter off-the-shelf coil which has 10 turns to the inch. Remove (cut) a 10 turn portion from the larger coil. Use an L.C.R. meter and measure the natural farads (capacitance) and henrys (inductance) values of the L-2 coil. Now do the same for the L-1 coil. It will be necessary to put a capacitor across the voltage input of L-1 in order to match the L-1 coil to the L-2 coil. A spark gap across L1 is also required to deal with the return voltage from L-1. A tuneable capacitor of the pad ("trimmer") type for L-1 is desirable.<br /><br /><b>7.</b> The performance of the L-2 coil can be further enhanced by having an Earth grounding from the base of the coil. The maximum voltage output will be between the base and the top of the L-2 coil. Lesser voltages can be obtained at intermediate points along the length of the L-2 coil.<br /><br />SUPPLY SOURCES<br />1. HAM RADIO SUPPLY STORES<br />2. COILS, AIR INDUCTOR IN HOUSTON<br />3. BAKER AND WILLIAMSON (READY MADE), BRISTOL. PENNA.<br />ALSO R.F. DUMMY LOADS AND WATTMETERS.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>NOTES</b><center>
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<br /><br /><b></b><center>
<b>ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES: TERMINOLOGY & SAFETY</b></center>
<br />The use of electricity is so commonplace that most people assume that it will always be available on demand. To fully realize our dependence upon electricity, consider the ways in which electricity is being used each day in the home, on the farm and the ranch. Electricity is doing more to increase work efficiency and promote enjoyable living than any other single factor. The use of electricity has grown to the extent that an increasing portion of the home or business budget, is used in paying for this source of energy.<br /><br /><b>1. Definition of Electricity </b><br />Electricity can be defined in several ways. The layman defines electricity as a source of energy that can be converted to light, heat, or power. Electrical Engineers define electricity as a movement of electrons caused by electrical pressure or voltage. The amount of energy produced depends on the number of electrons in motion.<br /><br /><b>2. The Manufacture and Distribution of Electricity </b><br />Electricity is produced from generators that are run by water, steam, or internal combustion engines. If water is used as a source of power to turn generators, it is referred to as hydroelectric generation. There are a number of this type located in areas where huge dams have been built across large streams.<br /><br />Steam is used as a source of power for generating much of today's electricity. Water is heated to a high temperature, and the steam pressure is used to turn turbines which generate electricity. These are referred to as thermal-powered generators. Fuels used to heat the water are coal, natural gas, and/or fuel oil.<br /><br />Generators at the power plant generate from 13,800 to 22,000 volts of electricity. From the power plant, electricity is carried to a step-up sub-station which, through the use of transformers, increases the voltage from 69,000 to 750,000 volts. This increase in voltage is necessary for the efficient transmission of electricity over long distances. From the step-up sub-station, the electricity is carried on transmission lines to a step-down sub-station which reduces the voltage to 7,200 to 14,000 volts for distribution to rural and city areas.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />Transformers at the business or residence reduce the voltage to 120 or 240 volts to supply the meter of the customer:<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>3. Common Electrical Terms </b>In order to work safely and efficiently with electricity and have the ability to converse on the subject, the following terms should be understood:<br /><br /><b>Ampere (Amp)</b> - A measurement in units of the rate of flow of electrical current. This may be compared with the rate of flow of water in gallons per minute. Example: A 60-watt incandescent lamp on a 120V circuit would pull 1/2 ampere of electricity (60 divided by 120 = 0.5 or 1/2, Formula: Amperes = Watts / Volts<br /><br /><b>Volt (V)</b> - A unit of measure of electrical pressure. A given electrical pressure (V) causes a given amount of electrical current (Amps) to flow through a load of given resistance. Voltage may be compared to water pressure in pounds per square inch in a water system. Common service voltages are 120 volts for lighting and small appliance circuits and 240 volts for heating, air conditioning, and large equipment circuits.<br /><br /><b>Watt (W)</b> - A unit of measure of electrical power. When applied to electrical equipment, it is the rate that electrical energy is transformed into some other form of energy such as light. Watts may be compared to the work done by water in washing a car. (Formula: Volts x Amps = Watts)<br /><br /><b>Kilowatt (KW)</b> - A unit of measurement used in computing the amount of electrical energy used. Kilowatts are determined by dividing the number of watts by 1000 as 1 kilowatt = 1,000 watts.<br /><br /><b>Kilowatt-Hour (KWH)</b> - A measure of electricity in terms of power in kilowatts and time in hours. One KWH is 1000 watts used for one hour. <b>Alternating Current (A.C.)</b> - Electrical current that alternates or changes direction several times per second. The direction current moves depends on the direction in which the voltage forces it.<br /><br /><b>Cycle</b> - The flow of electricity in one direction, the reverse flow of electricity in the other direction, and the start of the flow back in the other direction. The cycles per second are regulated by the power supplier and are usually 60 in America. Most electric clocks are built to operate on the mains frequency. More or fewer cycles per second would cause mains-operated clocks to gain or lose time. The present practice is to use the term <b>Hertz (Hz)</b> rather than "cycles per second".<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Direct Current (D.C.)</b> - Electrical current flowing in one direction. Example: electrical circuits in automobiles and tractors.<br /><br /><b>Transformer</b> - A device used to increase or decrease voltage.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>Single Phase</b> - The most common type of electrical service or power available to consumers. One transformer is used between the distribution line and the meter. Usually three wires, two "hot" and one neutral, are installed to provide 120V and 240V single-phase service. Single-phase service may also be supplied with a three-phase service.<br /><br /><b>Three-Phase</b> - This type of service is designed especially for large electrical loads. It is a more expensive installation due to three wires and three transformers being required. The important advantage of three-phase power is that the total electrical load is divided among the three phases, consequently, the wire and transformers can be smaller. Other advantages exist in the design of three-phase motors.<br /><br /><b>Short Circuit</b> - A direct connection (before current flows through an appliance) between two "hot" wires, between a "hot" and neutral wire, or between a "hot" wire and ground.<br /><br /><b>Voltage Drop</b> - A reduction of current between the power supply and the load. Due to resistance, there will be a loss of voltage any time electricity flows through a conductor (wire). Factors that influence voltage drop are size of wire, length of wire, and the number of amps flowing. A drop in voltage may cause a loss of heat, light, or the full power output of a motor. It could cause motor burn-out unless the motor is properly protected (time-delay fuse).<br /><br /><b>Fuse</b> - A device used to protect circuits from an overload of current.<br /><br /><b>Circuit Breaker</b> - A device used to protect circuits from an overload of current. May be manually reset.<br /><br /><b>Time-Delay Fuse</b> - A fuse with the ability to carry an overload of current for a short duration without disengaging the contacts or melting the fuse link.<br /><br /><b>Horsepower (hp)</b> - A unit of mechanical power equal to 746 watts of electrical power (assuming 74.6% electric motor efficiency). Motors of one horsepower and above are rated at 1000 watts per hp while motors below one horsepower are rated at 1,200 watts per hp.<br /><br /><b>Conductor</b> - The wire used to carry electricity (typically, copper or aluminum). Copper and aluminum should not be spliced together due to their incompatibility resulting in deterioration and oxidation.<br /><br /><b>Insulator</b> - A material which will not conduct electricity and is usually made of glass, Bakelite, porcelain, rubber, or thermo-plastic.<br /><br /><b>"Hot" Wire</b> - A current-carrying conductor under electrical pressure and connected to a fuse or circuit breaker at the distribution panel. (Color Code: usually black or red)<br /><br /><b>Neutral Wire</b> - A current-carrying conductor not under electrical pressure and connected to the neutral bar at the distribution panel. (Color Code: usually white)<br /><br /><b>Grounding</b> - The connection of the neutral part of the electrical system to the earth to reduce the possibility of damage from lightning and the connection of electrical equipment housings to the earth to minimize the danger from electrical shock. (Color Code: Can be green or bare wire).<br /><br /><b>Underwriters' Laboratory (U.L.)</b> - An American national organization which tests all types of wiring materials and electrical devices to insure that they meet minimum standards for safety and quality.<br /><br /><b>National Electric Code (N.E.C.)</b> - Regulations approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters primarily for safety in electrical wiring installations. All wiring should meet the requirements of the national as well as the local code.<br /><br /><b>4. Computing Electrical Energy Use and Cost </b><br />If an estimate of cost for electricity used is desired, the name plate data on appliances and equipment and an estimate of operating time may be used. The following formulas should be used for determining watts, amps, volts, watt-hours, kilowatt-hours, and cost.<br /><br />Watts = Volts x Amperes<br /><br />Amperes = Watts / Volts<br /><br />Volts = Watts / Amperes<br /><br />Watt-Hours = Watts x Hours of operation<br /><br />Kilowatt-Hours = Watt-Hours / 1000<br /><br />Cost = Kilowatt-Hours x Local Rate per Kilowatt-Hour (or per "Unit")<br /><br /><b>Example: </b><br />Local electricity rate per Kilowatt-Hour: 8 cents<br />Equipment plate data: 120 Volts 5 Amps<br />Monthly hours of operation: 10<br /><br />1. Watts = Volts x Amperes, so Watts = 120 x 5 = 600 watts<br />2. Watt-Hours = 600 x 10 = 6,000 watt-hours<br />3. Kilowatt-Hours = 5,000 / 1,000 = 6 kilowatt-hours (or 6 Units)<br />4. Cost = 6 x 8 = 48 cents<br /><br /><b>5. Electrical Circuits </b><br />An Electrical Circuit is a completed path through which electricity flows. Insulated conductors (wires) provide the path for the flow of electricity. A water system and an electrical circuit are similar in many respects. Water flows through pipes and is measured in gallons per minute, and electricity flows through conductors and is measured in amperes. A simple circuit is shown here:<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />A circuit includes a "hot" wire (red or black) carrying current from the source through a switch, circuit protector (fuse or circuit-breaker), and an appliance. The neutral wire (white) conducts the current from the appliance to the source (ground).<br /><br />There are two methods for connecting devices in a circuit - "in series" or "in parallel". In a series circuit, all of the current must flow through each device in the circuit. Removing any one of the devices in a series circuit will stop the flow of current. In parallel circuits, the load (lights or appliances) are connected between the two wires of the circuit providing an independent path for the flow of current, and removing a lamp has no effect on the other lamps in the circuit.<br /><br />Switches, fuses, and circuit breakers are always connected in series. In most cases, except for some Christmas tree lights, appliances and lights are connected in parallel.<br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>6. 120 Volt and 240 Volt Circuits </b><br />The 120V circuit has one "hot" and one neutral wire, with the switch and circuit protector in the hot line. The neutral wire from the appliance is connected to the neutral bar in the fuse or breaker box. For safety, the neutral wire should never be broken or interrupted with a switch or fuse.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The voltage in a 120V circuit is measured with a voltmeter with one lead on the hot terminal and the other lead on the neutral bar. The number of amperes flowing may be measured with a clamp-on ammeter by encircling the hot or neutral wire with the jaws of the ammeter.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The 240V circuit has two hot wires and one safety-ground wire. Switches and fuses are installed in the hot lines. The two hot wires arc necessary for the operation of 240V welders and motors. The safety-ground wire, connected to the metal frame of the equipment or motor and to the neutral bar, does not carry current unless a "short" develops in the motor or welder. If a short should occur, one of the circuit protectors will burn-out or open, thus opening the circuit.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSkm8Ymh6HFAf_ZFh1FRedCovuP4SZDe0l2CNqWDGZxjuPrN8a9DWM8psSCrODadA-4rjtPH_xb8Mq1yEj4WwFClZgN2im52s5vfY21vndJ4imMfXMC4rJnJ_uo8LPPB30r-azdenIxP8/s1600/342.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSkm8Ymh6HFAf_ZFh1FRedCovuP4SZDe0l2CNqWDGZxjuPrN8a9DWM8psSCrODadA-4rjtPH_xb8Mq1yEj4WwFClZgN2im52s5vfY21vndJ4imMfXMC4rJnJ_uo8LPPB30r-azdenIxP8/s1600/342.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The voltage on a 240V circuit is measured by fastening a lead on the voltmeter to each of the hot wires. Voltage between either hot terminal and the neutral bar will be one-half of the voltage between the two hot wires. The number of amperes flowing can be measured by clamping an ammeter around either of the hot wires.<br /><br /><br /><b>7. Safety Grounding of Electrical Equipment </b><br />Refer back, to the 240V circuit and note the ground wire from the metal frame to the neutral bar. The following illustration shows proper safety grounding when operating a drill in a 120V circuit. The safety-ground wire may be bare, but a three-wire cable is recommended. Safety-ground wire in three-wire cable is usually green in color. A current-carrying neutral wire should never be used for a safety-ground. Likewise, a safety-ground wire should never be used as a current-carrying hot or neutral wire.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8r5MJk2OXlVpb7NmDWNF_7c6CvoFe1JJoEJvYslU0KngZgYvYb_fInnH5hjLeD2rMRHSalA1vIenZshLe4szXAew-_hUxn-VPr3YUBSqfItMf-NACxsa58qDz4Tq_d38QFyuKGY_9-i3/s1600/344.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8r5MJk2OXlVpb7NmDWNF_7c6CvoFe1JJoEJvYslU0KngZgYvYb_fInnH5hjLeD2rMRHSalA1vIenZshLe4szXAew-_hUxn-VPr3YUBSqfItMf-NACxsa58qDz4Tq_d38QFyuKGY_9-i3/s1600/344.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Using grounded receptacles and a safety-ground on all circuits will allow the safety-grounding of appliances when they are plugged into the outlet. An adapter must be used to properly ground appliances connected to receptacles which are not safety-grounded. If an adapter is used, the green pigtail wire must be connected to a known ground to give protection from electrical shock should a short-circuit occur.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUSoG4N8bE5hCaFOEeTN6KKCB5xxbkM2lku9YgVb32wzhI7peJQsizuWW3NLgsMUNluQd85pK4tUucywwfwkWmcPrJxIlCfIMzk_1MYGcKOm8Q4m7Ttc-5R5Ul-0EhWvQJQe6nhl4Qpbqx/s1600/345.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUSoG4N8bE5hCaFOEeTN6KKCB5xxbkM2lku9YgVb32wzhI7peJQsizuWW3NLgsMUNluQd85pK4tUucywwfwkWmcPrJxIlCfIMzk_1MYGcKOm8Q4m7Ttc-5R5Ul-0EhWvQJQe6nhl4Qpbqx/s1600/345.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />A test lamp can be used to check a circuit completed between a "hot" wire and a neutral wire. Use the test lamp to check appliances for shorts. With the appliance plugged into an outlet, touch the appliance frame with one lead of the test lamp while the other lead of the test lamp is grounded to a water or gas pipe. If the test light does not burn, reverse the appliance plug and check with the test lamp again. If the light burns, a short exists (the hot wire is touching the frame of the appliance). Unplug the appliance and repair or discard it.<br /><br /><b>8. Electrical Circuit Protection </b><br />Electrical circuits should be protected from an overload of amperes. Too many amperes flowing through an unprotected circuit will generate heat, which will deteriorate or melt the insulation and possibly cause a fire. The number of amperes that a given conductor can safely carry, depends upon the kind and size of wire, type of insulation, length of run in feet, and the type of installation. Charts are available in reference texts giving allowable current-carrying capabilities of various conductors.<br /><br />The four types of circuit protection are: common fuses, fusetrons (time-delay), fustats (two- part time-delay), and circuit-breakers. Fuses are of two basic types: plug, and cartridge.<br /><br />Common fuses contain a link made from a low-temperature melting alloy which is designed to carry current up to the rating of the fuse. Current higher than the amperage rating causes the link to heat above it's melting point. When the fuse "blows", the link melts and opens the circuit.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP092v7SAleCeiFbHZUKd0rKc66wKgNqQBeFOQG8shsQvnN1NlmYZcogx7Y-G00yp9LTX4F49LtHBZWRCywZgQgE8jwQfrpuVpARo2O3GkhsF3G2uSWW6szX5JH0I-JzisfzJ_s8BIUDHJ/s1600/346.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP092v7SAleCeiFbHZUKd0rKc66wKgNqQBeFOQG8shsQvnN1NlmYZcogx7Y-G00yp9LTX4F49LtHBZWRCywZgQgE8jwQfrpuVpARo2O3GkhsF3G2uSWW6szX5JH0I-JzisfzJ_s8BIUDHJ/s1600/346.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fusetrons</b> (time-delay fuses) are made to carry a temporary overload, such as the overload caused by the starting of an electric motor. The fuse, however, still provides protection for the circuit, and a short-circuit will melt the fuse link. If a common fuse is used, the fuse link will melt every time an electric motor starts. The use of a larger ampere common fuse will prevent the "blow" resulting from the temporary overload, but will not provide protection for the motor or the circuit.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvrm_IqCD5GBXi4EVFe10JQnyu1y6xsEyipxCZMl54ky-OBhJMk5NDgbK-mQ1a5ofQq33xuNBrveGrxr06k4orZNatZC-sJVoVF4Eb3HVZtkotkt1OfhRqZUDLyz1HL2D9p6RGUQrk2R-/s1600/347.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvrm_IqCD5GBXi4EVFe10JQnyu1y6xsEyipxCZMl54ky-OBhJMk5NDgbK-mQ1a5ofQq33xuNBrveGrxr06k4orZNatZC-sJVoVF4Eb3HVZtkotkt1OfhRqZUDLyz1HL2D9p6RGUQrk2R-/s1600/347.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fustats</b>, non-tamperable fuses of the time-delay type, have a different size base and require a special adapter which is screwed into the standard fuse socket. After the adapter is installed, it cannot be removed. For example, the installation of a 15-ampere adapter allows only the use of 15-ampere or smaller fuse.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnCDj5rcimaFHfyg8AqaA08BTlGWTCTi-Sw96PpA2BARpjOEk9IgCPK3flbx4R5DVb50XAlRNC6_RfkJv1Ex84-WgiLETL7zfmhu9eUPbQsHUij6iEDWjsYB_8KwykKJAVz0Gskyl9M9z8/s1600/348.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnCDj5rcimaFHfyg8AqaA08BTlGWTCTi-Sw96PpA2BARpjOEk9IgCPK3flbx4R5DVb50XAlRNC6_RfkJv1Ex84-WgiLETL7zfmhu9eUPbQsHUij6iEDWjsYB_8KwykKJAVz0Gskyl9M9z8/s1600/348.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Circuit breakers eliminate the replacement of fuses and are commonly used even though a circuit breaker box costs more than a fuse box. Circuit breakers are of two types, thermal and magnetic. The thermal breaker has two contacts held together by a bi-metal latch. A current overload causes the bi-metallic strip to become heated, the latch releases, and the points spring open. After the bi-metallic strip cools, the switch is reset and service is restored.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPnyG4eqt4K3hYb7WhjFFQPHfqjz29AecITh_-fhwoUke0B-TGJnjf9MBTg1SNXZDDduZDoCmqRHzMa_JLacP6SehoeBpKaBRHdsOSvWvBkKSoCR4i4LfjyPJlPGJPkyB_K_gpEN2NZQfX/s1600/349.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPnyG4eqt4K3hYb7WhjFFQPHfqjz29AecITh_-fhwoUke0B-TGJnjf9MBTg1SNXZDDduZDoCmqRHzMa_JLacP6SehoeBpKaBRHdsOSvWvBkKSoCR4i4LfjyPJlPGJPkyB_K_gpEN2NZQfX/s1600/349.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The magnetic breaker has contacts that are held together by a latch which is released by the action of an electromagnet. The amount of current flowing through the circuit will determine the size of the electromagnet. This type of circuit-breaker is reset by moving the toggle switch to the "on" position.<br /><br />The following diagram shows the parts of a circuit breaker.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Xzt0C1XRA7JWSKD3h3JEaHr5V35cTCM56HMcJKXJNBnHpzaL7xIBJEnXy3T2EeI3Uv8UsXXSvgkrAekLxALW7qpaOPAo_ejbMex2usCIGLjRUQAQ75Hd2HMJ0ax0jro2IB3R4G_5i7AD/s1600/350.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Xzt0C1XRA7JWSKD3h3JEaHr5V35cTCM56HMcJKXJNBnHpzaL7xIBJEnXy3T2EeI3Uv8UsXXSvgkrAekLxALW7qpaOPAo_ejbMex2usCIGLjRUQAQ75Hd2HMJ0ax0jro2IB3R4G_5i7AD/s1600/350.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>9. No Fault Grounding </b><br />Fuses and circuit-breakers are safety devices which limit current (amperage) in a circuit. Their main function is to protect equipment and wiring from overload. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFI) are designed to protect humans, equipment, and/or electrical systems from injury or damage if electricity flows in an unintended path (a short-circuit).<br /><br />A GFI is a very sensitive device that functions by comparing the current moving in the "hot" wire with that in the neutral wire. If these two currents are not equal, a fault exists, and current is "leaking" out of the circuit. If the difference in current between the two wires is 5/1000 of an ampere or greater, the GFI will open the circuit, shutting off the power and eliminating any shock hazard.<br /><br />The National Electrical Code requires GFl's for all 120V, single phase, 15 and 20 amp receptacles installed outdoors, in bathrooms, and in garages for residential buildings. A GFI is required at construction sites and some other applications. After correcting a circuit fault, the GFI may be reset for further use.<br /><br />A variety of GFI equipment is made for 120 and 240 volt circuits:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgp94m-Mz0BHQsUdBL3_YkdVjqqJkhGw-CVCWktTzue2Myz4qYuCgDL19n1nYcRuSfGm40NYnPsSF57O7tW1OyBZVTem0IqJZ1jhm_Cn4uS7E8WwfK5GM291iJuWj2LyGBnyU0jWViJaZ/s1600/351.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgp94m-Mz0BHQsUdBL3_YkdVjqqJkhGw-CVCWktTzue2Myz4qYuCgDL19n1nYcRuSfGm40NYnPsSF57O7tW1OyBZVTem0IqJZ1jhm_Cn4uS7E8WwfK5GM291iJuWj2LyGBnyU0jWViJaZ/s1600/351.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><i>REFERENCES:<br />COOPER, ELMER L., AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS. DELMAR PUBLISHERS INC., ALBANY, NEW YORK<br />ELECTRICAL WIRING - RESIDENTIAL, UTILITY BUILDINGS, SERVICE AREAS, AAVIM, ATHENS, GEORGIA. </i><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>Note: This electrical information does not apply directly to areas outside America and local regulations for electrical supply should be checked. </b></span><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Variations</b><br />Some people have experimented with Don Smith’s basic ideas and found some interesting things. One of these people is Ukrainian: I. M. Solovey. The translation for his application for a PhD is shown below and thanks is due to Howerd Halay for making this translation:<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b></b></span></b><span style="color: blue;"><center>
<b><b>ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION SYSTEM HIGH FREQUENCY</b></b><br />I. M. Solovey, Candidate Ph.D.</center>
<br /><br />NUBiP of Ukraine "Berezhany Agrotechnical Institute” LS Chervinsky, PhD National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine NP Semenov, engineer NUBiP of Ukraine "Berezhany Agrotechnical Institute”<br /><br />Considered: Existing scientific views do not have a convincing theoretical basis for the phenomenon of excess energy output. Power supply, Inductance, power, high-frequency measuring range, filter, energy.<br /><br />Currently, there is a great deal of information about devices, after which "Activation” in whatever working field; in the process of “relaxation” output energy is in excess of input energy used.<br /><br />For example, in the "production" of thermal energy observed in the oxygen-hydrogen electrolysers for normal and heavy water (Filimonenko V., 1957, S. Jones, 1989), the electric discharger (Chernetskyy A., 1971), vortex heat generators (Potapov Y., 1992).<br /><br />In the late 1980s Stanley Meyer patents "Water Fuel Cell" (WFC) that allows the conversion of ordinary tap water into hydrogen and oxygen with far less expenditure of energy than would be required by conventional electrolysis, and in much greater quantity than expected with simple electrolysis. His explanation of the results is based on the resonant electric field effects on water molecules [2].<br /><br />Later Don Smith built a number of devices based on Tesla's experiments, mostly with high output power. In his articles, he notes that he repeated each of the experiments found in the Tesla books, and this gave him an understanding of "ambient background energy “[3].<br /><br /><b>Objective.</b> Repeat one of the above methods of obtaining energy. To test whether these devices really work. For this we implemented the circuit of the Don Smith device from his patent of 1994, where the generator can achieve an output of 15 kW (Fig. 1).<br /><br />I.M. Solovey, LS Chervinsky, N. Semenov, 2011<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDdTfEQlgZ9KUqat3o5YOhV1o3gTdJTzIpMZfKUHH2Kd0auXcS4GhRr4I3F-Ylf8u88ZSLGmALirYdTNwml97V4DBUwi75KYR1xldKXwbtu0PNGbPhFKjkGnEa63Iyjho6wPpPlM99OCij/s1600/352.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDdTfEQlgZ9KUqat3o5YOhV1o3gTdJTzIpMZfKUHH2Kd0auXcS4GhRr4I3F-Ylf8u88ZSLGmALirYdTNwml97V4DBUwi75KYR1xldKXwbtu0PNGbPhFKjkGnEa63Iyjho6wPpPlM99OCij/s1600/352.gif" /></a><br /><b>Fig.1.</b> Schematic of electricity generator of Don Smith (according to his patent from 1994)</center>
<br /><br /><b>Basic materials and methods of research.</b><br /><br />The main element in the schematic of Fig.1 is an air-core transformer with the windings numbered 6 (primary), 6A (optional), 7 (secondary).<br /><br />For the study we prepared Primary L1, secondary L2 and an additional L3 coil according to specifications given in the following table:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8XuQW4byFg64J5b8Ogo_9DwO_a42RrfxPiYyt4qrpb8oKGhgTjUatLJGi3ToWJBWXTkrPt89ZmjWRluIUOFG2AaYUDiGMkRjYS6YIY0iSU5SfLfU7D6PG8OnC7OLSm1B_1ba6M0ssxPdq/s1600/353.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8XuQW4byFg64J5b8Ogo_9DwO_a42RrfxPiYyt4qrpb8oKGhgTjUatLJGi3ToWJBWXTkrPt89ZmjWRluIUOFG2AaYUDiGMkRjYS6YIY0iSU5SfLfU7D6PG8OnC7OLSm1B_1ba6M0ssxPdq/s1600/353.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />To calculate the electromagnetic parameters of the secondary coil L2 we used a program named “Flyback Tesla calculator”.<br /><b>Calculation results: L2</b><br />Coil inductance - 1559.9 uH;<br />self capacity - 4.61 pF;<br />Wire Length 73.2 m;<br />number of turns - 457;<br />quality factor - 8492;<br />resonance frequency AC - 1.875 MHz; and 1/4 resonance frequency – 1.024 MHz<br />(Actual Experiment - 1.1 MHz).<br /><br />The study was conducted according to the schematic in Fig.2.<br /><br />Placing of coil windings - as a Tesla transformer: primary on the base of the secondary.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNOUELKShTBjM8F-VkMTaP3mL87Fe2Dup-oIXJOzfGpWfoDObWEGkSqYMq6rDos7ihXc3JquE_pA9LZjGwMHvOMn_-Wdt2GhQku7caVDZ5RGkEWezoLwPvbrcllI-az35IVgVVSmYZq1lX/s1600/354.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNOUELKShTBjM8F-VkMTaP3mL87Fe2Dup-oIXJOzfGpWfoDObWEGkSqYMq6rDos7ihXc3JquE_pA9LZjGwMHvOMn_-Wdt2GhQku7caVDZ5RGkEWezoLwPvbrcllI-az35IVgVVSmYZq1lX/s1600/354.gif" /></a><br /><b>Fig.2.</b> Schematic of windings L1 and L2</center>
<br /><br />Measurement of current was carried out by a DC ammeter on the PSU. Current consumption in the above schematic is 0.3 A. The value of voltage U2 at the output ends of the winding L2 is calculated by the formula: U2 = Um/N1.N2 = 14/8.463 = 810.25 V<br />where<br />Um is the voltage, 14 V;<br />N1 is the number of primary turns and<br />N2 is the number of secondary turns (see. Table).<br /><br /><b>Note.</b> The formula does not take into account the resistance of the transistor’s base-emitter pn junction nor that of the connecting conductors.<br /><br />Experimentally determined values of voltage - largest breakdown in the air gap between the initial winding ends at L2 point of discharge. The magnitude of the voltage was 500-700 Volts. Frequency: 1.1 MHz measured experimentally by the use of a frequency generator.<br /><br />When connecting the circuit (see. Fig. 2) to the constant power supply, power consumption was 0.3 x 14 = 4.2 W and this power can be called a complete network power consumption of 4.7VA. On output of the L2 winding we obtain (at the base of the coil) current of about 0.3 A and a voltage between the two ends of the coil of 700 V which calculates to 0.3 x 700 = 210 VAR. The study of high-energy parameters of the generator power circuit was conducted in Figs. 3 - 6 where a bulb was used as an active load. The magnitude/intensity of lamp brightness determined the output power measurement. Lamps used were various capacities from 0.3 watts to 21 watts.<br /><br />Under the schematic of Fig. 3 switching in various incandescent lamps, for example 0.3 W, did not lead to lighting, although consumption of the circuit energy was 14 x 0.3 = 4.2 watts.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hOOdwxWc3_RS5tX-SEDlVhNe-UXigLOmxw6Oq84o5zYf5p2tvuAG259ACRkR3J4Sn1zRUfF5sMby3F0gY24OM3s26dEJf7oIrtKMxQCUuivAz9mtrXhoN7Y7b2nZYpT7KXmxcpfBeYyr/s1600/355.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hOOdwxWc3_RS5tX-SEDlVhNe-UXigLOmxw6Oq84o5zYf5p2tvuAG259ACRkR3J4Sn1zRUfF5sMby3F0gY24OM3s26dEJf7oIrtKMxQCUuivAz9mtrXhoN7Y7b2nZYpT7KXmxcpfBeYyr/s1600/355.gif" /></a><br /><b>Fig.3.</b> Circuit of the experiment to determine the active power output of the L2 coil</center>
<br /><br />We placed an extra coil L3, as in Smith's schematic (Fig. 4). Coil L3 was placed in the upper third of the L2 coil. A 6 volt, 3 watt lamp was connected to the additional coil L3 (see Table) and it showed a subtle glow.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFD6sNX4o6kShNKz3WwUkDol3LlCCw-9ME3rDL9ejdpafcAtJz1GxHGYkBm8puBlmn9ZRQavqmJZB4x7sFG4td5C3mz0TC8hW4EyHcgOzXEUNwCfveKqTIr2rLHAl87EECwjwnERiBWusZ/s1600/356.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFD6sNX4o6kShNKz3WwUkDol3LlCCw-9ME3rDL9ejdpafcAtJz1GxHGYkBm8puBlmn9ZRQavqmJZB4x7sFG4td5C3mz0TC8hW4EyHcgOzXEUNwCfveKqTIr2rLHAl87EECwjwnERiBWusZ/s1600/356.gif" /></a><br /><b>Fig.4.</b> Inserting various incandescent bulbs through additional winding L3.</center>
<br /><br />When we inserted a capacitor C2 in series with the winding L2 (Fig. 5) We inserted a 12 volt 21 watt lamp to the L3 coil output. The lamp became brightly lit and in 4 to 5 seconds it burned out. The current consumption was a net 1.2 amps.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6vEprwVzLQZVRM4ds5aEEJVHqk_ebZzGX4WPGcy58GR-HfXQoyyO205julJ7gIphwhs4P1hyG_XDqbSzx6Dw_5Wf2y5f2Yss92qc1_NOWNdii67gXFRknubVkVUZQnOf1imIliOQUO6-G/s1600/357.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6vEprwVzLQZVRM4ds5aEEJVHqk_ebZzGX4WPGcy58GR-HfXQoyyO205julJ7gIphwhs4P1hyG_XDqbSzx6Dw_5Wf2y5f2Yss92qc1_NOWNdii67gXFRknubVkVUZQnOf1imIliOQUO6-G/s1600/357.gif" /></a><br /><b>Fig.5.</b> Switching incandescent bulb(s) through the additional winding L3 when creating L2-C2 path.</center>
<br /><br />An analogous result was obtained when we switched in a tungsten lamp using the schematic in Fig. 6 in a series circuit L2 / C2. A 12 volt 21 watt lamp also burns out in 4 to 5 seconds. The current in the lamp in this configuration was 1.8 - 2.3 Amps.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6cIpJwLtXlwp20VYKb_Sv4Zc8e6eFqCF0KNaImq7bs6LGNnjQqSJNCWxUAJy6gaSP1QwyqQOL3AXfIjhhnhjBf0o6k1RhLV1ftb_s9O1cOV22gHBUEBI2xG5uyPxoa0ttAOHzIah_rHj/s1600/358.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6cIpJwLtXlwp20VYKb_Sv4Zc8e6eFqCF0KNaImq7bs6LGNnjQqSJNCWxUAJy6gaSP1QwyqQOL3AXfIjhhnhjBf0o6k1RhLV1ftb_s9O1cOV22gHBUEBI2xG5uyPxoa0ttAOHzIah_rHj/s1600/358.gif" /></a><br /><b>Fig.6.</b> Schematic: inserting an incandescent lamp in series through L2 and C2.</center>
<br /><br /><b>Conclusions </b><br />The results of exploratory studies confirm the existing scientific thought that the processes of input and output routing/transmission of electricity using high-voltage high-frequency electromagnetic field (radiation) phenomena require further deep theoretical and experimental studies.<br /><br /><b>References </b><br />1. Kanarev FM Beginning Phys chemistry microcosm / Kanarev FM [8th ed.].<br />Krasnodar, 2007. - 750 s.<br />2. Fominsky LP Rotary generators of free heat. DIY<br />Fominsky LP - Cherkasy: "OKO-Plus". 2003. - 342 s.<br />3. US Patent No. 08/100074.<br /><br />The phenomena of appearance of excess energy effects have not found a convincing theoretical explanation from the standpoint of existing scientific views. </span>The interesting thing about this paper from Solovey is that the input voltage is so low at a mere 14 volts, although, of course, the output voltage is much higher and is at 1.1 Megahertz. Solovey’s final diagram Fig.6 is interesting in that his 21 watt 12 volt bulb was destroyed in just a few seconds.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGebftcHOjkGmfOLuG6CEq_6XbvtN2SroSlh4i_O-5GO-lIS2oyFkGcJXXyI1s_g0j-BU5hiAHiMtnziAL0srHcOvOKcVO280qdHvMv2D9KkvSrxI9EwI3XT7AIy4sy_u5FV0C5WQiE3O/s1600/360.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGebftcHOjkGmfOLuG6CEq_6XbvtN2SroSlh4i_O-5GO-lIS2oyFkGcJXXyI1s_g0j-BU5hiAHiMtnziAL0srHcOvOKcVO280qdHvMv2D9KkvSrxI9EwI3XT7AIy4sy_u5FV0C5WQiE3O/s1600/360.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The measurement of current through the bulb was 2.1 amps while the bulb’s design current is 1.75 amps. That difference is not enough to have destroyed the bulb so rapidly, so the problem will have been that the bulb wattage was exceeded severely. Earlier, the voltage across the coil “L2” was measured at 700 volts, so there may have been as much as that applied to the twelve volt bulb. If 700 volts were applied to the bulb and a current of 2.1 amps flowed through the bulb, then the dissipated power in the bulb would have been as much as 700 x 2.1 = 1470 watts which is 70 times the rating for the bulb and more than a kilowatt!<br /><span style="color: red;">Please don’t be misled by the 14 volt input voltage, this circuit steps up the voltage and it could easily kill you.</span>It is said that the high frequency of 1.1 MHz makes the output harmless to humans. I have not tested this and you really need to be careful around any high voltage circuit.<br /><br />A point which Solovey seems to have missed is the fact that the positioning of the L1 primary coil along the length of the L2 secondary coil has a major effect on the output amperage, so, positioning the L1 coil in the middle of the L2 coil should increase the output power considerably.<br /><br />The lamp used as the load is essentially a resistive load. I don’t know enough about the subject, but putting a step-down air-core transformer in place of the bulb should lower the output voltage and increase the available output current considerably. However, a transformer is an inductive load and whether or not that change would completely alter the functioning of the circuit remains to be seen.<br /><br />It might be worth testing the following simple circuit if we were to assume that the output voltage is indeed the 700 volts measured by Solovey and that a resistive load is needed. Three 220-volt 100-watt filament bulbs connected in series would appear to be a satisfactory test load:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcfDyfL-5jRTnOuiFYqYKbBhDUJxI6gxXPBT3ZL2SD838VZ1WQPsWfhY7XUze694eU2O_MoEpcoLUkYftWk6PKOZVkFCp1WdZhCMNm0pxgt9laOiOvxSY9aNPQvSYOnZ547XOJC5mfiGE/s1600/361.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcfDyfL-5jRTnOuiFYqYKbBhDUJxI6gxXPBT3ZL2SD838VZ1WQPsWfhY7XUze694eU2O_MoEpcoLUkYftWk6PKOZVkFCp1WdZhCMNm0pxgt9laOiOvxSY9aNPQvSYOnZ547XOJC5mfiGE/s1600/361.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Another possibility would be to take an ordinary cheap halogen heater and re-wire it so that the three 400-watt lamps are in series rather than in parallel:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChM7_LR1F_pbRpmnaK3_Nas_dfm0QBcQrKXYYJ7C7U_UNFKFugZnJJQ3Dv7sabkQHgsXfJm6LnNu089kmFY1JQcImNWZWULvRzb01gr_4WNj-rq6ca9yl6ZoUUI0FSeTXGxLWbfmBIv0o/s1600/362.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChM7_LR1F_pbRpmnaK3_Nas_dfm0QBcQrKXYYJ7C7U_UNFKFugZnJJQ3Dv7sabkQHgsXfJm6LnNu089kmFY1JQcImNWZWULvRzb01gr_4WNj-rq6ca9yl6ZoUUI0FSeTXGxLWbfmBIv0o/s400/362.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />A standard, low-cost halogen heater consists of three separate 400-watt sections with a switching arrangement which allows one, two or three sections to be powered up:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVIpepYpmwICytE0sOYl2KD4C6S_9K_Xtf1WOgoph-vxSmIP9vLv8mLgR6L1ndzK59AVmIS-1y7u1oEwNkDecERMHWhOoWe5oCf054bOCkcqIMfu2mz-S5NHrSYayT3brCXieD3pn6cY4/s1600/363.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVIpepYpmwICytE0sOYl2KD4C6S_9K_Xtf1WOgoph-vxSmIP9vLv8mLgR6L1ndzK59AVmIS-1y7u1oEwNkDecERMHWhOoWe5oCf054bOCkcqIMfu2mz-S5NHrSYayT3brCXieD3pn6cY4/s1600/363.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />You can change the wiring inside the heater, so that all three halogen lamps are connected in a chain. As the wires connecting the lamps have push-on ‘spade’ connectors to allow for both simple manufacturing and easy replacement of a halogen lamp, this can often be done without any soldering. The new arrangement is like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8XjY9kuA4kZiSRfuMpidM7T-Sv-QG3sbYxFtSobndhGBWlBmtkjnkt8c68ypEkk83mlh6-_g2ci0LoYXpXN4g-mGabnxBUGLS2fFbOG30xxD_yekbMwlIcWhLffIm0KPU427zBfZt0ONI/s1600/364.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8XjY9kuA4kZiSRfuMpidM7T-Sv-QG3sbYxFtSobndhGBWlBmtkjnkt8c68ypEkk83mlh6-_g2ci0LoYXpXN4g-mGabnxBUGLS2fFbOG30xxD_yekbMwlIcWhLffIm0KPU427zBfZt0ONI/s1600/364.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This arrangement ‘under-runs’ the lamps as each lamp only gets one third of the voltage which it was designed for. If the halogen heater is now connected across 700 volts and the three lamps are similar to each other, then about one third of the 700 volts will be across each bulb. This is only an untested 700 volt suggestion although a heater of this type works well at low power on 220 volts. However, should give a high voltage resistive load as a starting point for experimentation.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Making a Solid-State Tesla Coil.</b><br />As some readers may feel that there is some "black magic" about the neon-driver circuit used by Don to drive the Tesla Coil section of his circuitry and that if a suitable unit could not be purchased then the circuit could not be reproduced or tested, it seems reasonable to show how it operates and how it can be constructed from scratch:<br /><br />The circuit itself is made up of an oscillator to convert the 12-volt DC supply into a pulsating current which is then stepped up to a high voltage by a transformer. Here is a circuit which has been used for this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfYBhrnO-VOKkPivNMr4MfFYSXu0J1rAAsXmGW5RHnnaqPoPe9lO-m97em0odNsp25v6Ii1Ix4AwQ8dFNsQRhjK4OKSpi0nmZd3t0tgIC6kjnq5hqXRNsTrXEJ1e26Krqdtu0_h1EDZ-Qw/s1600/365.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfYBhrnO-VOKkPivNMr4MfFYSXu0J1rAAsXmGW5RHnnaqPoPe9lO-m97em0odNsp25v6Ii1Ix4AwQ8dFNsQRhjK4OKSpi0nmZd3t0tgIC6kjnq5hqXRNsTrXEJ1e26Krqdtu0_h1EDZ-Qw/s1600/365.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The supply for the 555 timer chip is protected against spikes and dips by the resistor "R" and the capacitor "C". The 555 timer chip acts as an oscillator or "clock" whose speed is governed by the two 10K resistors feeding the 440 nF capacitor. The step-up transformer is an ordinary car coil and the drive power to it is boosted by the IRF9130 FET transistor which is driven by the 555 chip output coming from it's pin 3.<br /><br />The output from the (Ford Model T) car coil is rectified by the diode, which needs to have a very high voltage rating as the voltage at this point is now very high. The rectified voltage pulses are stored in a very high-voltage capacitor before being used to drive a Tesla Coil. As a powerful output is wanted, two car coils are used and their outputs combined as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCe6w3SqeT_ES8updsUgsx5SZaMOxhyKvEHqYTNJT9SOvUW992kwzN8eIgecGhGj9aioURuqu_FPTvObsEoMIi10_8Zgt3-rrev9LM33jWN2hy0JjJpU6_0PNKb6-ZHcT5NNelzVpZAMJh/s1600/366.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCe6w3SqeT_ES8updsUgsx5SZaMOxhyKvEHqYTNJT9SOvUW992kwzN8eIgecGhGj9aioURuqu_FPTvObsEoMIi10_8Zgt3-rrev9LM33jWN2hy0JjJpU6_0PNKb6-ZHcT5NNelzVpZAMJh/s1600/366.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />You will notice that the car coil has only three terminals and the terminal marked "+" is the one with the connection common to both of the coils inside the housing. The coil may look like this:<br /><br /><center>
</center>
<br /><br />and the "+" is generally marked on the top beside the terminal with the two internal connections running to it. The circuit described so far is very close to that provided by a neon-tube driver circuit and it is certainly capable of driving a Tesla Coil.<br /><br />There are several different way of constructing a Tesla Coil. It is not unusual to have several spark gaps connected in a chain. This arrangement is called a "series spark gap" because the spark gaps are connected "in series" which is just a technical way of saying "connected in a row". In the chapter on aerial systems, you will see that Hermann Plauson uses that style of spark gap with the very high voltages which he gets from his powerful aerial systems. These multiple spark gaps are much quieter in operation than a single spark gap would be. One of the possible Tesla Coil designs uses a pancake coil as the "L1" coil as that gives even higher gain. The circuit is as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4j8V-1s38d3B_h6Wjou7sS9O-k4H95YCkHt8WQOcJl_M5bkhQv6sDTuJe-x03sbLVmVAR4Odhfi75xfRaW6c75UKmciXTBjRcsr5KvW7kytKE6VLb_mRVVGo4GEEFuygEUdnJc0EksqqB/s1600/367.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4j8V-1s38d3B_h6Wjou7sS9O-k4H95YCkHt8WQOcJl_M5bkhQv6sDTuJe-x03sbLVmVAR4Odhfi75xfRaW6c75UKmciXTBjRcsr5KvW7kytKE6VLb_mRVVGo4GEEFuygEUdnJc0EksqqB/s1600/367.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The connection to the pancake coil is by a moveable clamp and the two coils are tuned to resonance by careful and gradual adjustment of that connection, 10 mm at a time (<b>after</b> powering down and discharging the “C1” capacitor).<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mhJiYfq8hYvzjg4TF822-twhXs7_So8GqljgmbfbKFj3G27tajNj-oPIje8yLqJISyQduVMYp4Jux34iR4bOsE86NXtuFeCyhPYGctX1FaHPWv-gqflNZzJDl3wCfnwy_g9huieI9SEV/s1600/368.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mhJiYfq8hYvzjg4TF822-twhXs7_So8GqljgmbfbKFj3G27tajNj-oPIje8yLqJISyQduVMYp4Jux34iR4bOsE86NXtuFeCyhPYGctX1FaHPWv-gqflNZzJDl3wCfnwy_g9huieI9SEV/s1600/368.gif" /></a><br />It has been found recently, that connecting two of these (non-ballast resistor) car coils back to back with the plus and minus connections switched over, that the performance is very much improved. It has been suggested that the small self-capacitance of each coil when connected across the other coil, causes a very much higher frequency of operation, giving much sharper voltage spikes which is a very desirable situation in a circuit of this type. This arrangement might be connected like this:<br /><br /><center>
</center>
<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEbRnHy5Vnit5UnI95QyZKJgaq34Fy6skMGGVl2IYIS96bZT8iv8z6in1OgaWTSfFS1V8e5f8lN5qvwMOg5hkVd3-eK-koLC9htQCiy1B6qipI94CvPoW8KcbzWkBnyeAp9-jenYt_t0cO/s1600/369.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEbRnHy5Vnit5UnI95QyZKJgaq34Fy6skMGGVl2IYIS96bZT8iv8z6in1OgaWTSfFS1V8e5f8lN5qvwMOg5hkVd3-eK-koLC9htQCiy1B6qipI94CvPoW8KcbzWkBnyeAp9-jenYt_t0cO/s1600/369.gif" /></a><br />The series spark gap can be constructed in various ways, including using car spark plugs, gas-discharge tubes or neon lamps. The one shown here uses nuts and bolts projecting through two strips of a stiff, non-conducting material, as that is much easier to adjust than the gaps of several spark plugs:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_P-I9ynKI012glBz1J1_XRKITHgr2kkCGVx87c-IYrMYTumZ5f8_rHRvWx0qSHVwrHydWBvbnwvpfBzqoJEJ1d2pnQSCbyaRX2E-df5lwkCrHjZJXJPpxTc8D3uHJK3I52G1k5Cqnzip/s1600/370.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_P-I9ynKI012glBz1J1_XRKITHgr2kkCGVx87c-IYrMYTumZ5f8_rHRvWx0qSHVwrHydWBvbnwvpfBzqoJEJ1d2pnQSCbyaRX2E-df5lwkCrHjZJXJPpxTc8D3uHJK3I52G1k5Cqnzip/s1600/370.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Tightening the bolts which compress the springs moves the bolt heads closer together and reduces all of the spark gaps. The electrical connections can be made to the end tags or to any of the intermediate wire connection straps if fewer spark gaps are required in the chain.<br /><br />Let me remind you again that this is not a toy and very high voltages will be produced. Also, let me stress again that if you decide to construct anything, then you do so entire on your own responsibility. This document is only provided for information purposes and must not be seen as an encouragement to build any such device nor is any guarantee given that any of the devices described in this ebook will work as described should you decide to attempt to construct a replication prototype of your own. Generally, it takes skill and patience to achieve success with any free-energy device and Don Smith's devices are some of the most difficult, especially since he admits quite freely that he does not disclose all of the details.<br /><br />The output capacitor marked "C1" in the circuit diagram above has to be able to handle very high voltages. There are various ways of dealing with this. Don dealt with it by getting very expensive capacitors manufactured by a specialist company. Some home-based constructors have had success using glass beer bottles filled with a salt solution. The outside of the bottles are wrapped in aluminium foil to form one of the contacts of the capacitor and bare wires are looped from deep inside each bottle on to the next one, looping from the inside of one bottle to the inside of the next one, and eventually forming the other contact of the capacitor. While that appears to work well, it is not a very convenient thing to carry around. An alternative is just to stand the bare bottles in a container which is lined with foil which forms the second contact of the capacitor.<br /><br />One method which has been popular in the past is to use two complete rolls of aluminium foil, sometimes called "baking foil", laying them one flat, covering it with one or more layers of plastic cling film and laying the second roll of foil on top of the plastic. The three layers are then rolled up to form the capacitor. Obviously, several of these can be connected together in parallel in order to increase the capacitance of the set. The thicker the plastic, the lower the capacitance but the higher the voltage which can be handled.<br /><br />The November 1999 issue of Popular Electronics suggests using 33 sheets of the thin aluminium used as a flashing material by house builders. At that time it was supplied in rolls which were ten inches (250 mm) wide, so their design uses 14" (355 mm) lengths of the aluminium. The plastic chosen to separate the plates was polythene sheet 0.062 inch (1.6 mm) thick which is also available from a builders merchants outlet. The plastic is cut to 11 inch (280 mm) by 13 inch (330 mm) and assembly is as follows:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq4kd46ERQwBE1RqCvYd7s1d9AeG_yY-mm9XUlz3yG4nEqCUfExbs97BW9CIHHBv4Tl0UHYQhu8UdrYej0Z6uIjUntaH5SK0pUolkHT-vpw2mpF3Qn4Xqa1KcHhhYGD_bVrwEZhklp2Rqp/s1600/371.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq4kd46ERQwBE1RqCvYd7s1d9AeG_yY-mm9XUlz3yG4nEqCUfExbs97BW9CIHHBv4Tl0UHYQhu8UdrYej0Z6uIjUntaH5SK0pUolkHT-vpw2mpF3Qn4Xqa1KcHhhYGD_bVrwEZhklp2Rqp/s1600/371.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The sandwich stack of sheets is then clamped together between two rigid timber sheets. The tighter that they are clamped, the closer the plates are to each other and the higher the capacitance. The electrical connections are made by running a bolt through the projecting ends of the plates. With two thicknesses of plastic sheet and one of aluminium, there should be room for a washer between each pair of plates at each end and that would improve the clamping and the electrical connection. An alternative is to cut a corner off each plate and position them alternatively so that almost no plate area is ineffective.<br /><br />As Don Smith has demonstrated in one of his video presentations, Nikola Tesla was perfectly correct when he stated that directing the discharge from a Tesla Coil on to a metal plate (or in Don's case, one of the two metal plates of a two-plate capacitor where a plastic sheet separates the plates just as shown above), produces a very powerful current flow onwards through a good earth connection. Obviously, if an electrical load is positioned between the plates and the earth connection, then the load can be powered to a high level of current, giving a very considerable power gain.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Constructing High-Quality Coils.</b><br />The Barker & Williamson coils used by Don in his constructions are expensive to purchase. Some years ago, in an article in a 1997 issue of the “QST” amateur radio publication, Robert H. Johns shows how similar coils can be constructed without any great difficulty. The Electrodyne Corporation research staff have stated that off-the-shelf solid tinned copper wire produces three times the magnetic field that un-tinned copper does, so perhaps that should be borne in mind when choosing the wire for constructing these coils.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYfaMyj7cWy_RXe3z0f8V8h0QjM0RoGFYSJXo0UbqlApPJ0kye6tNJgqvuqpPqq1HnokHSwB0DJPo5MYzFv5YGEBM7WuIpouu-DfvVOkjc7XRmowVFhIwUv9Zac55pv7Q6E6j9WKaIf2u5/s1600/372.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYfaMyj7cWy_RXe3z0f8V8h0QjM0RoGFYSJXo0UbqlApPJ0kye6tNJgqvuqpPqq1HnokHSwB0DJPo5MYzFv5YGEBM7WuIpouu-DfvVOkjc7XRmowVFhIwUv9Zac55pv7Q6E6j9WKaIf2u5/s320/372.jpg" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />These home-made coils have excellent “Q” Quality factors, some even better than the tinned copper wire coils of Barker & Williamson because the majority of electrical flow is at the surface of the wire and copper is a better conductor of electricity than the silver tinning material.<br /><br />The inductance of a coil increases if the turns are close together. The capacitance of a coil decreases if the turns are spread out. A good compromise is to space the turns so that there is a gap between the turns of one wire thickness. A common construction method with Tesla Coil builders is to use nylon fishing line or plastic strimmer cord between the turns to create the gap. The method used by Mr Johns allows for even spacing without using any additional material. The key feature is to use a collapsible former and wind the coil on the former, space the turns out evenly and then clamp them in position with strips of epoxy resin, removing the former when the resin has set and cured.<br /><br />Mr Johns has difficulty with his epoxy being difficult to keep in place, but when mixed with the West System micro fibres, epoxy can be made any consistency and it can be applied as a stiff paste without any loss of it’s properties. The epoxy is kept from sticking to the former by placing a strip of electrical tape on each side of the former.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAdc_RLxlcnUP9y53bYCIrKDJBNaWOvDtJ8gr2e7DQ-3UkK891dXmMGTtxl2cLcr-ArokL3hGOawpojuNUPnljqr6Oi98vcX9XF0DUSBIVSaMkNuymoN_2cEr0yEVENMs8fFXKJWyyG3zj/s1600/373.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAdc_RLxlcnUP9y53bYCIrKDJBNaWOvDtJ8gr2e7DQ-3UkK891dXmMGTtxl2cLcr-ArokL3hGOawpojuNUPnljqr6Oi98vcX9XF0DUSBIVSaMkNuymoN_2cEr0yEVENMs8fFXKJWyyG3zj/s1600/373.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />I suggest that the plastic pipe used as the coil former is twice the length of the coil to be wound as that allows a good degree of flexing in the former when the coil is being removed. Before the two slots are cut in the plastic pipe, a wooden spreader piece is cut and it’s ends rounded so that it is a push-fit in the pipe. This spreader piece is used to hold the sides of the cut end exactly in position when the wire is being wrapped tightly around the pipe.<br /><br />Two or more small holes are drilled in the pipe beside where the slots are to be cut. These holes are used to anchor the ends of the wire by passing them through the hole and bending them. Those ends have to be cut off before the finished coil is slid off the former, but they are very useful while the epoxy is being applied and hardening. The pipe slots are cut to a generous width, typically 10 mm or more.<br /><br />The technique is then to wedge the wooden spreader piece in the slotted end of the pipe. Then anchor the end of the solid copper wire using the first of the drilled holes. The wire, which can be bare or insulated, is then wrapped tightly around the former for the required number of turns, and the other end of the wire secured in one of the other drilled holes. It is common practice to make the turns by rotating the former. When the winding is completed, the turns can be spaced out more evenly if necessary, and then a strip of epoxy paste applied all along one side of the coil. When that has hardened, (or immediately if the epoxy paste is stiff enough), the pipe is turned over and a second epoxy strip applied to the opposite side of the coil. A strip of paxolin board or strip-board can be made part of the epoxy strip. Alternatively, an L-shaped plastic mounting bracket or a plastic mounting bolt can be embedded in the epoxy ready for the coil installation later on.<br /><br />When the epoxy has hardened, typically 24 hours later, the coil ends are snipped off, the spreader piece is tapped out with a dowel and the sides of the pipe pressed inwards to make it easy to slide the finished coil off the former. Larger diameter coils can be wound with small-diameter copper pipe.<br /><br />The coil inductance can be calculated from:<br /><br />Inductance in micro henrys L = d<sup>2</sup>n<sup>2</sup> / (18d + 40l)<br /><br />Where:<br />d is the coil diameter in inches measured from wire centre to wire centre<br />n is the number of turns in the coil<br />l is coil length in inches (1 inch = 25.4 mm)<br /><br />Using this equation for working out the number of turns for a given inductance in micro henrys:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkji53GuiWTgDnXAij1LYLFr16qT87jayf92AFPSysX3Nkc_FN79Jq1e1N2g9Gm6wwRwNeguY1a9xAaAydZtgGBlG-E2OB8ncPQHo8uJfLCEKpPdHXj3cp1ES-mpXfgygVrDvFCQ2RcvU/s1600/374.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkji53GuiWTgDnXAij1LYLFr16qT87jayf92AFPSysX3Nkc_FN79Jq1e1N2g9Gm6wwRwNeguY1a9xAaAydZtgGBlG-E2OB8ncPQHo8uJfLCEKpPdHXj3cp1ES-mpXfgygVrDvFCQ2RcvU/s400/374.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Mohamed assesses Don Smith’s Devices</b><br />Late in 2014, Mohamed released the following document after two years of examining and testing Don Smith’s main design.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>The Resonance Energy Device Explained<br /><br />Preface</b></center>
<br /><br />This presentation is the result of more than two years of deep thinking about the resonance energy device invented by Donald Lee Smith. I was interested in this device due to the huge amount of power which it is able to provide. The device has no moving parts and is small in size. This presentation is an attempt to explain two important sources of information about the resonance energy device; they are a document and a video:<br /><br />The document is located here: <a href="http://www.free-energy-info.com/Smith.pdf">Smith.pdf</a><br /><br />The video can be seen here: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQkYAh8Qgb4">YouTube video</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><br /><br />The information contained in the document is free and open to the public. I think that it is time for such information to become widely known - free energy is free because it’s for everyone. Energy is everywhere in an unlimited quantity, ready to be taken with minimum effort, the resonance energy device described here is one of the most attractive free energy devices, it depends on a multidimensional transformer which makes possible a harmonic exchange between the positive energy reality and the unseen negative sea of energy. This is possible using a spark-gap arrangement, the energetic symmetry between the positive and negative energy oceans make it preferable to use the term <b>ambient background energy</b> rather than the name <b>zero point energy</b>. The video pointed to above, is an excellent source that can be viewed in parallel with this work, and when considered together, the reader will understand both the video and this presentation.<br /><br />At the start of the above video, the inventor explains the importance of the magnetic field in generating electricity. The magnetic energy upsets the background energy and that results in a separation of electrons between the two ends of a coil, this separation of electrons is a source of electric power.<br /><br />The resonance energy device is based on a very important idea, namely, that magnetism and electricity are two sides of a single entity!<br /><br />Matter and energy are two aspects of the same thing as Oliver Heaviside expressed in his famous energy equation E = MC<sup>2</sup>. The electrical equivalent of this in our Resonance Energy Device is:<br /><br /><center>
E = (Volts x Amperes) x (Cycles per Second)<sup>2</sup></center>
<br /><br />In this presentation, we will learn together how the device works but before any attempt to use this information, please pay attention to the following caution:<br /><br /><center>
</center>
</a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhliY-xDYYGphhRZWZ74Oq4EwmWui0CdSSo6L34newpzZYAJ-EWveejbEZ6KwfgcwccgPQ-Gm_5bSXj3hGfhfmx9qixL2JNEDzfFGFPstJwQcukRE1a6qQmXP78VjznbLfLHj2yx4tU0g/s1600/375.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhliY-xDYYGphhRZWZ74Oq4EwmWui0CdSSo6L34newpzZYAJ-EWveejbEZ6KwfgcwccgPQ-Gm_5bSXj3hGfhfmx9qixL2JNEDzfFGFPstJwQcukRE1a6qQmXP78VjznbLfLHj2yx4tU0g/s400/375.gif" /></a><br /><span style="color: red;">You need to read this document again and again to understand the power behind this device; this device is a power producer! You are near a power production factory but in a small size, this special coil only needs voltage and when we oscillate that voltage, the voltage turns into real current ‼<br /><br />This means that even a short-circuit isn’t permitted in the collection system if you plan to use HV capacitors. This is not the place for amateurs, please do not attempt to implements or use the information shown here unless you are experienced and skilled. Neither the publisher nor the author makes any representations as for the completeness or the accuracy of the information contained here and disclaims any liability for damages or injuries resulting from your actions. </span><br />Algeria, August 2014<br />hopehope3012 (at) gmail (dot)com<br /><br /><br />Let’s examine how a magnetic field generates a voltage in an ordinary coil and why our coils lack the energy key that Donald Smith has found<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNvb9mkyPuO6n0vnB7SfeEBBeS1KKljqtWW5KoOgVjLzwq7exn76qqZByCPwQigK0m1RZIWoxORDC4JxNVC5f0saeyVOj_je_UB7ttw3DWNShPPJpjuDEnMAxIZvh4jNnK5iSyaycEz7Pd/s1600/376.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNvb9mkyPuO6n0vnB7SfeEBBeS1KKljqtWW5KoOgVjLzwq7exn76qqZByCPwQigK0m1RZIWoxORDC4JxNVC5f0saeyVOj_je_UB7ttw3DWNShPPJpjuDEnMAxIZvh4jNnK5iSyaycEz7Pd/s320/376.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When a magnetic field penetrates a coil, the induced rotating electric field generates additive elementary voltages along the coil. Every turn in the coil receives the same voltage, we extract the power along the length of the coil, but we miss the power available in the area inside the coil !! To understand this, let’s examine the induced electric field:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEpS4GwUxGd_m_eBXhCmPTe1lyuYtdvJrOgsyw2fwh6ytCzlsxZlWL0eM8Vbhrzf26lPabk3c1I3_stA_vXzROHL3cq7jBn4bp-7Vs8WI5fLdwe-Dh60_xsl-c2HJV02FQY_TPTRPeLLJ3/s1600/377.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEpS4GwUxGd_m_eBXhCmPTe1lyuYtdvJrOgsyw2fwh6ytCzlsxZlWL0eM8Vbhrzf26lPabk3c1I3_stA_vXzROHL3cq7jBn4bp-7Vs8WI5fLdwe-Dh60_xsl-c2HJV02FQY_TPTRPeLLJ3/s400/377.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />If we examine Fig.2, which represents a single turn of the coil shown in Fig.1, we see that the magnetic field penetrates all of the area inside that ring. This magnetic field will be transformed to a voltage because it will drive a rotating electric field, this field is able to induce a voltage and this induced voltage will cause the current to flow due to the different of voltage between the two points A and B in Fig.1.<br /><br />The important, generally forgotten thing about the induced electric field, is its availability inside our coil as shown in Fig.3:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw7Gi-OJHYTNLJae29pKLanh8mN30WEUjfxY5E7iGh9DiiBrL-Mu7k106b8FLMd6kcuzvL5HwXohE4Qdt9PIiBf9CG02wHFapnFhL0HXqbuwCKHdtkW-c3l0mntDMkVfNn6qDmfjBasK5K/s1600/378.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw7Gi-OJHYTNLJae29pKLanh8mN30WEUjfxY5E7iGh9DiiBrL-Mu7k106b8FLMd6kcuzvL5HwXohE4Qdt9PIiBf9CG02wHFapnFhL0HXqbuwCKHdtkW-c3l0mntDMkVfNn6qDmfjBasK5K/s400/378.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The induced electric field exists independent of the conducting loop. In other words, an induced electric field permeates all of the space within the region of the changing magnetic field, as indicated by the red field lines in Fig 3. What about this field? It is wasted power. It is wasted power at point A, as well as all of the distance between the two points A and B.<br /><br />If we want to achieve power amplification we have to combine the magnetic field with the induced electric field in such a way as to conserve the non-conservative electric field! The induced rotating electric field will remain non-conservative but we could play with the induced voltage created by that field using a Tesla Bi-filar Coil (“TBC”).<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>We need to extend the capacitive side of a Tesla bi-filar coil</b></span> in order to benefit from the induced E field to a reasonable degree, if we try to use a flat TBC we will face the same problem in our solenoid coils where we concentrate between two points. The heart of the Resonance Energy device is based on an extended Tesla bi-filar coil (Fig.4)<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiftG5Cc28H89msUe3W09857GaWNOlUBGhTNqhDzt1HJ539drpt9b3RLFCWSG2iv8P7LcPQy91XAY-33QTFbhqW9hLfVamrheQ_F5-CwMXuwFEIsWvmPtMu20khhQYARC_JdOzbBaplgVLw/s1600/379.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiftG5Cc28H89msUe3W09857GaWNOlUBGhTNqhDzt1HJ539drpt9b3RLFCWSG2iv8P7LcPQy91XAY-33QTFbhqW9hLfVamrheQ_F5-CwMXuwFEIsWvmPtMu20khhQYARC_JdOzbBaplgVLw/s320/379.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />During my search for the specification of Tesla bi-filar coil I wasn’t able to find a lot of information such as the resonance frequency of this special coil as if it has been forgotten, although <u>it has been known since 1894!</u><br /><br />I felt it’s without advantage; fortunately at that time I successfully built a new type of asymmetrical capacitor that has four plates rather than three plates, I was able to replicate my source voltage, I gave it the name C1/C2 system, when I fed C1 with high voltage I was able to take the voltage from C2 without direct contact, the device is based on the electric field interaction between C1 and C2.<br /><br />The C1/C2 system opened my mind to the possibility of charging a capacitor without the need of direct contact; with the device. I began thinking in a different way, wondering how I could combine the two side of electricity in just one device. The device shown in Fig.4 <u>can be simplified</u> as shown in Fig.5:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMopMTKWbezYscZF_nYTsB2P2csM6Q0fTsiODXgL-d-QJZjcXl_R7dQYf1zT2vbqyYAjoOcimJGiDkXAnHRPU9Lb2V18FQrWBd77eIl85UE3VyjRkZrus-HTna1zdmgmKOnzyKCvDhgy-M/s1600/380.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMopMTKWbezYscZF_nYTsB2P2csM6Q0fTsiODXgL-d-QJZjcXl_R7dQYf1zT2vbqyYAjoOcimJGiDkXAnHRPU9Lb2V18FQrWBd77eIl85UE3VyjRkZrus-HTna1zdmgmKOnzyKCvDhgy-M/s1600/380.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />380380<br />The magnetic side is the path from A to B, it is the path which the current will follow, and then the magnetic energy will be formed and concentrated inside our coil, the magnetic side is the hidden side of electricity because we can't conserve this state for a long time as we do in the capacitors. This side is directly related to the ambient background energy or zero point energy. (Later we will see why Donald Smith prefers the name of ambient background energy as opposed to ZPE)<br /><br />To make things easier we could take the permanent magnet as an example, the permanent magnet appears to create the magnetic field all the time without requiring us to provide any visible power for which we have to pay.<br /><br />The electric side of this amazing coil is the most difficult thing to understand. The capacitor in our extended Tesla bi-filar coil is just one point! It’s the point “X” but from a static perspective, we say that it is between points C and D. The path from C to D is the way to conserve the direction of current needed to build the coil and ensure the maximum voltage is generated between the two plates of the capacitor. This capacitor is a dynamic capacitor and not a static capacitor. In this capacitor the displacement current is absent... because it gathers the two polarities of electricity in one device. The magnetic side is the current side where the current starts from point A and flows to point B. The electric side is the point at which the maximum voltage between the two plates exists. I think that this is the most difficult point to understand in the Tesla Bi-filar Coil, because we see it as just a coil and not a coil with a built-in capacitor!<br /><br />Back to 1894 and take a look at what Mr. Nikola Tesla said about his bi-filar coil:<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>My present invention has for its object to <u>avoid the employment of condensers</u> which are expensive, cumbersome and difficult to maintain in perfect condition, and to <u>so construct the coils themselves as to accomplish the same ultimate object</u></b>. </span><br /><br />Let us start by analysing how the extended Tesla bi-filar coil works. Imagine that the following drawing is a charged, extended Tesla coil with the positive and negative parts, shown as red and black plates respectively<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />When we connect these two plates by their points C and D, an electric current will flow from point A to point B as shown by the red arrows. When the induced electric field finds a coil which is wound counter-clockwise (“CCW”) – the red plate - versus another coil wound clockwise (“CW”) – the black plate - this electric field will generate an induced voltage which will tend to recharge the capacitor again!<br /><br />The rotating electric field will start to build an induced electric voltage from point B which will be 0V in this case because the induced electric fields rotate in a clockwise direction. When the magnetic field increases, the electric current will flow counter-clockwise and so the direction of the magnetic field will be out the screen as indicated in Fig.6.<br /><br />In this case we achieve a cost-free voltage difference between adjacent plates. This situation attracts electrons which were not previously available, to become incorporated and produce a very large net gain in potential, this gain is real !!<br /><br />The induced rotating electric field flows in closed loops but this design causes it to build a voltage difference between adjacent plates. This fact prevents the voltage difference between the adjacent plates from dropping and it makes the replication of electric power with radio frequency a practical operation.<br /><br />Because of this, we can understand why <u>resonance can't produce the power</u> but it <u>replicates</u> the power with <u>radio frequency</u> and this is the secret of the huge power which this device is able to give with the equation which Don Smith gave us:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVSZ_DV8CwAD09yudHHHGpHY1fEgQjJQyrzfJ3YiBbdHnLW4naaesfplvys-cA3qSAL5IBbsGAs5WIS-dsvaoHj8QZ0R6zYBm081m7t_zOxCldjFOxOoSkxdTXcPAcVxhkMKyIk8zyPJZ9/s1600/ggg.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVSZ_DV8CwAD09yudHHHGpHY1fEgQjJQyrzfJ3YiBbdHnLW4naaesfplvys-cA3qSAL5IBbsGAs5WIS-dsvaoHj8QZ0R6zYBm081m7t_zOxCldjFOxOoSkxdTXcPAcVxhkMKyIk8zyPJZ9/s400/ggg.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The induced rotating electric field will build induced elementary voltages; B is the starting point for that field, so it will have 0V but when we arrive at point D it will have V volts, which same voltage will be available at point C. The induced rotating electric field will continue it’s rotation producing a value of 2V at point A !! (Fig.7).<br /><br />A question arises: where is the capacitor if C and D both have the same voltage?<br /><br />The capacitor in our extended Tesla bi-filar coil (TBC) is a dynamic capacitor, it will be formed only when the coil oscillates. When that happens, the induced electric field will give C and D the same value of voltage but every adjacent turn will receive the same difference of voltage needed for attracting ambient electrons which weren’t originally in the system but now are incorporated in large numbers, providing the excess power. This capacitor appears due to the junction CD, and from a dynamic point of view, it is the point X.<br /><br />This device treats the magnetism and electricity as if they are the same thing. When this happens both sides help the other side. The displacement current is absent here because it appears when we separate electricity and magnetism. When we do that, we fill the gap by introducing something isn’t real. The displacement current does not exist !!<br /><br />When you move a permanent magnet in the air, an <span style="color: blue;">induced electric field will appear <u>regardless</u> of the presence of a coil</span>. The electricity is there, it comes from the background energy and returns to its background level, both electricity and magnetism have the same origin, the magnetism is the energy side (magnetic field), the electricity is the physical side (electrons).<br /><br />The physical side appears when we place a conducting coil in an area where there is a changing magnetic field. The magnetic field causes the electrons to rotate CCW and produce voltage and rotate CW and produce current, voltage electrons appear to be more negative because they are more active, current electrons appear to be less negative. We seek the number of electrons separated by the changing magnetic field. The current (I) is the energy killer because it absorbs the power of the voltage electrons!<br /><br />In this system, the magnetic field penetrates inside a special capacitor coil where both sides of <b><span style="color: red;">electric</span><span style="color: blue;"> power</span></b> are found in a unified state. We discussed the phase when the capacitor discharges across itself, and now it is time to see how the coil will charge the capacitor with a reversed polarity.<br /><br />It’s important to review the resonance in a normal L/C circuit to understand the work of the extended TBC. Imagine that you have a charged capacitor, when connected to a coil a current starts to flow, when the current reaches its maximum value, this means that the capacitor was totally discharged, the magnetic field will have the greater value and start to decrease and induce a voltage which will charge the capacitor again with the opposite polarity.<br /><br />The same will happen in our extended TBC, when the magnetic field reaches its maximum value it will then decrease and induce a voltage which will charge the capacitor again, the complexity here is to understand the positions of coil and capacitor.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />In a dynamic perspective the coil sees the capacitor in the X position, the coil situated between A and B, comparing this to what happens in a normal L/C circuit at this phase the coil has to drive a current <b><u>outside its region</u></b>, the outside region between A and B has to be position X. when the magnetic field induces a current to recharge the capacitor between C and D, the induced electric field will do this job because it will change the direction of rotation to be CCW (Fig.8), and this behaviour will tend to keep the current at a high value while the voltage increases! The position of the capacitor in this device has to be the position of a spark gap. A spark gap in this position will improve the performance <b>dramatically</b> and amplify the power gain.<br /><br />The Resonance Energy device works with radio speeds above 20 kHz. The ambient background electrons are usually found in a dormant or inactive state and this makes the drawing-in of ambient electrons a difficult operation. For this reason, we need an earth connection to improve the performance of this system, later in the video, Don Smith talks about something new, the earth connection isn’t needed because there is something called <span style="color: purple;"><u><b>air grounding</b></u></span>.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />To activate air electrons effectively we need another source of power, actually this source of power exists as a negative energy but before we go further, we have to see the symmetry between the electric and magnetic sides. When we start from A to <span style="color: red;"><b>C</b></span> we have <b>half coil-<span style="color: red;">capacitor</span></b> while from <span style="color: blue;"><b>D</b></span> to B we have <b><span style="color: blue;">capacitor</span>-half coil</b>.<br /><br />To understand how our extended TBC receives negative energy, it is better to see the way in which the device oscillates. There are two methods of feeding this coil:<br /><br /><br /><b><u>The direct method</u></b><br />Here we have to know the resonant frequency of this coil or alternatively, we need to have the resonant frequency covered by our feeding circuit. This method is the best because we don’t need lots of power, because when we achieve resonance our extended TBC will have a very high impedance, and so, a maximum voltage will be available between A and B, and fewer turns will be needed in the <b>reactant coil L2</b>.<br /><br /><br /><b><u>The indirect method</u></b><br />Here we don’t have to know the resonant frequency, if we feed this coil from A and B the capacitor will charge. The spark gap has a very high resistance and it will not fire until there is a voltage difference between points C and D, at that moment a spark will occur, and when that happens, the resistance of the spark gap drops from a very high value to very low value and that short-circuits any power coming from the power source until the natural coil resonance finishes!<br /><br />When the capacitor is fully charged, the maximum voltage appears between points A and B which is the coil side, <b>when the spark occurs the capacitor will <span style="color: red;">transform</span>into a coil which has a capacitor built into it!</b> This operation provides the natural resonance needed without causing any problems.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b><u>Caution!</u></b></span><br />When we feed this coil from point A to point B and then disconnect it from the power source, you would then expect to discharge it by short-circuiting point C to point D (usually from the location of spark gap). If you do this and then touch the coil <span style="color: red;"><b>you will definitely receive a substantial high voltage shock!</b></span> Even if you see the spark, the spark will not discharge this capacitor immediately but it will cause the coil to oscillate again and recharge itself. This device isn’t a simple capacitor because when you short-circuit the spark gap it will transform the electrical energy into electromagnetic energy capable of recharging the capacitor again.<br /><br />If you try to short-circuit points A and B in an attempt to discharge the extended TBC, then these two points will <span style="color: red;"><b><u>transform</u></b></span> into electric points (due to the symmetry). From a static perspective, the capacitor can take an AB position as well!<br /><br /><b><u>The solution</u></b> is to short circuit C to D permanently and then short circuit A to B at the same time.<br /><br />As I mentioned before, there is a need for extra energy in order to activate air electrons effectively. In reality, this is not exactly what will happen as the arrangement is complicated. The negative energy enters this device in an unusual way. The extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil will supply reactive energy in enormous amounts because there are common characteristics between reactive energy and negative energy. Reactive power is a kind of electrical power, measured in volts-amps-reactive (“vars”) which cannot do work in its present form. For sinusoidal waveforms, the formula for reactive power is<br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>Reactive power = V x I x sin (θ)</b></center>
<br /><br /><br />The reactor coil in our system is a shortened version of a normal parallel L/C circuit. The output energy received in the reactant coil has to be a reactive energy because of the presence a coil in parallel with a capacitor. The phase angle between current and voltage is 90 degrees, and so, the active energy in this case will be zero.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<b>Active power = V x I x cos (90 degrees) = 0</b></center>
<br /><br /><br />The system acts like a negative resistor, it’s a <b><u>non-dissipative</u></b> system because it’s an energy absorbing system:<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />The reactive energy in this system is an advantage. The energy is ordered and so we can easily achieve <b>super-conductivity</b> at room temperature!<br /><br />As shown in Fig.10, active energy is a <b><u>chaotic energy</u></b> and so it is not easy to get rid of resistance. The important point where we need to focus our attention is where the voltage has a maximum value the current will be totally absent. Negative energy is a kind of electric power obtained when sparking (on-off) from a high voltage direct current (Fig.11).<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br /><b>This is why we need a high-voltage diode in our power supply circuit. The resonance in a normal parallel L/C circuit does not require this</b>.<br /><br />If we connect a spark-gap between point C and point D, then the negative energy will be drawn into our system with the same speed as positive energy! The symmetry between the magnetic and electric sides in our positive energy reality will open the correct door for the undetectable negative energy reality!<br /><br />Initially, when the capacitor starts to discharge, the current increases but the induced rotating electric field will tend to keep the voltage at a high value. The capacitor discharge through the spark-gap (which requires a large amount of voltage), the current flow does not start immediately. Initially, the current increases but the spark does not occur. This pushes the voltage up higher (behaviour which is known in parallel L/C circuits), then the current increases to a high value very quickly, while the voltage is drawn down to a level which cannot sustain the spark. When the capacitor is totally discharged the current flow through the spark-gap is at its maximum value. Consequently, the extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil produces a square wave rather than the expected sine-wave which is produced by an ordinary parallel LC circuit. The square wave produced when the spark occurs, contains waves of all frequencies and so, even if the time during the spark is short, there will still be thousands of oscillations in that time. I know that it is not easy to visualise this, but it is what actually happens.<br /><br />This special genius design solves the most difficult problems in cold electricity, due to it's <u>reversed behaviour</u> compared to hot electricity. Cold electricity prefers to flow along materials which we consider to be insulators while hot electricity prefers to flow along materials which we consider to be conductors.<br /><br />According Tom Bearden, with negative electricity the capacitor performs in the way that a coil does with hot electricity, and the coil will perform like a hot electricity capacitor (Fig.12)<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />the above illustration is an attempt to understand how cold electricity work but it's better to take a look at Floyd sweet explanation of his VTA device in the Appendix (page A-1209) :<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;">it is important to note that so long as positive energy is present in a <b>positively-flowing time regime</b>, then unity and over-unity power gains are not possible. The summation of the losses due to resistance, impedance, friction, magnetic hysteresis, eddy currents and windage losses of rotating machinery will always reduce overall efficiency below unity for a closed system. The laws of conservation of energy always apply to all systems. However, <b>the induced motional E-field changes the system upon which those laws need to be applied</b>. Since the vacuum triode operates in <b>more than four dimensions</b> and <b><u>provides a link</u> <span style="color: red;">between the multi-dimensional reality of the quantum state and the Dirac Sea</span></b>, we are now dealing with an open-ended system and not the "closed system" within which all conservation and thermodynamic laws were developed. To achieve unity, the summation of all magnetic and ohmic losses must equal zero. To achieve this state, <b>negative energy and negative time need to be created</b>. When this is achieved, <b>all ohmic resistance becomes zero and all energy then flows along the outside of conductors in the form of a special space field</b>.</span><br /><br />The above explanation describes the VTA device but also demonstrates the work of the Resonance Energy device of Don Smith !!<br /><br />The correct model of capacitor is the extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil because it provides a link between the multi-dimensional reality of the quantum state and the Dirac Sea of negative energy. From a positive energy perspective, AB describes the coil while CD describes the capacitor, <b>but</b> the coil will transform into capacitor AB in the region of negative energy; and in the same area the capacitor will transform into the coil !!<br /><br /><b><u>How can we explain this physically!?</u></b><br />The energy equation and Dirac’s equation call for both positive and negative energy. Thus they are symmetrical with respect to energy, as are the forces of physics positive <b><span style="color: red;">repulsive</span></b> forces increase positive energy, while negative <b><span style="color: blue;">attractive</span></b> forces increase negative energy. According to the modern kinetic theory of mass-energy, negative energy would merely be a <b>vibration of charges at right angles to our ordinary dimensions in an “imaginary” direction</b>. (Fig.13).<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBRM0QcqcTRjlQecf9XH92wi3ya9r-I_eGz-oljROQQpQMVde-AO_hvYRWAHKxpqkyHZghyphenhyphenC-ZqQNik_Si298eruEQpUrxgFGcFsGpEe1PySrQ2bgMwyWZuyHiXkt9i7E7WrdFIXYujyWR/s1600/388.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBRM0QcqcTRjlQecf9XH92wi3ya9r-I_eGz-oljROQQpQMVde-AO_hvYRWAHKxpqkyHZghyphenhyphenC-ZqQNik_Si298eruEQpUrxgFGcFsGpEe1PySrQ2bgMwyWZuyHiXkt9i7E7WrdFIXYujyWR/s1600/388.gif" /></a><br />To understand Fig.13 correctly, we need to remember that we are confined by our positive energy reality; in our extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil we need the negative energy in our positive side, the spark gap in CD position is the flexible place for both positive and negative energy to be combined.<br /><br />Tom Bearden has an important book entitled “Energy from the Vacuum”. The following text is on page 236 where he explains the specification of a true negative resistor:<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>The true negative resistor is an open dissipative system <i>a priori</i>, and equilibrium thermodynamics therefore does not apply. Instead, the thermodynamics of open systems far from equilibrium applies. The negative resistor freely receives energy from outside the system (from the environment), and “dissipates” it in interception and collection actions inside the system, to freely increase the available potential energy in the system. In circuits, the main characteristic of a negative resistor is that the environment freely furnishes some excess energy to (i) power the load, and/or (ii) move the current back against the voltage, particularly when shunted across the back emf region of the source dipole. The operator does not have to furnish this excess energy dissipated to propel the current backwards or dissipated to power the load!</b></span><br /><br />The true negative resistor in our system is the <span style="color: blue;">blue extended TBC</span> where negative energy moves the current back against the voltage; <span style="color: blue;">this power</span> will charge the coil electrically if it’s acting as a capacitor!<br /><br />The electric current in the negative energy region <span style="color: blue;">(past light cone)</span> works in a reverse manner compared to the electric current in positive energy region <span style="color: red;">(future light cone)</span>, the symmetry between the magnetic energetic side and the <b>physical</b> electrical side will curve space for the negative energy power to enter our device through our <b><u>flexible</u></b> spark-gap zone which represent a one dimensional capacitor X, the negative energy which can be represented by attraction forces will find its way through the spark-gap to increase the electric energy through AB, the system will continue its divergence and the clockwise rotation of the negative energy current will increase the counter clockwise rotation of the hot electric current (potential energy), this tends to amplify the power between point A and point B which represents the voltage gained by this virtual current!<br /><br />We are examining the first instant when the capacitor discharges across itself (transform into coil), the curved AB space will transform into one point in the negative energy sea which is the capacitor in our <span style="color: blue;">imaginary extended TBC</span>.<br /><br />Similarly, when the magnetic field collapses and charges the capacitor across CD, the magnetic field returns to its background level, the <span style="color: blue;">space-time continuum is reversed by the fields which are produced in the presence of excited coherent space flux. These quanta have been attracted from, and ultimately extracted from, the virtual vacuum, the infinitely inexhaustible Diac Sea (from Floyd Sweet papers in the Appendix)</span>.<br /><br /><b>Like charges have repulsion behaviour on the positive energy side, while they attract each other in the negative energy region. This information is essential for an understanding of the nature of the negative energy sea.</b><br /><br />When the turn comes (second time period) for our capacitor to be charged again with opposite polarity, the system will diverge toward negative energy space to close the loop in that space !! The current passes from C to D to charge the capacitor but in the virtual dimension it starts from D and finishes in C. This power will charge the capacitor magnetically if it's a coil.<br /><br />As you see there is positive real energy and undetectable negative real energy. I think that Don Smith preferred the name ambient background energy as opposed to Zero Point Energy because there are two regions from which we can take power, namely, <span style="color: red;">over ambient background energy</span> and <span style="color: blue;">below ambient background energy</span>.<br /><br />At this point, we can understand why cold electricity prefers insulators rather than conductors. This kind of power is capable of running in an imaginary dimension <b>parallel and reversed</b> relative to our ordinary, familiar dimension. But… according to Floyd Sweet; <span style="color: #000099;">when run in parallel with positive energy however, cancellation (annihilation) of <b>opposing</b> power types occurs. This has been fully tested in the laboratory</span>.<br /><br />This applies to the chaotic positive energy flowing regime time when voltage electrons (ccw rotation) and current electrons (cw rotation) run together at the same time, our Reactive Energy resonance system works in harmony with negative energy, our previous study allows us to draw us some important conclusions:<br /><br />For the first time period, we have (C discharging across L);<br /><span style="color: red;">+ energy</span> increase magnetic energy ---- I<br /><span style="color: blue;">- energy</span> increase electric energy ---- V<br /><br />For the second time period we have (L charging C);<br /><span style="color: red;">+ energy</span> increase electric energy ---- V<br /><span style="color: blue;">- energy</span> increase magnetic energy ---- I<br /><br />since magnetic energy is the current and electrical energy is the voltage and because they are out of phase (reactive energy), positive energy will work in harmony with negative energy and no cancellation will appear.<br /><br />Our extended TBC is a very important device not only because it can supply unlimited electric power but it give us an exceptional opportunity to understand the way that energy flows inside our universe!<br /><br />When the device oscillates it produces cold electricity and hot electricity, this means that the device is able to relate to both positive and negative energy. The flow of energy has two directions; from positive to negative and vice versa. Let’s think about the physical way in which things work.<br /><br />In this analysis I’m trying to explain some deep physical aspects about positive and negative energy. As illustrated in Fig.12 and Fig’13, it is important to consider energy flow in relation to time. These two pictures just represent my thoughts and understanding of the subject.<br /><br />Cold electricity has the ability to produce an electric response when it interacts with metal surfaces. This can also be seen in the Casimir Effect where two non-magnetic metal plates, which are not carrying an electrostatic charge, are suspended very close to each other. The plates do not hang straight down but move towards each other.<br /><br />Cold electricity has the ability to produce an electric response when contacting metal surfaces because it’s able to ionise empty space. In our extended TBC, when the spark occurs, we are actually colliding the space-time field through one point (the spark-gap).<br /><br />The space-time field is, in my opinion, the space where negative and positive energy exist together, they exist together but cancel each other out due to a constant ratio. If we take a mass with a gravity field around it, and we move the mass and create a mass current, a new field is also created. It is a different kind of gravity field with no source and no sink, when the speed of the mass increases, then the created gravity field increases also. If the mass reaches the speed of light, then this means that it has the value E = mC2 as a positive energy. mC2 is the maximum value exchange between positive and negative energy admissible by zero point fluctuation (ZPF) for that mass to exist the way it does in its time-space field, the mass has two options to reach the speed of light:<br /><br />1. It will transform into exotic matter.<br />2. It will break the time-space structure.<br /><br />The only places which provide these two conditions are black holes. Black holes exist in the centre of galaxies which provide the rotational energetic symmetry between the mass and gravity field - see Fig.14, Fig.15 and Fig.16.<br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><br />For a spiral galaxy to maintain its shape with cosmic dimensions (the diameter of galaxy may exceed 100,000 light years) there is a need for a negative energy to be the underlying energy for space-time throughout all of that galaxy. That negative energy has to transport virtual particle instantly! The transformed physical matter (including space-time!) provided by black holes furnishes an excess of positive energy in the galaxy, providing stability and symmetry. Black holes are not a fracture in space-time but they are essential.<br /><br />The above explanation will help to clear the way for a better understanding of the nature of electric energy. This explains why a sharp positive-going DC electric pulse interacts with negative energy to produce cold electricity which is an instant response from the negative energy sea. This response does not start from the spark-gap, but it ends in it!<br /><br />The negative energy will rotate to finish in the spark gap, this will squeeze the space-time to provide excited coherent virtual particles which in turn produce electronic responses when contacting a metal surface. From my point of view, the electronic responses created in metal surfaces have a magnetic angular momentum. Cold electricity is able to charge a capacitor to a much higher voltage than the capacitor’s voltage rating, even if the capacitor’s rated voltage is low. The question which springs to mind is; do electric fields inside a capacitor charged with cold electricity really exist?<br /><br />If the answer is yes, then why isn’t the capacitor destroyed? In my opinion, it is because the electronic responses caused by cold electricity have magnetic angular momentum instead of electric field lines. I suggest that the presence of magnetic field lines between the positive and negative plates of a capacitor charged with cold electricity are actually as shown in Fig.17.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIKZgKVFLvhd4g8sYJBzqgJjW-scl_EEBP9VP88lDbGa8wmONMFarXPQVOrSxjO-RSVrK7vt1fpFH4wdD8ZU4HwEJtaaP-7z5C4XZlCvnHiMbBzPdWXcvinNn5aV-aou9WPwKfYOvpcLBY/s1600/392.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIKZgKVFLvhd4g8sYJBzqgJjW-scl_EEBP9VP88lDbGa8wmONMFarXPQVOrSxjO-RSVrK7vt1fpFH4wdD8ZU4HwEJtaaP-7z5C4XZlCvnHiMbBzPdWXcvinNn5aV-aou9WPwKfYOvpcLBY/s320/392.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When the spark gap impacts on space-time (that is, when the spark occurs) the response from the negative energy sea looks as if it should neutralise the excititation created in the positive energy side (Fig.18). We can’t detect the movement of negative energy, and so we only see the impact which it has in our positive energy reality.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfrNTLxMnu7F8LSGbVlAEApKnwmny7MXMaboklnUUUzFQT5OZt_28Jvq-jI0IAi-8bFkqWnC4BAvSbu4ZJDnhJYtnJCy-eRQ4hA2nWkV-ig4edwNS1FAJyKX2uVpKEOyx2hyphenhyphen8w-d6T9Dkm/s1600/393.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfrNTLxMnu7F8LSGbVlAEApKnwmny7MXMaboklnUUUzFQT5OZt_28Jvq-jI0IAi-8bFkqWnC4BAvSbu4ZJDnhJYtnJCy-eRQ4hA2nWkV-ig4edwNS1FAJyKX2uVpKEOyx2hyphenhyphen8w-d6T9Dkm/s1600/393.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The small red ball in the above drawing, is the spark gap which is the door for negative energy to enter our positive energy reality; the negative energy sea will react both before and after the spark occurs.<br /><br />Referring back to Fig.14, before the spark-gap fires the negative energy will rotate starting from the spark-gap to neutralise the excitation created in the positive energy side (Fig.19a) and when the spark-gap finishes firing, the negative energy will end in the position of the spark gap (Fig.19b).<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKTga92mZwHp7lZaLXxgMevRRSOjjxP2ijoFtO9DJwqnsiqbnKRlr7xl2_F1WyKsBTH5fTfkyfVp3CXgOz3JxWbPnbeYTCGwS6P0Xjn2E47wjg0YU33omTF9daILWBYyYReFBkiKzAKeOB/s1600/394.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKTga92mZwHp7lZaLXxgMevRRSOjjxP2ijoFtO9DJwqnsiqbnKRlr7xl2_F1WyKsBTH5fTfkyfVp3CXgOz3JxWbPnbeYTCGwS6P0Xjn2E47wjg0YU33omTF9daILWBYyYReFBkiKzAKeOB/s1600/394.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The Bloch wall area in an ordinary permanent magnet, is the area of electron separation. Let’s see how this happens in our extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil. During the first time period, when the capacitor starts discharging across itself to become a parallel L/C circuit, point A will provide a maximum voltage while point B is the maximum current. The current flow starts from point A and finishes at point B. The system is now producing magnetic energy and because of the magnetic field increase, the electrons will start from point B and flow to point A which causes clockwise rotation to neutralise the counter clockwise spin of the voltage electrons, and cold electricity will charge the coil electrically if it is acting as a capacitor, and it will push the current to go back against the voltage by providing a magnetic angular momentum (the clockwise rotation shown in Fig.19a) at point X the result is to turn back the voltage electrons, causing strong initial potential electrical energy which increases the electrical energy. Current in cold electricity is the equivalent of voltage in hot electricity. The Bloch wall is the place where negative energy interacts with our E-TBC, in other words when the spark-gap fires, the current will not start immediately because the negative energy will supply a virtual current by providing a CW rotation in the Bloch wall area X. This virtual current is a compensator of the real current but it will not absorb the power from the voltage electrons which increase the available potential electrical energy. All this happens before the real current increases to provide the magnetic energy.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b><u>Caution:</u></b></span> Please be aware that high voltage capacitors have dielectric recovery which stores the electric field for a long time. High voltage capacitors need 5 minutes or more to discharge completely.<br /><br />Energy is everywhere and in enormous amounts ready to be taken for free. When we do that, we do not reduce the available power because the universe is full of energy, the energy in our universe is the source, physical matter is the energy in a visible form and the energy is in invisible matter form.<br /><br />The presence of the negative energy sea beside our positive energy reality, raises an important question, namely, why they are separated when they could be united? They are separated to let our universe exist in the way that it does. Negative energy serves our existence because it's designed to be the <b>under</b> background energy level for our <b>foreground</b> positive energy reality. Our existence is a thin part between those two energetic oceans. Negative energy is extremely active until the point when it appear to be nothing!<br /><br />We now need to explain another important behaviour of our extended Tesla bifilar coil, namely, it’s super conductivity at room temperature.<br /><br />One of the puzzles in this device is its capability to equal the voltage with the current. The wire of the coil AB can receive ambient electrons because it’s the surface for the capacitor CD; let’s examine this surface in Fig.20:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcPANw1JtDpNnGDG3r_orBSXv675nd-XODkYC81oMeMefdx7EaWW3D5-Row6XI_u5VzlBq4FOVp85741EZ-WUKs97NjRRKEmPyttgnZmdb-gDEsQ2rZRynvJXOK6YGrCpyzqVFJG1FZ6A/s1600/395.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcPANw1JtDpNnGDG3r_orBSXv675nd-XODkYC81oMeMefdx7EaWW3D5-Row6XI_u5VzlBq4FOVp85741EZ-WUKs97NjRRKEmPyttgnZmdb-gDEsQ2rZRynvJXOK6YGrCpyzqVFJG1FZ6A/s1600/395.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When the capacitor discharges across itself to become a parallel L/C circuit, the induced rotating electric field <span style="color: blue;">(with the help of negative energy)</span> creates a difference of voltage between adjacent plates, this voltage according the Gauss law causes <span style="color: brown;"><b>new electrons</b></span> to be present in the system.<center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOC8-LWCXt-WYIhVVDeWjfDdASMZBCiZuA6c0WYBdNhHjf4Es9OAABnMo3S38ySgs1poVgrtb9iQdKk9ZfkR_OPOwz_vZv-5uPrW8trL8WJh6d7_qMAv2ExIOd-sN4v_sECOvY2KQN6v18/s1600/Fig603.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOC8-LWCXt-WYIhVVDeWjfDdASMZBCiZuA6c0WYBdNhHjf4Es9OAABnMo3S38ySgs1poVgrtb9iQdKk9ZfkR_OPOwz_vZv-5uPrW8trL8WJh6d7_qMAv2ExIOd-sN4v_sECOvY2KQN6v18/s400/Fig603.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsu02Cv2DAorKIqcudmJFY2PCeowLaLO5wnhyphenhyphenSrD99ZOiJQ_6DAz_Fp2vZU9bFoq-f8IeZmKGToQPrFRqz2KuqKOkwS7ch4SEwY8NbTsfTQJpYVOFq8y9qx3MSLofTK8pLnDG50e3iWVLM/s1600/396.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsu02Cv2DAorKIqcudmJFY2PCeowLaLO5wnhyphenhyphenSrD99ZOiJQ_6DAz_Fp2vZU9bFoq-f8IeZmKGToQPrFRqz2KuqKOkwS7ch4SEwY8NbTsfTQJpYVOFq8y9qx3MSLofTK8pLnDG50e3iWVLM/s1600/396.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When ambient electrons enter our system (Fig.21), they increase the power gain across the Y axis (Fig.20). When the current flows inside the extended TBC, parallel currents will be added while parallel voltage will be the same in the Y axis, while in the X axis serial voltage will be added while serial currents will be the same!!<br /><br /><center>
<b>On the Y-axis: sum (I) equals (V)<br />On the X-axis: sum (V) equals (I)</b></center>
<br /><br />This system treats the voltages and currents in the same way, the voltages and the currents are physically equal.<br /><br />When this happens the device squares the electromagnetic flux and becomes a near-unity system in every process which will replicate the electric power according to the working frequency. This is a near-unity system due to the super conductivity at room temperature where the electrons don’t face the usual reduction encountered in an ordinary parallel L/C circuit.<br /><br />A normal L/C circuit cannot produce the super conductivity at room temperature because the exchange between the electric power and the magnetic power must lower one of them in each process. In our extended TBC they are combined in such a way so as to amplify the power in every process, and so the total available electrical energy in each cycle is twice the power available in a charged capacitor which can be seen from the following relationship:<br /><br /><center>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">Power = 0.5 x C x V<sup>2</sup></span></b><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(consider the similarity between the magnetic and electrical energy in a resonating parallel L/C circuit)</span></span></center>
<br /><br />Here, I need to explain the importance of the reactive electric power in the Resonance Energy device, in an alternating electric system where the voltage and current go up and down at the same time (Fig.10). Only active, real power is transmitted and when there is a time shift between current and voltage both reactive and active power are transmitted. When this time shift is 90 degrees (π/2 degrees) the transmitted real power will be zero as discussed above. This does not mean that there is no power, but it does mean that we cannot use this power in this alternating form, we have to transform it into Direct Current so that both current and voltage are united.<br /><br />Reactive power looks like a skipping rope (Fig.22):<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6kbV49dJx6FJnoJ6zuc-Ch_bytI7ANJsdiCFHzOp45fLoZVTEZIjs4SFkUw_HAFrQYUgCp4EymQID1VO331M3ulcoufpKXvbaybnYQkGs4lHN9RQpmVaeyguubcHwf1DyBEUn81hlbm6K/s1600/397.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6kbV49dJx6FJnoJ6zuc-Ch_bytI7ANJsdiCFHzOp45fLoZVTEZIjs4SFkUw_HAFrQYUgCp4EymQID1VO331M3ulcoufpKXvbaybnYQkGs4lHN9RQpmVaeyguubcHwf1DyBEUn81hlbm6K/s320/397.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Imagine the <span style="color: blue;"><b>voltage</b></span> to be the rope and the children's bodies are the <span style="color: red;"><b>current</b></span>. Reactive power looks like a skipping rope, the active power will not let the kids’ bodies move correctly. Reactive power is an essential part of the Resonance Energy device, and a skipping rope is good example which shows how kids go up and down without any problem. This sort of movement exists in our device.<br /><br />The separation between voltage and current in the Resonance Energy device is crucial for producing and cloning electric power at radio frequency speed. A proper method of collecting and converting the huge available electric energy is needed.<br /><br />The example given in Fig.22 is important when planning to collect and convert the available electric power. If we simply use a step-down transformer it is highly likely that we will alter the current which will reduce the gained power. With reactive energy, when the voltage is high the current is low. A step-down transformer will lower the voltage but it can’t amplify the current as expected! In a normal transformer we amplify the current depending on the available active power (V x I):<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGcpGLppoz4AAxG9M7116aepEwn4Sk8_h7DwLNHGxMQ6zGH0SMZZZrpZpg_J44dM1dahlmuEyTsZfa_hKC_M42RDcOn3bRenSzoKF3mkGwOPOVIQ0OKZogzJZ7GxYuLpSiCGXKfDWxc2ty/s1600/398.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="69" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGcpGLppoz4AAxG9M7116aepEwn4Sk8_h7DwLNHGxMQ6zGH0SMZZZrpZpg_J44dM1dahlmuEyTsZfa_hKC_M42RDcOn3bRenSzoKF3mkGwOPOVIQ0OKZogzJZ7GxYuLpSiCGXKfDWxc2ty/s320/398.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Physically (Fig.23) the <span style="color: green;"><b>electromagnetic flux</b></span> inside the transformer has two components, the electrical component V and the magnetic component I, for successful transfer of electric power from the primary to the secondary, both of them are needed at the same time. In our case, when V is high the product (V x I) is low due to the time shift, even if the available power could achieve megawatts!<br /><br />Another factor which we have to take into consideration, is the high-speed needed to replicate the power, using a transformer to lower the voltage imposes the need for a special transformer core which is able to respond at radio frequencies. These facts have to be taken seriously if we want to collect the available energy effectively.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM3MbjSoPFsK5V4qYZOuqPrwr91zsXBZjDrkREyKH8oLhwLG5J1AEa-PutOai-zoT2gjbiGp4VTbGeHSQUtcymr_WLOixWEKpzMcqJEWIAIQ0eGf45Dd6KBZESII-ZHTFbJL063-UWI81j/s1600/Fig607.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM3MbjSoPFsK5V4qYZOuqPrwr91zsXBZjDrkREyKH8oLhwLG5J1AEa-PutOai-zoT2gjbiGp4VTbGeHSQUtcymr_WLOixWEKpzMcqJEWIAIQ0eGf45Dd6KBZESII-ZHTFbJL063-UWI81j/s1600/Fig607.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Personally, I prefer to improve on the use of high-voltage diodes as shown in Fig.24. It is better to use a diode bridge constructed with <b><u>fast recovery</u></b> high-voltage diodes. Fast recovery diodes have the ability to return to their blocking state very quickly, making it possible for the other half-oscillation to be accumulated in the high-voltage capacitors, each cycle (<span style="color: red;"><b>up</b></span> and <b>down</b> in Fig.25) will give power similar to the power available in a charged capacitor given by the following equation <b>½ C V<sup>2</sup></b><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-v7AwHXLgnQfgir2MQtmq5BA_lR2cuHYfsZhogVRy6lJXcLmhF52xf_9Lsq5kUbmeBZmstd0xnRwG7SQ3-MGNGnLlhGN5mOJBXB84vD4lHdIBgtpk0XT2A09fc_W0oNvnRibt6TavzBtQ/s1600/399.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="77" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-v7AwHXLgnQfgir2MQtmq5BA_lR2cuHYfsZhogVRy6lJXcLmhF52xf_9Lsq5kUbmeBZmstd0xnRwG7SQ3-MGNGnLlhGN5mOJBXB84vD4lHdIBgtpk0XT2A09fc_W0oNvnRibt6TavzBtQ/s320/399.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The amazing, energetic behaviour of the extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil make it totally different from an ordinary parallel L/C circuit. Our extended TBC gives twice the frequency of an equivalent parallel L/C circuit. This means that if you form the same inductance with the same capacitance in an ordinary parallel L/C circuit, then that will produce only half the frequency that the same combination produces with an extended Tesla bifilar coil form!<br /><br />I have not been able to verify this because I don’t have an oscilloscope or a frequency meter. That, of course, is no excuse for not thinking about how the device will act, so the following analysis is an attempt to imagine the energy equation given by Mr. Donald Smith as:<br /><br /><center>
<b>Power in one second = 0.5 x C x V<sup>2</sup> x F<sup>2</sup></b></center>
<br /><br />To simplify things, let us analyse only the voltage. When the capacitor discharges across itself to become a complete parallel LC circuit, at that instant, the magnetic field reaches it’s maximum value. What makes this system different, is the induced rotating electric field. This field will <u>instantly</u> charge the capacitor with the opposite polarity before the induced current resulting from the collapsing magnetic field can do it. As we learned before, this is the key to energy amplification.<br /><br />Resonance is the key for energy multiplication, our extended TBC acts like one device, so the passage from the positive cycle to the negative cycle takes no time. In other words, the device has the ability to change it’s direction of charge instantly. The yellow zone in Fig.26 is absent (compared to a normal parallel L/C circuit), when the energy cycles up and down (Fig.25) the device gives twice the power available in the capacitive side of the extended TBC.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixFHS7EEv7JPuL8qif7p-jkOetlzLovRYOw8sVRjLQ5ffp8FLJBBjL82odxmihLxfp4Sy-hWsu4pj5Z4ef-TMRzya3mHskV6Rx8a5HEuQO_JQs_B1ZiEDh_p6Mn35eRnao3OTakuNnTkda/s1600/400.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixFHS7EEv7JPuL8qif7p-jkOetlzLovRYOw8sVRjLQ5ffp8FLJBBjL82odxmihLxfp4Sy-hWsu4pj5Z4ef-TMRzya3mHskV6Rx8a5HEuQO_JQs_B1ZiEDh_p6Mn35eRnao3OTakuNnTkda/s1600/400.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The power is each cycle will be given by:<br /><br /><center>
<b>½ C V<sup>2</sup> x 2 = C V<sup>2</sup> ………………… 1</b></center>
<br /><br />Since the frequency will affect both the voltage and the current we will examine the equation number 1 as follows:<br /><br />CV x V, the product CV is the quantity of charge available in a charged capacitor, if we divide it by 1 second this will give us the current since Q/T is the current in one second. Let us suppose that the frequency is 3 Hz.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcWytfCWFnFomPg26E8qkvueWQE0aaFHdOdZYik5WfDahmNMShoZUt6NdHxSCWE4_Djj85jrKW_6fvUfLwBpXdPkGcBmW1npqP1sF5RIQzfxt00H_2-_Hi47gzueImmvQSPKOqRp7_-0A/s1600/401.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcWytfCWFnFomPg26E8qkvueWQE0aaFHdOdZYik5WfDahmNMShoZUt6NdHxSCWE4_Djj85jrKW_6fvUfLwBpXdPkGcBmW1npqP1sF5RIQzfxt00H_2-_Hi47gzueImmvQSPKOqRp7_-0A/s400/401.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />From Fig.27 we can see that the total available power is proportional to 9 which is the square of the given frequency. Each cycle has the power of C V<sup>2</sup>, the number of cycles in one second gives us the frequency; the frequency will replicate CV which is the current and this will give us <b>CV x F</b> and replicate the voltage by the product <b>V x F</b>, this analysis is the best explanation of why the voltage equals the current in this system, because CV x F is the available current and V x F is the available voltage! This seems strange; how could the product V x F be the available voltage since the result is very high since we are working with radio frequencies above 20 KHz?<br /><br />The example given in Fig.23 will help us understand this. The energy formula gives the available DC power when converted from its alternating state; the <b><span style="color: red;">electro</span><span style="color: blue;">magnetic</span></b> flux will be squared causing amplification of both <span style="color: blue;"><b>current</b></span> and <span style="color: red;"><b>voltage</b></span>. In each second, the available power is <span style="color: blue;"><b>CV x F</b></span> x <span style="color: red;"><b>V x F</b></span>, the power obtained depends on the number of turns in coil L2, and the limiting factor is the product <span style="color: red;"><b>V x F</b></span> which is a very high number in practical systems. Below this factor, the current is very high being the product <span style="color: blue;"><b>CV x F</b></span> !! This explains why a megawatt sized unit can fit quite easily on a breakfast table and it explains why this device is able to give any required level of energy.<br /><br />The energetic formula of our extended TBC can now be written as follows:<br /><br /><center>
<b>Power in one second = C x V<sup>2</sup> x F<sup>2</sup></b></center>
<br /><br />This equation gives the available power in watts when converted into high-voltage Direct Current. When the device oscillates the power obtained is <b>pure reactive energy, Volt-Ampere-Reactive (VAR) is present while active electric power (W) is absent in this <u>dynamic state</u></b>, Fig.28:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsbLmcrZfj2aoeHgmsYa5Iou8OcCyRc_nTJYqQ0IwQ8bYPpHOqvJa0kqVZvgyyJ-yC657hGYrMoYJYs6BzrXsRP7In6EBzwiH4JSolknwmFSNPd_knYZDO-JP1Dui1LxFHFsoo-hhDAtLY/s1600/402.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsbLmcrZfj2aoeHgmsYa5Iou8OcCyRc_nTJYqQ0IwQ8bYPpHOqvJa0kqVZvgyyJ-yC657hGYrMoYJYs6BzrXsRP7In6EBzwiH4JSolknwmFSNPd_knYZDO-JP1Dui1LxFHFsoo-hhDAtLY/s1600/402.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />In practical terms, the extended TBC is just a high-voltage capacitor which has the ability to let the current penetrate inside itself, so it has both magnetic and electric specifications.<br /><br /><br /><b><u>Practical section</u></b><br />A free-energy device is something which is fascinating, being hasty in wanting to build and test one is common, but that is not good. <span style="color: red;"><b>High-voltage with high current isn’t a game !</b></span>, your first mistake may well be your last. If you decide to build this device in your house it is a good idea to use locks and keys and sticking a high-voltage warning symbol on the device is a sensible action.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyOqLOw4qcjFa32cqtCXGmHz8eSPDjwnVzhqYQIn74nSAbs-4D8cOpAy4ueoKyXElfCMw0c6HS_fUE50bQpSXU8UT1mWYNo372ZHhBsPGie6v9hat56x7Elmkeg5ImovVW9U-CJO02Zo0r/s1600/403.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyOqLOw4qcjFa32cqtCXGmHz8eSPDjwnVzhqYQIn74nSAbs-4D8cOpAy4ueoKyXElfCMw0c6HS_fUE50bQpSXU8UT1mWYNo372ZHhBsPGie6v9hat56x7Elmkeg5ImovVW9U-CJO02Zo0r/s400/403.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />I am not encouraging you to actually construct the device described here; the above theoretical information provided is the most important section. When the device is fully understood, then taking care when near it will be automatic. This device is a very special Tesla coil, when increasing the voltage in a normal transformer the current drops, <span style="color: red;"><b>but here the current increases in the same manner as the voltage does! </b></span>This device has current equal to the voltage. Resonance will impact both the voltage and the current. The special geometrical design of the extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil, including the flexible position of the spark-gap, produces the needed rotational energetic symmetry between positive and negative energy. As we have already seen, the spark gap opens the door for a massive inflow of electrical energy to be present. <span style="color: red;"><b>I personally got shocked <u>indirectly</u> from the L2 coil and I certify the risk of this device</b></span>.<br /><br />For construction, the first thing we need is a source of high-voltage. The device can be fed using two different methods as described here. The first is the direct method where the high-voltage power source has the same frequency as the natural resonant frequency of the extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil. The second method is the indirect method; where there is no need to know the frequency of the reactor (active) coil.<br /><br />The high-voltage power source is needed to feed the extended TBC which is the reactor coil (active coil), Fig.29 shows an easy to build oscillator:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPi6JZHdhQczUSo6s8gAzoMo8VZr70Nab8kh_nD8dekpKUe6SdRON5FSUaZxlRa1HHqZ4d5uVtMyymKieDr_BWMf-kt-2n4YiJPWiG9XfN9vToGUgX51JNaM0rVfnFc3VIHASAI3PF6MF6/s1600/404.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPi6JZHdhQczUSo6s8gAzoMo8VZr70Nab8kh_nD8dekpKUe6SdRON5FSUaZxlRa1HHqZ4d5uVtMyymKieDr_BWMf-kt-2n4YiJPWiG9XfN9vToGUgX51JNaM0rVfnFc3VIHASAI3PF6MF6/s1600/404.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />It’s better to use a flyback transformer which has a high-voltage diode built into it. Flyback transformers are readily available and cheap. The above circuit diagram is for a flyback transformer, where a high-voltage power source enter our reactor coil via points A and B (Fig.30):<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpippCp0L5m6NOlKrFvlc2VC3N0zWZ2Czi1IAEbHQl1hmxDwZ-WJOj83D8nfqNJ3DM3512sJL1pg7g7-VkWzBTBuYNwQ2aWmG8lVoGSTwlf2anWgFgiyiOfvRs11bPhexzO2DL_vzalrKE/s1600/405.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpippCp0L5m6NOlKrFvlc2VC3N0zWZ2Czi1IAEbHQl1hmxDwZ-WJOj83D8nfqNJ3DM3512sJL1pg7g7-VkWzBTBuYNwQ2aWmG8lVoGSTwlf2anWgFgiyiOfvRs11bPhexzO2DL_vzalrKE/s320/405.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Initially, the capacitor charges up to the value needed by the spark-gap. When the voltage across the electrodes of the spark-gap reaches a high enough value, a spark occurs causing the resistance of the spark-gap to jump from a very high value to a very small value, short-circuiting any power coming from the power source until the natural resonance finishes. The capacitor transforms into a complete coil which has its capacitor built into it. The natural resonance of the TBC is assured when using this method, but it does have some disadvantages. The frequency produced by power supply/spark-gap combination has to be high enough to allow more power to be produced and this calls for a powerful power source. On the other hand, the voltage between the reactor coil AB will be <b><u>limited</u></b> by the distance between the electrodes of the spark-gap. This imposes the need for a large number of turns in the L2 coil.<br /><br />The output current obtained is directly related to the available voltage between the capacitor plates which form the device between A and B. We need to bear in mind that the capacitor incorporated inside our extended TBC operates in a dynamic fashion where no displacement current exists.<br /><br />The direct method of feeding the reactor coil with its own exact natural frequency is the best way to get the most available power, but this creates a real problem as it is not at all easy to find a high-voltage power supply adjustable over the range of frequencies which we want, especially frequencies above 200 KHz. We may require our extended TBC to work above 200 KHz, and for that, we may need impedance-matching capacitors (Fig.31).<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrFMonjwmu9CFwpC_KlGuUfkMEf5S0bZDMsl3NQ53frgaL2Ko3PSY_XSmE9oUokAugAk4obzUo33UQwXmCcONqfyXMzduNRYRLkS4j7ckLcYEoje4_m3gaZB6Ua32PSqbJC_e9xr8Nhjyz/s1600/406.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrFMonjwmu9CFwpC_KlGuUfkMEf5S0bZDMsl3NQ53frgaL2Ko3PSY_XSmE9oUokAugAk4obzUo33UQwXmCcONqfyXMzduNRYRLkS4j7ckLcYEoje4_m3gaZB6Ua32PSqbJC_e9xr8Nhjyz/s1600/406.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The two yellow capacitors seen above are for impedance matching since the working frequency in Don Smith’s device was very high, requiring a neon-tube driver to supply it.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ2JX-09JBkj68kPYymrjx-Az26Wb-Xc-IqeMJtWjv54SXp2lGGB5vCmba5uoNjWTpdRf5IKHbKfeJ0kJCRWMDiwhh3q0v_7S6B76kesF-q4RRmTFf1fqG-pl6murQyfBCTNW4vmSpSVN7/s1600/407.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ2JX-09JBkj68kPYymrjx-Az26Wb-Xc-IqeMJtWjv54SXp2lGGB5vCmba5uoNjWTpdRf5IKHbKfeJ0kJCRWMDiwhh3q0v_7S6B76kesF-q4RRmTFf1fqG-pl6murQyfBCTNW4vmSpSVN7/s1600/407.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Impedance matching is simply the process of making one impedance look like another; in our situation it is necessary to match the load impedance to the source. For example, if the extended TBC resonates at 2.4 MHz, (this is the load), and the neon-tube driver operates at 35.1 KHz (this is the source) we need to add parallel capacitors to our extended TBC in order to make it resonate at 35.1 KHz.<br /><br />In practice, you need to short-circuit the points C and D and measure the inductance of the E-TBC (L2 has to be in place for this measurement). After that, remove the short-circuit and measure the capacitance of the E-TBC. This gives you two values “C” and “L”.<br /><br />The resonance of the Extended –Tesla Bi-filar Coil is given by:<br /><br /><center>
<b><span style="color: red;">F<sup>2</sup></span></b> = 1 / (π<sup>2</sup> x LC) …………. (a) The resonant frequency of an E-TBC is double</center>
<br /><br />When you add a capacitor for impedance matching to the extended TBC, the resonance frequency will decrease with the following relationship<br /><br /><center>
<b><span style="color: blue;">F<sup>2</sup></span></b> = 1 / (4π<sup>2</sup> x L(c+c*) ) …………. (b) <b>where F is the frequency of the source</b></center>
<br /><br />I believe that we can use the above equation to calculate the value of c* which needs to be added in order to achieve resonance. From equation (b) we could write<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFvtlqqeWQfyr__3pkRfrDLeFdgOxNSI6pIhy4mGCLB8-ddHKCVQnFKAIxYSAeV2nYDlFLV1aHMB6bjlujVkU4TyNEX2T6oxkZNpujHutlrFmtfP0q1UTk_slTtSxndoCA9IkvJ5xcAWo/s1600/Fig616.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFvtlqqeWQfyr__3pkRfrDLeFdgOxNSI6pIhy4mGCLB8-ddHKCVQnFKAIxYSAeV2nYDlFLV1aHMB6bjlujVkU4TyNEX2T6oxkZNpujHutlrFmtfP0q1UTk_slTtSxndoCA9IkvJ5xcAWo/s320/Fig616.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Using equation (c), we will be able to calculate the needed capacitor for impedance matching; the value obtained is in Farads, and that equation the frequency is in Hz and the inductance in Henries.<br /><br />When you have the correct C* value and you power your device up (Fig.33), resonance will not be achieved instantly because the spark gap forms the full L/C parallel circuit only when it fires!!<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoAuOkzLqCsC5_nIg-vTLJLSaZDmEN0-opSbr0z9TZk2XrzbkQGox7kpdBtesJ-Wfv1ELl1bvNyLTS8ZBR_fhX4Fxa3u4E57_sYk9uN1zOLRwOC5_tDIbcjBz6UNl_v_-7-MPpCQrn_pRq/s1600/408.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoAuOkzLqCsC5_nIg-vTLJLSaZDmEN0-opSbr0z9TZk2XrzbkQGox7kpdBtesJ-Wfv1ELl1bvNyLTS8ZBR_fhX4Fxa3u4E57_sYk9uN1zOLRwOC5_tDIbcjBz6UNl_v_-7-MPpCQrn_pRq/s320/408.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The first thing which happens is the charging of capacitor C*, after that the capacitor “C” of the extended TBC will be charged until it reaches the voltage needed to make the spark-gap fire. When that happens, the spark-gap has a very low resistance value, making the E-TBC fully formed. At this point, the incoming electric energy from the high-voltage power supply will find a load whose impedance matches it’s resonant frequency. This, in turn, produces the maximum possible voltage across inductance L of the E-TBC. Further, the resulting electromagnetic field will increase cycle by cycle causing the device to resonate fully after a very short time.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaH3U64MA8YoEsty9P44GWgtKnLxd1B_ANLwi0LgptHNFvceSljOX8NdeAY4CBTPTGTaD3m5sxj7yoUzdiuLYe-kLVGYjFy66gpd4ct-xBYylJLQxpYpBVisxzR9GmDXyFoYUb-9_J5rw/s1600/409.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaH3U64MA8YoEsty9P44GWgtKnLxd1B_ANLwi0LgptHNFvceSljOX8NdeAY4CBTPTGTaD3m5sxj7yoUzdiuLYe-kLVGYjFy66gpd4ct-xBYylJLQxpYpBVisxzR9GmDXyFoYUb-9_J5rw/s320/409.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><u>Constructing the extended TBC</u></b><br />The extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil is just a high-voltage capacitor which has a magnetic behaviour. So, it is both a capacitor and coil at the same time. Constructing this device is relatively simple. You need two lengths of aluminium foil, each 1.2 meters long (later I will explain the possibilities of modifying the characteristics of an extended TBC). Because it is a capacitor, you need 3 pieces of polyethylene sheet, each 1.3 meters long.<br /><br />To construct a high voltage capacitor usually you need 2 pieces of polyethylene sheet but it's better to use 3 pieces since we are working with a high voltage (Fig.35), this will depend on your skills in constructing a high voltage capacitor.<br /><br />You need welding rods to insure the electrical conductivity of the aluminium foils, Fig.36 indicates how to do that. Actually the best length and width of aluminium foil need some experimentation; you have to establish the positions of the magnetic and electrical points (Fig.37). A and B are the magnetic points (coil) while C and D are the electric points (capacitor).<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjanyOGcABAyOsN40Ftf5eeta8xvJdB5IpMTNd2tcVrMw_mee8ArMelj3jY7gYb8uwiEWx6nyJMfxv-9Vs8aQBpKQUdt40_fhmkTy1hHr_uD6qIWCgP_rKNe43xF4QpYTYVmmjs4odKvUjp/s1600/410.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjanyOGcABAyOsN40Ftf5eeta8xvJdB5IpMTNd2tcVrMw_mee8ArMelj3jY7gYb8uwiEWx6nyJMfxv-9Vs8aQBpKQUdt40_fhmkTy1hHr_uD6qIWCgP_rKNe43xF4QpYTYVmmjs4odKvUjp/s1600/410.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhulvWx3ZtVoUHhqLZ4YF_RG88AIVtVUb_48SlKBrTOhZ-7HsJ3WQ9B-iwu2EvrQaXfhMBtPFsVvuYHbdO-tIg8UX_VQin5plg0OENMW78OYGAnNcB-sajoMUqM02hFP4xSZcEjZTtJvcDz/s1600/411.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhulvWx3ZtVoUHhqLZ4YF_RG88AIVtVUb_48SlKBrTOhZ-7HsJ3WQ9B-iwu2EvrQaXfhMBtPFsVvuYHbdO-tIg8UX_VQin5plg0OENMW78OYGAnNcB-sajoMUqM02hFP4xSZcEjZTtJvcDz/s1600/411.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8TM9xYpAPgHTkFD_uRb8uAChtwpcjRiSQl6K8k-L1qsjzfVOClAhG_ig_7A5-nec6aVW292ZZWpMrvjR688Fhi55_K4ahssDlmLHA18z1e1OaNxISWHZvB6DJKzHofeKIcPBHy5b6qE50/s1600/412.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8TM9xYpAPgHTkFD_uRb8uAChtwpcjRiSQl6K8k-L1qsjzfVOClAhG_ig_7A5-nec6aVW292ZZWpMrvjR688Fhi55_K4ahssDlmLHA18z1e1OaNxISWHZvB6DJKzHofeKIcPBHy5b6qE50/s1600/412.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The E-TBC need a coil former for it to be wound on it (Figure 38)<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTAGBAdBOPALcFH9nrslJ2Pqws6igHwKzD0OG7Lby-Yd-QzAA7NaXasUwxxhPWZjPUW0C2UEYrWS4sG8psHpYSX-vV7WZpqT17eG-__a98AEVg1DWNpXxnz-Wksl7XHuSXBuSgeBmHqaaa/s1600/413.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTAGBAdBOPALcFH9nrslJ2Pqws6igHwKzD0OG7Lby-Yd-QzAA7NaXasUwxxhPWZjPUW0C2UEYrWS4sG8psHpYSX-vV7WZpqT17eG-__a98AEVg1DWNpXxnz-Wksl7XHuSXBuSgeBmHqaaa/s1600/413.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The following photo shows the dimensions used in the prototype (Fig.39)<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ItUm9e7vIX-qmC1UDUufF650wiAgac-oNXOWfgD6P5LaMMJxTIzyBh1xSXcvW-8RTuovnMnzEbsLxUaard9P9X2FBsOQ4b5yZLZ6J4H2w3dBMv0k3ejHRAoGydo3twXdHaheeNm-s33t/s1600/414.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ItUm9e7vIX-qmC1UDUufF650wiAgac-oNXOWfgD6P5LaMMJxTIzyBh1xSXcvW-8RTuovnMnzEbsLxUaard9P9X2FBsOQ4b5yZLZ6J4H2w3dBMv0k3ejHRAoGydo3twXdHaheeNm-s33t/s1600/414.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Internal arcing is a common problem with high-voltage capacitors (Fig.40)<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIj0iTDjQibbDAXx4PmCuMbk6kJwh92krVsiouCRAXyjSIlCriqiL_zdwSaJe9l1XuAsTKTZ3TLGvJQ0LyDdaBniKp3BGM6LC8gscKKsGmy1RZ9K06AeshH_zqC1qodurrbjzoeYCe57ei/s1600/415.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIj0iTDjQibbDAXx4PmCuMbk6kJwh92krVsiouCRAXyjSIlCriqiL_zdwSaJe9l1XuAsTKTZ3TLGvJQ0LyDdaBniKp3BGM6LC8gscKKsGmy1RZ9K06AeshH_zqC1qodurrbjzoeYCe57ei/s320/415.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The best combination between the length and the width of an extended TBC has a major influence on the electric energy obtained at the L2 coil (the reactant coil). For example, the electric arcing experienced at the L2 coil using the E-TBC shown in Fig.41, was very weak, the length shown by the black arrow is very much greater than the width (orange arrow), this give a weak magnetic flux due to the small coil inductance, the coil inductance is very important because it will transform the replicated power into electromagnetic flux.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2cZmjI1Yx-Pn-tHJizhrodSg2KMPbnsUdFHKNPGO48cJucZhHZTfGqzhRXlgEwvGl7CcdLi7bAS-y-ROoQlfZP1R65ApyOuFSG2zcnyx8EJJufTIE2QywpoCBjRJHXcn5VKLgbctl99BZ/s1600/416.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2cZmjI1Yx-Pn-tHJizhrodSg2KMPbnsUdFHKNPGO48cJucZhHZTfGqzhRXlgEwvGl7CcdLi7bAS-y-ROoQlfZP1R65ApyOuFSG2zcnyx8EJJufTIE2QywpoCBjRJHXcn5VKLgbctl99BZ/s400/416.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The reactant coil (L2):<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Zn0dDMfSIOdVN5L5mCjO0GhBlnyp-H3IxmCRSjwDAoYYV8IbqgcwImoiq26VRrw-iQtNnhoabOEmeiZ95JCo2Ah8XpkjWjKFnQEeamhi9lesXxQMDbaIIQ2zYIw-h9oCEcmLXNevG0HV/s1600/417.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Zn0dDMfSIOdVN5L5mCjO0GhBlnyp-H3IxmCRSjwDAoYYV8IbqgcwImoiq26VRrw-iQtNnhoabOEmeiZ95JCo2Ah8XpkjWjKFnQEeamhi9lesXxQMDbaIIQ2zYIw-h9oCEcmLXNevG0HV/s1600/417.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The coil length is about 25cm as shown in Figure 42, the diameter is 6 cm, and the thickness of the wire is 1.18 mm (AWG #17 or swg 18) and the number of turns is about 200. Fig.43 shows some nice sparks from L2 coil:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB7wHysOUL2CbwjVt3ggpsbld8O71dBOGhmCOcxTEeYRVWidQNcH943sbtvrtrB2mZ_1e7WAQ5qggoMCOEhg-Z_XfWyQm2qCoxk1xK0rEPjHGZVwPtW4Ed6gtx1QuOD32q_xut_0lsl7x0/s1600/418.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB7wHysOUL2CbwjVt3ggpsbld8O71dBOGhmCOcxTEeYRVWidQNcH943sbtvrtrB2mZ_1e7WAQ5qggoMCOEhg-Z_XfWyQm2qCoxk1xK0rEPjHGZVwPtW4Ed6gtx1QuOD32q_xut_0lsl7x0/s1600/418.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The spark shown above is very strong but it can't burn through thin paper! This proves that the electric energy obtained is reactive, and so it can't do work as it is. Converting a high-voltage reactive electric power into Direct Current isn't easy to achieve. Working with a voltage over 10KV is really dangerous, in my device I had about 40KV of reactive power which to be converted.<br /><br /><b><u>Ideas:</u></b><br />To solve this problem let's think again about the energy equation of our extended TBC. The idea is to work with a step-down method rather than using the step-up technique.<br /><br />The energy equation can be written like this: <b>Power in one second</b> = <span style="color: red;"><b>CVF</b></span> x <span style="color: blue;"><b>VF</b></span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>CVF</b></span> is the available current in one second since C is the capacitance value of the E-TBC, V is the voltage used, and F is the resonance frequency.<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>VF</b></span> is the limit value when stepping up the voltage across the L2 coil, the gained electric power goes up proportional to the voltage value across L2, when achieving VF the total obtained power will be exactly: <span style="color: red;"><b>C V<sup>2</sup> F<sup>2</sup></b></span> which is a very high power level. I know that this can be confusing, but this system has equal voltage and current. When stepping up the voltage, the current remains constant because it depends on the product CVF. We could increase the voltage by adding more turns to the L2 coil, when doing this the current is the same but the available electric energy will be given by: <b>Power in one second</b> = <span style="color: red;"><b>CVF</b></span> x <span style="color: blue;"><b>V*</b></span><br /><br />Where <span style="color: blue;"><b>V*</b></span> is the voltage across L2.<br /><br />Using this new equation will help us a great deal in determining the voltage needed across the L2 coil in order to achieve the required electric power.<br /><br /><b><u>Example:</u></b><br />Imagine you have the following working conditions:<br />C = 10 nF<br />V = 30 KV<br />F = 100 KHz<br />You need a power of 30 KW, what L2 voltage is needed to achieve this power level?<br /><br /><br />Using the previous relation will give us:<br />30,000 = <span style="color: red;">CVF</span> x <span style="color: blue;">V*</span><br />30,000 = <span style="color: red;">10 x 10<sup>-9</sup> x 30 x 10<sup>3</sup> x 100 x 10<sup>3</sup></span> x <span style="color: blue;">V*</span><br />30,000 = 30 x <span style="color: blue;">V*</span> =======><span style="color: blue;">V*</span> =1,000 volts<br /><br />to obtain 30 KW you only need 1000 volts across the L2 coil. To achieve this power level <span style="color: blue;"><b>you need direct resonance</b></span>, feeding the E-TBC with a high-voltage only, without direct resonance, will not give this result since the voltage across the coil of the E-TBC will be limited by the electrode separation of the spark gap.<br /><br />The voltage V across the E-TBC is very important here because the product CVF is the current obtained using the reactant coil (L2). The working frequency F is important too. Similar to an ordinary transformer, if we want to use the step-down method effectively, we have to think about using too many turns when winding the E-TBC. When designing an E-TBC, it is important to think about the length of the capacitor plates because the length between B and D will give the total value of the induced voltage between the capacitor plates which increase the electromagnetic flux (Figure 44).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvfB_uDVn4ZNxzVt7CDQ26HUPxNpMPlYQp4S3-KN7QjeLLOHO3GScj0_PTPmWa3YtwU3D8JOaNrB3j49PKlnL0r429CDL5sViMhgd7JYoatOuZoLHUkmqD1ljfY1OkhRFNyHc8bUNKLWD/s1600/419.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvfB_uDVn4ZNxzVt7CDQ26HUPxNpMPlYQp4S3-KN7QjeLLOHO3GScj0_PTPmWa3YtwU3D8JOaNrB3j49PKlnL0r429CDL5sViMhgd7JYoatOuZoLHUkmqD1ljfY1OkhRFNyHc8bUNKLWD/s1600/419.gif" /></a><br /><center>
</center>
<br /><br />A simple diagram of the resonance energy device can be like the following drawing (Fig.45):<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitcr8YczJoym4Cp6B2I6JT75T96_ub25q4ip-AR0FKimECD1_pJukB_S2frGgfnpXYtNBKEwbcVhwkhl-Z4WgurGIQNRPYd5z3OnuocHKGlckPmeAq10962A-lfM7Qt5HismCTvjytO0H0/s1600/420.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitcr8YczJoym4Cp6B2I6JT75T96_ub25q4ip-AR0FKimECD1_pJukB_S2frGgfnpXYtNBKEwbcVhwkhl-Z4WgurGIQNRPYd5z3OnuocHKGlckPmeAq10962A-lfM7Qt5HismCTvjytO0H0/s1600/420.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When converting the reactive electric power from the L2 coil to Direct Current and stepping down the energy obtained to the mains voltage and frequency (for example, 220V, 50Hz), the current will be boosted yet again.<br /><br />Some applications may not need an inverter. An electric heater can be fed directly from the capacitors banks but we have to prevent the Alternating Current coming from L2 to enter the heater by using another high inductance coil.<br /><br /><br />Another idea about increasing the capacitive side of the extended TBC is to use etched aluminium foil to increase the surface area. The foil can be treated chemically using high-voltage. The result is shown in Fig.46:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dNO5cklYitRhdTnewReUlpI4umfXALuF7njcC2zJo6PFcL5dxDcXMPtGv7OZNa2eX-G3r9Je9KHYKWnU21aXOiHM9FaiV5Y9TnFr9O01JQvnKs5fBkxZLB_XOcWflsuS3QFeRBxfEi0o/s1600/421.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dNO5cklYitRhdTnewReUlpI4umfXALuF7njcC2zJo6PFcL5dxDcXMPtGv7OZNa2eX-G3r9Je9KHYKWnU21aXOiHM9FaiV5Y9TnFr9O01JQvnKs5fBkxZLB_XOcWflsuS3QFeRBxfEi0o/s320/421.jpg" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Maybe this is the technique used by Donald Smith to avoid the need for an earth connection. I have already mentioned about using negative energy to avoid the earth connection requirement in the Resonance Energy device but I can't guarantee that this is the method used by Donald Smith.<br /><br />Any questions, or suggestions are welcome via my e-mail: hopehope3012 (at) gmail (dot) com<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">Part 2 </span><br /><br />This is an update for the above document with some corrections and a lot of new information, after publishing my pdf many people found it very difficult to understand, the concept depends on using the rotating electric component generated from the varied magnetic field to create a kind of excess energy present as a static electric field, instead of using normal wire it’s vital to use conducting foils to benefit from this excess of energy.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4KARfBUnIAWhUxixLXBLtyiEE9J8o3JbQL46rPpQzgP36xRrFE9jQys38wz_jspFTE_GJFB8ekK78Wyf8QkHLUqEs8IW_0B2R9ipGQGeLQSp4i0B6G_xdCbhYyXWodjOIB40e_um-i5uC/s1600/422.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4KARfBUnIAWhUxixLXBLtyiEE9J8o3JbQL46rPpQzgP36xRrFE9jQys38wz_jspFTE_GJFB8ekK78Wyf8QkHLUqEs8IW_0B2R9ipGQGeLQSp4i0B6G_xdCbhYyXWodjOIB40e_um-i5uC/s320/422.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The extended Tesla bi-filar coil can be understood from another point of view which can explain a very interesting remark made by Don Smith, but before that, let’s start with Professor Konstantin Meyl when he explains Tesla wireless energy transfer using a model of a closed resonating L/C.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjSR8ltNso4bs52s3SDoLr_v2pjsIMmGmRXsdyv_uEguki0K9MrQv0zjjS3cGY7W3APt2281Kj8lotrbxybjiHC_w8tTHLVF1xNQ_UZXj60B9czPwhyphenhyphen7ggNMZD854eH3zf-CjwjnACPfkZ/s1600/423.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjSR8ltNso4bs52s3SDoLr_v2pjsIMmGmRXsdyv_uEguki0K9MrQv0zjjS3cGY7W3APt2281Kj8lotrbxybjiHC_w8tTHLVF1xNQ_UZXj60B9czPwhyphenhyphen7ggNMZD854eH3zf-CjwjnACPfkZ/s320/423.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Prof. Konstantin Meyl described wireless energy transfer and at the same time the presence of overunity at the receiver, Fig 48 shows a kind of resonating transformer with excitation coil and a resonance L/C circuit on the secondary side, the circuit above can be modified as follows :<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQlR2TgO8feNU7qBz8TPZoJI2g1ktHJXgMj4TWCKbHDqd9359xUxir4pb_xQKM5Pnt8gWBYf5C5RVkNqQlxCRw2m1qIH3JuKXmfnOtfa3QHoschqRWq0aq4KBFX9fESBhPGU4vOCNhTOk/s1600/424.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQlR2TgO8feNU7qBz8TPZoJI2g1ktHJXgMj4TWCKbHDqd9359xUxir4pb_xQKM5Pnt8gWBYf5C5RVkNqQlxCRw2m1qIH3JuKXmfnOtfa3QHoschqRWq0aq4KBFX9fESBhPGU4vOCNhTOk/s320/424.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The separation of the resonant circuit takes place in the capacitor plate initially because it’s an open device, after that the secondary can be divided into two identical parts the same happens to the excitation coil:<br /><br /><br /><center>
</center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIlknfVuVb6jUcJykhNjig3EjIn6jHCzXbN7FJ4l34w_-Rcd9k1DSgy9gDsFiIhDnpn0dutprRtnM25p2TkjEe8g9NdY1EIj6G0_MVEoXjriz647pI1waMmqfQGKsYHoyOmS-UHLleQmJ/s1600/425.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIlknfVuVb6jUcJykhNjig3EjIn6jHCzXbN7FJ4l34w_-Rcd9k1DSgy9gDsFiIhDnpn0dutprRtnM25p2TkjEe8g9NdY1EIj6G0_MVEoXjriz647pI1waMmqfQGKsYHoyOmS-UHLleQmJ/s1600/425.gif" /></a><br /><br />The final situation is the famous Tesla wireless energy transfer device which composed of a transmitter and a receiver as shown in Fig.50. The interesting phenomena present in the reception side where overunity can be measured and seeing, the received voltage is much higher a published result by Prof. Konstantin Meyl is<br /><br />the input is 0.5 milliwatt and the output is 6 milliwatts<br /><br />The following photo show the used experimental kit:<br /><br /><br /><center>
</center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mP8HXU7xFAgesbm67eOSQl5fibZPoXqoDGCpeRCX8sEluG1-S-cdgsWvpNMe3octYTv6HPZfBfIwtv4ozNPvweVkFJ9gKJprcmcoFKN1e0q47l9D_DxfkzLYAgwK_hS9uuhlIrqKGArb/s1600/426.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mP8HXU7xFAgesbm67eOSQl5fibZPoXqoDGCpeRCX8sEluG1-S-cdgsWvpNMe3octYTv6HPZfBfIwtv4ozNPvweVkFJ9gKJprcmcoFKN1e0q47l9D_DxfkzLYAgwK_hS9uuhlIrqKGArb/s1600/426.gif" /></a><br /><br />On the right, is the transmitter and on the left, the receiver. Some very interesting values of the electric and magnetic fields have been measured as follows<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRM3aXEhmh6G3Mfo6pyi1n_r6P5zDO9lQHMA9ZU_l1aysIms7TGL25FpdWB5ZKYX0v371044MweGpCQYR81fC-ps15tq-nf9gRBcKCXHlI94IhVvsdx3JuWUuM3hKOdpSEqgFnGIjHH9n/s1600/427.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRM3aXEhmh6G3Mfo6pyi1n_r6P5zDO9lQHMA9ZU_l1aysIms7TGL25FpdWB5ZKYX0v371044MweGpCQYR81fC-ps15tq-nf9gRBcKCXHlI94IhVvsdx3JuWUuM3hKOdpSEqgFnGIjHH9n/s1600/427.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The following photo shows the Tesla Monofilar flat spiral coil used:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4SwGEwFtYBq5tR-HMykY1uvNe09XFDVflRjfXZ895ZyiIfhu_gRrsFVlHCuHLx6ZcD9VvYDlNmEOrPHaM_Z3ZKZxtFTKeYPumM5tvw3uIjGkSoEZZ7c3YO6LaqQG-zpb-cyO55a1G168R/s1600/428.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4SwGEwFtYBq5tR-HMykY1uvNe09XFDVflRjfXZ895ZyiIfhu_gRrsFVlHCuHLx6ZcD9VvYDlNmEOrPHaM_Z3ZKZxtFTKeYPumM5tvw3uIjGkSoEZZ7c3YO6LaqQG-zpb-cyO55a1G168R/s1600/428.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Fig.52 is from Tesla’s patent 787,412 entitled ART OF TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH THE NATURAL MEDIUM. Tesla was interested in using stationary waves for special purposes including wireless power transmission. Mutual induction is a weak point, so he decided to use a spiral form of the secondary coil C, this allow his stationary wave oscillator to work as expected. The mutual inductance is neglected in Tesla system but compensated for using a kind of capacitive coupling, something similar in Meyl device shown in Fig.53 where you can see the primary coil nearly surrounding the secondary many-turn coil, this is to cause as much capacitance as possible between the primary and secondary windings. If that is the case then why did Prof. Meyl see the maximum magnetic field but zero electric field in this area?<br /><br />The answer is the exchange of power when we have a resonance cause for this to happen, in the center of the secondary coil the winding gets smaller and smaller which allows a higher concentration of voltage, as you see there is an inverse relationship between magnetism and electricity in the scalar wave environment, Prof. Meyl explain this as a 90-degree phase shift between the electric field pointer and the magnetic field pointer, the overunity effect in the receiver can be also understood regarding this inverse relationship because the scalar electric field in the receiver is converted to a scalar magnetic field in the secondary few-turn coil, the conversion process in this case can convert voltage to electric current, beyond Ohm’s Law, overunity can be seen since the used current is very low (the used power was half of one milliwatt). The loss is very small, this explains why overunity is small when using higher power in that system. In my opinion, the reason is the increased electric current which cause more loss for example if you send 10 watts you receive only 11watts!<br /><br />In my opinion, both magnetism and electricity have to be taken into consideration in any such open system, the problem in the Meyl experimental kit is that you have to break the resonating LC circuit to achieve this, Prof. Meyl explains Tesla wireless energy transfer but not the overunity effect involved, if the capacitor is still present in the conducting two spheres the inductance is destroyed - see Fig.54<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIe26Ntdiyg83Lqi8E_dl9phckgKNu1FYG6YQVocsRPUKUwEDI8ZDs6-YElC0RTiKw7yqv4o0Nbk1aoq3M59zccW8IxgMGvJhn8ZhNsJXmwDK1DEyJ93k61dHQPyRgz_fvFnUZGqy0EbrG/s1600/430.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIe26Ntdiyg83Lqi8E_dl9phckgKNu1FYG6YQVocsRPUKUwEDI8ZDs6-YElC0RTiKw7yqv4o0Nbk1aoq3M59zccW8IxgMGvJhn8ZhNsJXmwDK1DEyJ93k61dHQPyRgz_fvFnUZGqy0EbrG/s1600/430.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />If the electric field lines are present, because we already have two spheres, the magnetic field lines are absent because the coil is divided as shown in Fig.49 to Fig.54. A divided coil isn’t similar to a single coil since there’s no shared magnetic field.<br /><br />According to Tesla there are two shapes which are suitable for radiant energy: the sphere shape or a cylinder. The wireless energy system can be divided into transmitter and receiver as follows:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVig7u97OKngW7N2FNRMVGz7YCHXMgGtAHIFyTqt3I6mrReXUsLTViYE65m_SArl-003Vx-hGRsbbHtRCvZqFylH9tpyjScSwj0EGpOZAUgla50IpvGmKFLln72IbYdngYfJeJazdxi0qA/s1600/431.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVig7u97OKngW7N2FNRMVGz7YCHXMgGtAHIFyTqt3I6mrReXUsLTViYE65m_SArl-003Vx-hGRsbbHtRCvZqFylH9tpyjScSwj0EGpOZAUgla50IpvGmKFLln72IbYdngYfJeJazdxi0qA/s1600/431.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br /><br />The combination of Tesla Monofilar flat spiral coil with a sphere will give an extended Tesla Monofilar coil:<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglldSTkVrDa3jQPj6ikmIrZmPGgFQIlAf8m79SvHeF38pf4Yzxp6M7cISi1db90Xugs2FqGq6XmepkzbeYh079E4GUIZfFuV6_ps8i-xM6fyGUivREIBKn8yGG1dd1pfQNHzsafO3GvDH1/s1600/432.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglldSTkVrDa3jQPj6ikmIrZmPGgFQIlAf8m79SvHeF38pf4Yzxp6M7cISi1db90Xugs2FqGq6XmepkzbeYh079E4GUIZfFuV6_ps8i-xM6fyGUivREIBKn8yGG1dd1pfQNHzsafO3GvDH1/s1600/432.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The transmitter in Tesla wireless energy transfer can be made as a single Extended Tesla Monofilar coil (“ETM”). The same can happen to the receiver. The idea in Fig.55 is understood now but we still have another problem and that is how to combine the two ETMs to make a single device? As explained before, we need to keep the coil unbroken, when combining the two ETM the coil has to be kept intact at the same time we could place the two ETMs so as to form a kind of capacitive coupling, the capacitive interaction here is strong because we have a wide area covered – see Fig.57<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVs9IFWM9-f4m2jg-i8JJRQuphIAOJA2AbQxYb5sTT1_Nu03EAhNjse3cJJ-7B_fIJm0C6OkkZlsqHJFj_6If-4pLb2xD18L05EEL16T1ZJe7Ighqsgq59Zu9sBxnSnqAyKKlSvrnrNDM3/s1600/433.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVs9IFWM9-f4m2jg-i8JJRQuphIAOJA2AbQxYb5sTT1_Nu03EAhNjse3cJJ-7B_fIJm0C6OkkZlsqHJFj_6If-4pLb2xD18L05EEL16T1ZJe7Ighqsgq59Zu9sBxnSnqAyKKlSvrnrNDM3/s1600/433.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When combining two ETMs we have an Extended Tesla Bi-filar Coil (“ETBC”), in the first ETM we move from D to B and go to the second ETM starting fat point A and finishing at point C. In part 1 of this document I suggested using a spark gap between points A and B, but that kills the correct geometry because the coil is partitioned, all the experiments I did with some friends show there’s no useful power when putting a spark gap between A and B, so the correct configuration is the following:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBk4oxqBXigmSz6PQpJ739q3sgtGjCahZksRdd8j-kdTSzz_coTVvU1pcioe7joJuOrdmoZj-QAihA5pqyslhyEQ26CfePGUbL4GyJxlFT3grR_rVVu_PwhUVtRvVrK8CMnvmi3FY2TZf4/s1600/434.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBk4oxqBXigmSz6PQpJ739q3sgtGjCahZksRdd8j-kdTSzz_coTVvU1pcioe7joJuOrdmoZj-QAihA5pqyslhyEQ26CfePGUbL4GyJxlFT3grR_rVVu_PwhUVtRvVrK8CMnvmi3FY2TZf4/s1600/434.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />When moving from point D to point B, the device forms a transmitter but from point A to point C the device forms a receiver. This looks like having a Tesla wireless energy transfer system acting in a single device, upon oscillation we shall have an excess of power in the receiver side, this explains the increased oscillations captured when using this corrected model:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUwvtIBhphyphenhyphenJyDK0K2HFRXWgA9sRQ8_7cSYyUvQhZMMOlxEFgLC3i-P6ZJGQ4pWPZy_kp5MKrhOT3zBF_nbUlyIRb86SGb8ZHCs9o0r5dWh0UZsaPW58qPSXHiZ2XnkYF6U5paalURigSO/s1600/435.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUwvtIBhphyphenhyphenJyDK0K2HFRXWgA9sRQ8_7cSYyUvQhZMMOlxEFgLC3i-P6ZJGQ4pWPZy_kp5MKrhOT3zBF_nbUlyIRb86SGb8ZHCs9o0r5dWh0UZsaPW58qPSXHiZ2XnkYF6U5paalURigSO/s1600/435.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Instead of using one capacitor to excite the ETBC it’s important to use two of them, with this each side is excited in the same manner which allow a better energy balance. Don Smith presented the following device as over unity example! one transmitter and three receivers:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBriRhFH9HfghLBYCzDpCFfMI_ZrBULvj137SDLZnuodTwbkpJwmL_sj-_R5wtbJUr3MAdQCxuSZV4fAeV2_4k1f7EfaVIm0lkWUoVgxAXkszGm2CtvZ-Qlv6GpVSSCYvhDlK6TE7qATAY/s1600/436.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBriRhFH9HfghLBYCzDpCFfMI_ZrBULvj137SDLZnuodTwbkpJwmL_sj-_R5wtbJUr3MAdQCxuSZV4fAeV2_4k1f7EfaVIm0lkWUoVgxAXkszGm2CtvZ-Qlv6GpVSSCYvhDlK6TE7qATAY/s320/436.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Each receiver gives the same amount of power sent by the emitter, it's possible to replicate the power according the receiver we have, in this case we have three receivers, 3 times more power than the input, in the case of ETBC each side DB or AC can be either a transmitter or a receiver so the amount of gained power is proportional to the working frequency, it’s clear the ETBC is superior compared the example given by Don Smith but as we see the idea remain the same (hint)…<br /><br />The concept energy balance need a little explanation because it’s related to the special capacitor that exist inside the ETBC:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmejKPmGVD6ruvhiwaEps-l5r7SHzdhicJZAnwoYVTxYRy0o4QBH59qk-0qmkbqVobWWHRK35ITID8aE_fsVGk88x2e1qBiOKrOPKDe5cxtLCFkruO_8X0fU2R4puoiq2RsDbU8VBIALyQ/s1600/437.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmejKPmGVD6ruvhiwaEps-l5r7SHzdhicJZAnwoYVTxYRy0o4QBH59qk-0qmkbqVobWWHRK35ITID8aE_fsVGk88x2e1qBiOKrOPKDe5cxtLCFkruO_8X0fU2R4puoiq2RsDbU8VBIALyQ/s320/437.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Because the ETBC form another resonating L/C circuit where everything situated in the same device, I could say that there’s a symmetry between magnetism and electricity in it, I think we need to dig deeper to approach the concept of electron spin given by Don Smith.<br /><br />If we divide a magnet into small parts, each part will form another magnet, if we continue with it we find that an iron atom acts as small magnet:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtbGCTGrlKorZkL9PBxHrEsfhP73_7mYU4GedSTmU6nXbG1ULQO1WN9xRjNyZqyfcGcvEzKeQ0WP16pVDr-a9OI_hgWXiUPz5y17B8-R-vuwQ9RUk4j1brmLzQh4W-qoZjBs8_05JAnUGk/s1600/438.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtbGCTGrlKorZkL9PBxHrEsfhP73_7mYU4GedSTmU6nXbG1ULQO1WN9xRjNyZqyfcGcvEzKeQ0WP16pVDr-a9OI_hgWXiUPz5y17B8-R-vuwQ9RUk4j1brmLzQh4W-qoZjBs8_05JAnUGk/s1600/438.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />If we replace a magnet with a coil and we the repeat the subdivision, then we find that an electron acts as a small magnet, the magnetic field in a straight wire forms a circle around it, this suggests that the electrons do spin to make a closed magnetic field as shown in Fig.63.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWZTwKeo20rS79YMwSUobYveBBSD38mkVYj3OU15GjDKmxPTXrGtVBqrEopFOwvi2gURblUKJSSqv1C7Tl5caEDyDUu2u4QvThK9BtpUttMBxPxocBYwVKyGtsiIzuW6ZqKPM6YEbDw6HS/s1600/439.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWZTwKeo20rS79YMwSUobYveBBSD38mkVYj3OU15GjDKmxPTXrGtVBqrEopFOwvi2gURblUKJSSqv1C7Tl5caEDyDUu2u4QvThK9BtpUttMBxPxocBYwVKyGtsiIzuW6ZqKPM6YEbDw6HS/s1600/439.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />In a solenoid coil the electrons spin in the same direction along the coil. In Fig.63 you see that the coil is divided into two identical parts where the electrons take the same direction of rotation and so the magnetic field flows along the coil. The mistake in part 1 of this document was talking about an electric current that doesn’t exist! The reason is the absence of a closed loop to introduce an electric current, in this case the electron spin takes the lead. To explain this, let’s take another look at the scope graph in Fig.59:<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZX2rDcQjDDKi-ABK04R8MBEKsTkZddH0Pi0c8n9dMQ2mU8z5aYbnFpUjElNDQwE4lK9r8Rqdni_K6lJ2tQycddBeRdOpc2MBXFVJ4E3KISZZ9z6RlY7vGNyG3DOXMs_HftWQdzDj4zjM/s1600/440.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZX2rDcQjDDKi-ABK04R8MBEKsTkZddH0Pi0c8n9dMQ2mU8z5aYbnFpUjElNDQwE4lK9r8Rqdni_K6lJ2tQycddBeRdOpc2MBXFVJ4E3KISZZ9z6RlY7vGNyG3DOXMs_HftWQdzDj4zjM/s320/440.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The marked area shows an absence of voltage. In that experiment, no ferromagnetic material was used, only aluminum foil, the voltage is zero so it’s expected for the ETBC to stop the oscillation but the device acts once again! This means that there’s an accumulation of magnetic flux inside the ETBC, in other words it’s a magnetic field without an electric component, the magnetic field in this case is present as electrons spin potential which gives a better picture of the presence of the Bloch wall area in the ETBC. This device looks like a dynamic permanent magnet, this explains the statement given by Don Smith about the similarity of his device with an ordinary permanent magnet power generator.<br /><br />Now it’s absolutely clear the ETBC needs a kind of energy balance to oscillate correctly. As explained in Fig.59, two capacitors are needed to arrange a kind of spin balance inside it, I said the ETBC forms a special capacitor coil but this is not exactly true! In reality, there’s no coil nor a capacitor! Both the coil and the capacitor need an electric current but the ETBC needs an energy balanced electron that can be supplied only if the same amount of positive charges meets the same amount of negative charge.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Ming Cao</b>, a developer in mainland China, comments on the designs of Don Smith, and Tariel Kapanadze. He says: None of these things originate from me, they come from Tesla and God.<ol>
<li>The most important issue, is resonance. Don Smith said that we should make the wire length of the primary coil to be one quarter of the wire length of the secondary coil in order that they will resonate together. My experiments show that this is not true. In a Tesla Coil, the primary coil and it’s capacitor form a tank circuit which is an L/C circuit, which oscillate at it’s own resonant frequency, and when it does that, it generates a longitudinal wave at that exact frequency. The frequency of this longitudinal wave is determined by the inductance of the primary coil combined with the capacitance of it’s tank circuit capacitor, and not the wire length of the primary coil alone. The secondary coil with it’s sphere at the top, together form an antenna, which transmits this longitudinal wave. The secondary coil and it’s top sphere together form a quarter-wave resonant antenna for this longitudinal wave. They do not form an L/C circuit and that is why very few people have managed to replicate Don Smith's devices.</li>
<br />
<li>In the devices of Don Smith and Tariel Kapanadze, there is no sphere. We see a single coil as the secondary. This is no longer a quarter-wave antenna, but a half-wave antenna. The highest voltage shows up at the very centre of this coil, and zero voltage shows up at the two ends of the coil winding. These are where the energising coil and the pick up coil should be positioned.</li>
<br />
<li>The longitudinal wave which passes through the secondary coil is not a current at all, it is a signal running through it, so if we let the secondary to charge a capacitor, we will get nowhere. All we will get is hot electricity caused by the loose induction coupling. The arc at the top of a typical Tesla coil is lightning voltage, and no capacitor on earth can handle that voltage, so even a very high voltage capacitor will be over stressed and the arc will shock through it.</li>
<br />
<li>The speed of this wave is well defined. It depends on the total capacitance of the coil, and the sphere if there is one. In a typical Tesla coil, the bigger the sphere, the bigger the capacitance, and the lower the resonant frequency of the secondary coil. People are trying to explain it by L/C circuit theory, but this is not necessarily true. Increased capacitance will slow the wave down. If there is no sphere, as in the devices of Don Smith and Tariel Kapanadze, the total capacitance is quite small, and so, the speed of the wave should approach the value (π/2) x C, where C is the speed of light. This speed of the longitudinal wave is claimed by Tesla himself. I kind of verified this by experiment. I said “kind of”, because in my experiment, I got a speed of (π/2) x C x (8/9). The wave is slowed down by the copper losses and the capacitance of the coil, mostly the capacitance, but it's definitely faster than the speed of light.</li>
<br />
<li>So, to tune the secondary, we should not use the speed of light at all, Don was playing a game with us here. Take Don's device as an example. If we position the primary coil at the centre of the secondary coil, then that middle point of the secondary should either be grounded or connected to a large metal sphere, and each half of the secondary coil should act as a half-wave antenna. Also, the pick-up coils should be located at the two far end terminals. The speed of the longitudinal wave along the secondary coil is unpredictable and so we can only predict a general speed range, we cannot tell whether it is already resonating by performing calculations. Like Nick Giannopoulo's arrangement (see below) and Tesla's patent diagram, there are two quarter wave coils, whose inner terminals are connected together and open to the air. Here ‘open to the air’ means that it is different from the other turns of the coil. The longitudinal wave is climbing the turns rather than passing along the wire. But at the end of each quarter wave coil, there is no other turn to climb any more, only a long wire for it to travel along. This straight long wire is open to the air and provides a capacitance for the whole device, and this additional capacitance will slow down the longitudinal wave which is passing through it, so that the resonant frequency for the combination of these two secondary coils will be lower. But if we eliminate the straight wire, and make it a single half-wave secondary coil, the longitudinal wave can keep climbing the turns, and there's no additional capacitance, so that the speed of the longitudinal wave will be very close to (π/2) x C, and the resonant frequency will be higher. We can use the same wire length and same diameter coil former to build different devices, which will work at completely different frequencies. So the resonant frequency is unpredictable and we need to find the exact frequency by equipment measurement, or it won't work. The only correct way of tuning the secondary is shown by Eric Dollard in his video of the 1980s, entitled "Eric Dollard Transverse and Longitudinal Wave" which at the present time can be found on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnCUBKgnnc.</li>
<br />
<li>A pick-up coil is always necessary, and it should be positioned near the zero node of a standing wave. This is one of the only two ways of harness the longitudinal wave. This method is the dynamic way, the other way is the static method, which I believe was used by Ed Gray.</li>
<br />
<li>In Dr. Peter Lindemann's book and video, he says that Tesla is using unidirectional current. I have to disagree with this. When we charge a capacitor and discharge it through a spark gap, the discharge current "bounces" between the two plates of the capacitor, until the energy is all lost at the spark gap. This process repeats itself endlessly in a typical Tesla Coil. We can see this primary waveform with an oscilloscope and it is alternating current. Thousands of Tesla Coils work in this way and generate lightning. I am confident that this is how it operates.</li>
<br />
<li>It is not like Don Smith said, that doubling the voltage quadruples the output. It does look like that, but it is actually the current flowing through the primary doing the job. Of course we increase the current by increasing the breakdown voltage of the spark gap by widening the gap. But fundamentally, it is the current which is doing the job. Ed Gray's tube uses a short straight copper bar as the energising ‘coil’, but it's not a coil, it has little inductance to generate voltage, it only has high current passing through it to energise the longitudinal wave. Of course I haven’t actually seen this process, it is a conclusion which is not fully based on experiment.</li>
<br />
<li>The larger the number of turns in the pick-up coil, the higher the output voltage will be. I still cannot understand how the pick-up process works, but it does pick up more energy.</li>
</ol>
<br />I get all these by low voltage from a signal generator, as I haven't finished building a high voltage device yet, although I'm already working on it. But I think it's safe for me to believe that these results are solid and good enough to share.<br /><br /><br />Here is a image from Tesla's patent 593,138 Electrical Transformer.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwwogxoWQXByAnIzhBAEXtQR33naRA_4nVm7sT8q4Am-TLt0tHIkFpsQc4JrI4tkhAH5IAjyRZcDJWCOzpmxh_cqhvpyltVfjRBGcwA2oBtkN9om0y-dophcXnKwxDlnOedwqkLnn7XWF/s1600/441.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwwogxoWQXByAnIzhBAEXtQR33naRA_4nVm7sT8q4Am-TLt0tHIkFpsQc4JrI4tkhAH5IAjyRZcDJWCOzpmxh_cqhvpyltVfjRBGcwA2oBtkN9om0y-dophcXnKwxDlnOedwqkLnn7XWF/s1600/441.gif" /></a></center>
<br />We can see it's exactly the same as Nick Giannopoulos' setup, except that Tesla is using a generator in this diagram, I believe for simplicity. As long as the generator is generating the exact frequency of current, it will work fine. The secondary at the energising side is a quarter-wave coil, and at the pick-up side is another quarter-wave coil. The highest voltage is at the far end of these two secondary coils and their connecting wire, and zero voltage is at the very outside turn of each of the coils. Now if we change the spiral form coil to helical, it becomes Nick's set-up. And let's take this further, we can shorten the connecting wire until the two solenoid secondary coils actually become one big coil, then, when combined it is a half-wave coil, and the highest voltage is at the middle point of it. Now it becomes Don Smith’s and Tariel Kapanadze’s device, like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX8DgBJWBMK6tA-QwEiWrouxNuhOGQQIERsKs-uOaqX1d-RzgfovozFx2aXcC6XG2y4YjWhncFfJkUOO0pz_bt4-0BkllmtGYI0cGewOg7tnlF8CPsiIhPbTUALBdsHUx6WKGqDjf0-pnF/s1600/442.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX8DgBJWBMK6tA-QwEiWrouxNuhOGQQIERsKs-uOaqX1d-RzgfovozFx2aXcC6XG2y4YjWhncFfJkUOO0pz_bt4-0BkllmtGYI0cGewOg7tnlF8CPsiIhPbTUALBdsHUx6WKGqDjf0-pnF/s1600/442.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />Because the energy is also coming back from the energising side, Kapanadze adds another pick-up coil right underneath the primary energising coil. This arrangement, I think, is very hard to replicate, because it is so very hard to tune, for several reasons:<ol>
<li>The Secondary wire length is rather short, and the wave speed is very very close to (π/2) x C, so the frequency should be very high, at least 5-7MHz I would guess, or perhaps even higher.</li>
<br />
<li>The pick-up coil and the energising primary coil is too close to the centre point of the half wave secondary coil. Because the centre point is the point of highest voltage, if the input is a little high, there would be arc shock between the secondary to the energising coil and the pick-up coil, at lightning voltage levels, and so even the best isolation is useless. Also, the centre point is very very sensitive, any conductor close to it will add to the total capacitance of the coil and of course that will alter the half-wave resonant frequency. This adds more difficulty to the tuning adjustment. Besides, after all, people don't even know it's a half-wave coil if he doesn't tell us.</li>
<br />
<li>The coupling coefficient <b>K</b> is a little high, this will increase the hot transformer effect by inductive coupling, and that will not help at all.</li>
</ol>
<br />Don Smith did indeed say something useful. He said that we can make the secondary coil a fixed size, and then slide the primary coil inside it. Well based on experimental results, this sliding process is altering the actual effective length of the secondary coil. In general, we should assess coil size by counting the turns from the turn right underneath the primary energising coil, to the turn right underneath the pick-up coil, this section is the actual secondary, and this section should be a half-wave resonate coil, the rest of the coil just sits there doing nothing.<br /><br />But it's not that simple, the terminals of the secondary coil should connect to the earth or to a large sphere, or a typical Tesla Coil secondary with the same quarter-wave resonant frequency. Otherwise the signal will bounce backwards and forwards in the coil producing a mess, or generating an arc, and this is bad for performance, and this is why a solid ground connection is desirable. And this is the true meaning when Don says "slide the primary coil to do the fine tuning".<br /><br />So, returning to the Kapanadze device, the energising coil covers a large area of the secondary coil, making the effective length of the secondary coil very much shorter, again, boosting the working frequency of the device even higher. For such a device, it is impossible to tune it without a 20Mhz signal generator, an oscilloscope and complete understanding of how a longitudinal wave behaves. For a start, I don't even know where to connect the oscilloscope probe or which terminal should connect to the ground, I'm so lucky to be able to watch Eric Dollard's old video, and I recommend everybody to watch that video, watch it over and over again, also many other educational videos from Eric. A lot of fundamental stuff about how a longitudinal wave behaves are explained there, it's like a treasure map covered in dust in a quiet corner of an open library.<br /><br />Ming’s <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1p41KLfOM2E&feature=youtu.be">video</a> demonstrates what he is saying here. For the video he uses an input coil, a monitoring coil and a secondary coil, each end of which is earthed using separate earth connections:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6-pbBoEhGwM14YD_wMcW8bG9pR5HlqqRaTyPxMpMTt5_cWsiPzwAV3bvz7byibkGPpIncEP9EoKBtXNT7RZvuWMIuzSmfd_hg_6rZXPb9vNLeetpnWUQAsTrO0p60eaqQMGt4S5mOEZ0/s1600/443.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6-pbBoEhGwM14YD_wMcW8bG9pR5HlqqRaTyPxMpMTt5_cWsiPzwAV3bvz7byibkGPpIncEP9EoKBtXNT7RZvuWMIuzSmfd_hg_6rZXPb9vNLeetpnWUQAsTrO0p60eaqQMGt4S5mOEZ0/s1600/443.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Ming also remarks:<br /><br />For the set-up in the video, the secondary coil is wound using 1mm diameter enamelled copper wire, 365 turns around a 160mm diameter PVC pipe. The total coil length is 39.5cm. The total wire length of the secondary is approximately 182m. The white material is several layers of insulating glue to prevent arcing between adjacent turns when working with high voltage. The primary coil and the pick-up coil are wound with audio cable which is more than 4 square millimetres in cross section. The primary coil has 2 strands, 2 turns. The pick-up coil has 4 strands and only one turn. I use this thick wire, because I am going to use these coils for my high voltage project.<br /><br />For a low voltage experiment like shown in the video, it would be quite adequate to use ordinary copper wire of 1 square millimetre cross section (swg 18 or AWG 17). If the secondary wire length is reduced, then the resonant frequency will be higher, but the principle is the same.<br /><br />If only low voltage is going to be used - perhaps just to study the nature of longitudinal waves, then the secondary coil can be made using very thin wire of 0.3 to 0.4mm diameter (swg 30 to swg 27) enamelled copper wire, this will cost much less. I made my coils with thick wire because I intend to continue using high voltages.<br /><br />It's been a long time, but I've got some more understanding about harnessing radiant energy. I have made two additional videos: <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3AkJcn8gihFVklQdnNpd0pCWmM/edit?usp=sharing">video 1</a> and <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3AkJcn8gihFWXVLRTdSRXBsbnc/edit?usp=sharing">video 2</a> In these two videos, I explain the method of converting Tesla's ‘cold’ electricity to normal ‘hot’ electricity by storing it in a capacitor. I strongly believe that, the method shown in the second video is exactly what Don is doing with his famous device, which has no pick-up coil, just a two-part secondary.<br /><br />In the first video, I replace the pick-up coil with an uncoated sheet of copper, to show people that, this is not a transformer, and so, is not based on electromagnetic induction. The pick-up coil is fundamentally, a piece of metal which can be electrified by a longitudinal wave. I can remove the diode and the capacitor, and just let the copper sheet discharge to ground through a spark gap and two ordinary 200-watt incandescent light bulbs connected in series, the light bulbs are pretty bright although not fully lit, but pretty bright in spite of this being a non-resonant situation. They look like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmXRxBikkWlV-aFNT6r608DmqyNNlzySIEwmoWunPJmTuKWxXdljvDU8paGbw707i35nVxNSxiy990rGLqQLNJkadvsdy6fKu7-CvD5KNOuz6F6qVQwdzv5x1lTNDWC1pTLY5iUF1Yuzhv/s1600/444.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmXRxBikkWlV-aFNT6r608DmqyNNlzySIEwmoWunPJmTuKWxXdljvDU8paGbw707i35nVxNSxiy990rGLqQLNJkadvsdy6fKu7-CvD5KNOuz6F6qVQwdzv5x1lTNDWC1pTLY5iUF1Yuzhv/s1600/444.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />The copper sheet is electrified, and it’s charge is flowing to ground, and it is this very process which forms the current. So if we consider it as a transformer, and consider the pick-up coil as a inductor, and add a load to this "inductor" to form a closed loop, then we are going in the wrong direction.<br /><br />Then I re-read about Nick Giannopoulos' device, and I noticed that he said that the light coming from his bulb is blue and white. Following his circuit diagram, I believe that it is like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLSRkz_mTZJ82H1KEp7OQS20UhOHRmUsYL2JuQzeg6pnFAF580ElzBs3UH0PmlAMUt1EuheTP4kwox-nS9lHZ3Kxj16H7BDbMYoJ97-y-iEgeFvQ4d-zU8KegP0-npQ6EM1UldiSOpmzxf/s1600/445.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLSRkz_mTZJ82H1KEp7OQS20UhOHRmUsYL2JuQzeg6pnFAF580ElzBs3UH0PmlAMUt1EuheTP4kwox-nS9lHZ3Kxj16H7BDbMYoJ97-y-iEgeFvQ4d-zU8KegP0-npQ6EM1UldiSOpmzxf/s320/445.jpg" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />I get this kind of light when I attach the light bulb directly to the sheet copper without an earth connection or any other additional wire. Here at this stage, we have no ‘hot’ electricity. The blue-white light is caused by the high voltage of the metal, to which the bulb is attached. The high voltage is not caused by induction, it is purely static charge on the metal surface, caused by longitudinal wave electrification. If we use Tesla's specially made bulbs as shown in his lectures, we have his single-wire lighting system, and we will have a very bright light suitable for general-purpose lighting instead of this kind of blue-white light. Generally speaking, my bare copper sheet is the equivalent of Nick's pick-up coil plus his step-down transformer, which, of course, is not a transformer at all.<br /><br /><b>Note:</b> As will be seen in the videos, Ming uses two separate earth connections. One is the earthing wire of his mains electricity and the other is a connection to his cold water pipes.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />A <b>Russian developer</b> has lit a large light bulb with a self-powered Kapandze-style circuit:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWD6kJYY1TZWFKjtnrrWs1CJirmczvhA04Yq_tHELTJgfqGfOZ__sHI7DILaGRSA9FwZHac6ko9mBFChfL3SmKGWBgSNhgYC7z1I7U6BqPh8QPx_a97Uhfne7tBaVFXlEyec4HBWeyxij3/s1600/446.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWD6kJYY1TZWFKjtnrrWs1CJirmczvhA04Yq_tHELTJgfqGfOZ__sHI7DILaGRSA9FwZHac6ko9mBFChfL3SmKGWBgSNhgYC7z1I7U6BqPh8QPx_a97Uhfne7tBaVFXlEyec4HBWeyxij3/s320/446.gif" width="320" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgomYqh4pkhClnp4aK7F5BTUXuqO1xw70j0gX59WIqf0Htfu0yfEhCz4oSuCWYLDa38TTxRc8FD4-GTc9atwx1DrSXeoNeBJLE34jfHzqc_w-fVSPpzPl0NXyO_sgZDV-SRXBTEGBgbPr1F/s1600/Fig487.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgomYqh4pkhClnp4aK7F5BTUXuqO1xw70j0gX59WIqf0Htfu0yfEhCz4oSuCWYLDa38TTxRc8FD4-GTc9atwx1DrSXeoNeBJLE34jfHzqc_w-fVSPpzPl0NXyO_sgZDV-SRXBTEGBgbPr1F/s320/Fig487.gif" width="199" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPLswVp0z_74PDhMRSO5H62UqYMWwEf-M8qG-2LvrAZ6a6pNUgSWS1FVfD1k6f1LGyuRgeoPz9nL8pwSOp8tFkw1UlkI5V-1IsqkrpXNTb66YfT-XTOGMEjZICUTj0rWCj6KIvNpbpDrPv/s1600/447.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPLswVp0z_74PDhMRSO5H62UqYMWwEf-M8qG-2LvrAZ6a6pNUgSWS1FVfD1k6f1LGyuRgeoPz9nL8pwSOp8tFkw1UlkI5V-1IsqkrpXNTb66YfT-XTOGMEjZICUTj0rWCj6KIvNpbpDrPv/s1600/447.gif" /></a></center>
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<img src="https://www.free-energy-info.com/Ch3/Fig490.gif" /></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJLVftJEhiL2NoZMNuXQkd_oXyAEiIbDrKXJZMaGe3FIy3lxs3LneZddiZl-L7F0DKYw7uAEaAiWU1v4l0gNfCX14QvqQYu-6w8WRIIKAn1tFDjONHqhwZqeRi3mM33r83Fw8MQVfXdqT/s1600/449.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJLVftJEhiL2NoZMNuXQkd_oXyAEiIbDrKXJZMaGe3FIy3lxs3LneZddiZl-L7F0DKYw7uAEaAiWU1v4l0gNfCX14QvqQYu-6w8WRIIKAn1tFDjONHqhwZqeRi3mM33r83Fw8MQVfXdqT/s1600/449.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nxKqfkkndw&feature=youtu.be">here</a> shows self-powered bulb (needs an earth connection):<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK_NKDY_UsUksf104Jjk6u6mbKrwUe32QqBypC98Z5njzoU__wcyUOYq9v56luzvsXq8BvPFvHn_5ao8w2B7Ta1YYDZ_gEQnGPgA8X5y1XUYFeeQ8wbh5dyK7FotZZx2_GBNSev4mBFgw9/s1600/450.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK_NKDY_UsUksf104Jjk6u6mbKrwUe32QqBypC98Z5njzoU__wcyUOYq9v56luzvsXq8BvPFvHn_5ao8w2B7Ta1YYDZ_gEQnGPgA8X5y1XUYFeeQ8wbh5dyK7FotZZx2_GBNSev4mBFgw9/s1600/450.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><br />A <b>Chinese developer</b> has replicated Don Smith’s main device very successfully. Using an input of 12V at 1A to 2A (24 watts) he is lighting ten 100-watt light bulbs to a high level of brightness. The Chinese language video relating to this can be seen <a href="http://www.energysea.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1350&extra=&page=1">here</a>.<br /><br />Here are some of the frames from that video:<br /><br /><center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhpXvtoCZxpQOl-s_gSicS-42qUWSFezF8Cm-dhao71Gf_IW8L3X3oZCbb_n9j9aZi2fTAyzwH75VDK7GX6msmtCNEDaNY0lZMJFPYRAn2Y9NdAxQ6xozLyP1ir51wbYJCqQRmktuFsagD/s1600/451.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhpXvtoCZxpQOl-s_gSicS-42qUWSFezF8Cm-dhao71Gf_IW8L3X3oZCbb_n9j9aZi2fTAyzwH75VDK7GX6msmtCNEDaNY0lZMJFPYRAn2Y9NdAxQ6xozLyP1ir51wbYJCqQRmktuFsagD/s1600/451.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhMtJpsVC5zx1dgJY7CyopQUvlNY2rd2FIiUqh4HTt9AcrTTs-VDym1kPLS2gHVGiqWVoIX4WaI3d1XALvtv8DZHptTSuxOn-qPynZbAgXGg2NkPLu2pO16fXRo4oTJIlDx_j09rwQ0nOu/s1600/452.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhMtJpsVC5zx1dgJY7CyopQUvlNY2rd2FIiUqh4HTt9AcrTTs-VDym1kPLS2gHVGiqWVoIX4WaI3d1XALvtv8DZHptTSuxOn-qPynZbAgXGg2NkPLu2pO16fXRo4oTJIlDx_j09rwQ0nOu/s1600/452.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHRCFpt3Up83hdkqddipdg9aB-xNki5eLD6YdHV-pbNNnPOvkb2ON1m_SgyWMnSnqdtIbmkXIMRCM3wvDHo8M8xLByN-cEqKC8RIPl2zhLBbhpX70K-MQa-FZSzafAJE8yCitU9raESg9A/s1600/453.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHRCFpt3Up83hdkqddipdg9aB-xNki5eLD6YdHV-pbNNnPOvkb2ON1m_SgyWMnSnqdtIbmkXIMRCM3wvDHo8M8xLByN-cEqKC8RIPl2zhLBbhpX70K-MQa-FZSzafAJE8yCitU9raESg9A/s1600/453.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwhQ5oHx4JXnzxK21rEX2lBHoFg0BTGeh_QDiqkjuoIZ5jZ9uJzl1msvPrCO-MzSzjsgVv0hR6P0_oV7NoZ1pIhA0o_pbQObzJbzqQLvhhX1uHXRYhGBVAGCYAsMNTze6-kHO-aVp2bxDe/s1600/454.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwhQ5oHx4JXnzxK21rEX2lBHoFg0BTGeh_QDiqkjuoIZ5jZ9uJzl1msvPrCO-MzSzjsgVv0hR6P0_oV7NoZ1pIhA0o_pbQObzJbzqQLvhhX1uHXRYhGBVAGCYAsMNTze6-kHO-aVp2bxDe/s1600/454.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSTdaz7KjgEfudFCiBZbNfMfSZhx1bG1us9FmGAbbpjons2KVB9Hj1sdko0aGI5TpmA3pFAmQNkmXShrtnEcJz2RtqpxpCUuA0BgiVRlJpkffwwcrN1AIlZ9Cf8E88mKs3k72UwfGrGPj6/s1600/455.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSTdaz7KjgEfudFCiBZbNfMfSZhx1bG1us9FmGAbbpjons2KVB9Hj1sdko0aGI5TpmA3pFAmQNkmXShrtnEcJz2RtqpxpCUuA0BgiVRlJpkffwwcrN1AIlZ9Cf8E88mKs3k72UwfGrGPj6/s1600/455.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />The circuitry used is shown here:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQXS6GMf_9PqzkmMuBqSH_KTL_bAY2zD42i_6oxWrmsMh4Ffqzuh7JyvkW02TgwN8Hrb-w4EbYb42efSQFVNYQlJa91RZbqJlFZYwlj3Mdd4eTgoLkDrbz-yZIDgLCb8UCNImJE4EqJZX/s1600/456.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQXS6GMf_9PqzkmMuBqSH_KTL_bAY2zD42i_6oxWrmsMh4Ffqzuh7JyvkW02TgwN8Hrb-w4EbYb42efSQFVNYQlJa91RZbqJlFZYwlj3Mdd4eTgoLkDrbz-yZIDgLCb8UCNImJE4EqJZX/s1600/456.gif" /></a><br /><center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5nXoRTC0W1kbW6IdYqSbfTV3rw6wUEYaQqslVPKTCWZZsqwJ7_c_JYvgI4l4mORc8hk4mANBnMD-VCszYmjkztHhQWS-H283nJvuSHgHCPyVg8fAOaIeFVK9Caf5exnwe9T_SDvJjpVL/s1600/457.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5nXoRTC0W1kbW6IdYqSbfTV3rw6wUEYaQqslVPKTCWZZsqwJ7_c_JYvgI4l4mORc8hk4mANBnMD-VCszYmjkztHhQWS-H283nJvuSHgHCPyVg8fAOaIeFVK9Caf5exnwe9T_SDvJjpVL/s1600/457.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Subsequently, a forum post by a Mexican man says:<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;">Hello ‘Salty Citrus’,<br /><br />I love your video!!!! I can really appreciate the amount of work you and your group have spent to develop and perfect the Don Smith / Tesla free-energy device. Thank you for pursuing such a noble cause.<br /><br />I am intrigued by your switching network using the CREE CMF20120. How did you wire the MOSFET's? You used a UCC3825A Pulse-Width Modulator to clock the signal --> MOSFETS --> Gate Drive Transformers (x3) --> push-pull transistors --> CMF20120? Did you run the CMF20120 in series? Sorry about so many questions, but I am totally impressed by your ingenuity, and completely agree that your solid-state solution has undoubted benefits over Tesla's conventional spark gap.<br /><br />I would be honoured if you could take the time to answer my questions. I would love to replicate your circuits.<br /><br />I wish you the best of luck with your endeavours.<br /><br />Sincerely,<br /><br />‘Lost_bro’ (half a world away) </span><br /><br /><br />Re: ‘Lost_bro’<br /><br />Thanks for the compliment. The success does credit to my team. Thanks to my team. Yes, the CMF20120 run in series in this solution. The voltage balancing between each MOSFET is critical as is the balancing between RC and DC voltage created by R.<br /><br />Welcome to our forum for the exchange of information. China is an hospitable country. If you have any information or ideas, please don’t hesitate to share them with us. ‘Half a world away’ is not a great distance.<br /><br />All the best,<br /><br />Sincerely<br /><br />‘Salty Citrus’<br /><br /><br />An earlier entry on the Chinese forum translates as:<br /><br />Here is an earlier build. It is simple and has no step-down section and so cannot be self-powered:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFp3eUdMZepOTdK_5qOUiylwJY2b2Y-nrSl2A1uK1EbQ0OZ96BvuQkVi1hzoIC9tBOFDi8bc5NRz5NHGZVPSnmoidhTI6u-gljB8vkZ2tTI_pEbetqsYpAkwCV2_BNU4f21ifeFasBQhLp/s1600/458.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFp3eUdMZepOTdK_5qOUiylwJY2b2Y-nrSl2A1uK1EbQ0OZ96BvuQkVi1hzoIC9tBOFDi8bc5NRz5NHGZVPSnmoidhTI6u-gljB8vkZ2tTI_pEbetqsYpAkwCV2_BNU4f21ifeFasBQhLp/s1600/458.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh3HkjTYcufBGJubRl0pvAR08pdjbU9FgfY4ubWQCAkcXJkyInotH3lYE4_WyvDf_sDJNkHnykSsVsgWILl_cxkuIXS-rTX7WMNwzo9maSqDYmph5ztKQEWV-HeEsSftLrnHPvtiW-irmg/s1600/463.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh3HkjTYcufBGJubRl0pvAR08pdjbU9FgfY4ubWQCAkcXJkyInotH3lYE4_WyvDf_sDJNkHnykSsVsgWILl_cxkuIXS-rTX7WMNwzo9maSqDYmph5ztKQEWV-HeEsSftLrnHPvtiW-irmg/s1600/463.jpg" /></a></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcYfySeYDgxo8Ja_Mo303cKgKsfwMhrQGeR8wFfYuGoQds9QUrNMJbr64UtWsuVErNjJ8Fh_XxCMjYI03CNEz8K3GmqW_nMWK1DkcMnj607B_K6bmterxBCsHGRKrsxUll5qcGh0IAWyXG/s1600/464.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcYfySeYDgxo8Ja_Mo303cKgKsfwMhrQGeR8wFfYuGoQds9QUrNMJbr64UtWsuVErNjJ8Fh_XxCMjYI03CNEz8K3GmqW_nMWK1DkcMnj607B_K6bmterxBCsHGRKrsxUll5qcGh0IAWyXG/s1600/464.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />Each bulb is 100 watts. The first board has a 12-volt input and an adjustable output which can be varied from 500V to 1600V (any higher voltage would damage the four 450V 20 microfarad capacitors). In the video, the variable resistor is used to set the voltage level of the FBT after boost as the voltage step-up circuit can go up as high as 3,000 volts.<br /><br />The L2 coil is wound in a single direction and has just one tap at the centre. The idea is from Tesla’s Colorado Springs Notes, in which Tesla disclosed the best method for a resonant driver. The frequency used in this circuit is about 230 kHz.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Question:</span> There is nothing to do with quarter-wavelength, but is there anything with the length of the L1 and L2 coils on quarter-wavelength?<br /><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span> I think that the phase is more important.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Question:</span> Do you need a Phase-Locked Loop circuit with a certain phase difference?<br /><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span> Basically, I use a fixed frequency, I have tried a Phase-Locked Loop and the effect is the same.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Question:</span> Do you use direct drive with the spark gap only being used to limit voltage?<br /><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span> You can use a vacuum tube to drive it.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Question:</span> If you drive it directly, then the loading will be very big and the current will increase, whereas if you use a spark gap, then the spark will become smaller and the current will be steady.<br /><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span> If the load affects the input, then you cannot drive it even with a spark gap. If you trigger with a spark gap, then the load will not increase the input. The spark gap is just a switch.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Question:</span> Is there any direct Lenz relationship between the load and the primary?<br /><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span> Once the phase has been adjusted, the primary has no adverse effect on the secondary.<br /><br />Commenting on his circuitry, ‘Salty Citrus’ states:<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;">The diode symbols with a tick indicate a Zener diode (or bidirectional TVS-Transient Voltage Suppressor or “varistor”). For example, in this circuit, they are used to suppress the Grid voltage of the MOSFET, to maintain the gate voltage within the range of +20V to -20V. The above circuit is just a description of the structure of the MOS series method. Specific components will be needed for your own requirements considering the MOSFETs being used in your construction.<br /><br />The voltage E0 can be adjusted. The source can be made using a TL494 IC operating at 12V, or alternatively, an adjustable, voltage-stabilised inverter can be used. The voltage setting depends on the numbers of MOSFETs which are being used in series and the parameters of Grid voltage and the turns ratio of the isolation transformer. The circuit is arranged so that each MOSFET has its own separate isolation transformer, and all of the primary windings of those transformers are connected in series to form a single current path. The number of turns in the primary of each isolation transformer is exactly the same. To drive an IGBT(or MOSFET), VT6 provides a high-frequency pulse current to drive the Gates of the MOSFETs, so as to achieve consistent switching.<br /><br />In my circuit, the frequency used is 220 kHz, for this frequency, I use six MOSFETs type CMF2012 (1200V, 37A, Resistance Drain-to-Source of just 80 milliohms). This MOSFET from CREE has excellent performance, but you have to design the drive circuit carefully, 2V to 22V for the Gate voltage will be best. I particularly stress that it is very important that MOSFETs operated in series, require voltage balancing and an accurate drive. Especially important is having synchronized drive signals and the rise and fall time of the drive signal should be as short as possible, so that the switching time difference between the MOSFETs will be short, and that improves the high frequency operation. </span><br /><br /><br /><b>Another Russian Development</b><br />At <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4n22MNKrusA">www.youtube.com</a> there is a video which shows a self-powered motionless generator with an output of 105 watts:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhWlvhp-aLD38UFeuv98Ncxr075fgVaF8UEEy_z_uDGgffyWCn7Slf4E1by61aOB6h1fdI-Twof4LQg5LJtpj7gQ92fZ8WR915VQW3RTtm0KVN1RHpYZ0U6wgUTf7Mi2neJxSwB7gyAVk1/s1600/465.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhWlvhp-aLD38UFeuv98Ncxr075fgVaF8UEEy_z_uDGgffyWCn7Slf4E1by61aOB6h1fdI-Twof4LQg5LJtpj7gQ92fZ8WR915VQW3RTtm0KVN1RHpYZ0U6wgUTf7Mi2neJxSwB7gyAVk1/s320/465.jpg" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />Thanks are due to Wesley for his translation of the Russian soundtrack. No circuit details are available that this time, but the video has “Part 1” in the title and so further details may be provided at a later time.<br /><br /><br /><b>Tesla Coils Back-to-Back</b><br />I have been told of one man who used his common sense and produced an impressive result. He used a Tesla Coil as the driving force, and then used a second Tesla Coil back-to-back with the first one, to step the high voltage back down again. Doing that, he was able to light a series of powerful light bulbs from the “L1” output coils. He also confirmed that doubling the voltage, quadrupled the power output, verifying what Don said. He also found that adding additional coils with bulbs to the output Tesla Coil, did not increase the input power at all, did not cause any of the existing light bulbs to shine any less brightly, and yet lit the additional bulbs. That would appear to be confirmation of Don’s statement that any number of magnetic copies of the original oscillating magnetic field of the first Tesla Coil, can provide a full-power electrical output without requiring any additional input power. I’m no expert, but my understanding of the arrangement is:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaIzuBsAArRRZSiefMtjKkxAjUGg270jUzgbSThVxVQaZb-JpV7q9TSb_vaZRD8w7vFRfHiVYrB1541pwaAWPc0BnKUnpcN4DpCLn73zuW6Ty5BSmc3qQUe9K39SP8e45LZusDs1LiWWc1/s1600/466.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaIzuBsAArRRZSiefMtjKkxAjUGg270jUzgbSThVxVQaZb-JpV7q9TSb_vaZRD8w7vFRfHiVYrB1541pwaAWPc0BnKUnpcN4DpCLn73zuW6Ty5BSmc3qQUe9K39SP8e45LZusDs1LiWWc1/s320/466.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />As the large diameter coil is exactly one quarter the length of the smaller diameter coil, there is an automatic resonance of both when the applied frequency is just right. As the first narrow coil is identical to the second narrow coil, they are also automatically resonant together. Again, as the large coils which feed the loads are exactly one quarter the wire length of the narrow coils, they also resonate at the common frequency and at that frequency, the input power is at its minimum while the output power is at its maximum. The spike at the top of each of the narrow coils is connected with a wire to channel the generated power from the first Tesla Coil to the second one.<br /><br />This arrangement may seem too simple to be effective, but with Tesla technology “too simple” just does not apply. This can be seen clearly from the work of <b>Nikanor “Nick” Giannopoulos</b>. Before he ever learned anything about electronics, Nick read and understood Nikola Tesla’s “Colorado Spring Notes” (<a href="http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/TeslaCSN.pdf">pdf</a> 60Mb) and this helped with his present level of understanding. Interestingly, and perhaps not surprisingly, Nick had difficulty with conventional electronics after becoming familiar with Tesla’s technology.<br /><br />Nick used a square wave signal generator adjustable from 50 kHz downwards and with a fully adjustable Mark/Space ratio. This was used to drive an oil-filled car ignition coil, which, as he points out is not a Tesla Coil in spite of the frequently held view that it is. Ignition coils only operate at low frequency due to the limitations of their core material. However, John Stone points out that certain coil designs, such as those for the Fiat ‘Punto’ car, are built in such a way that replacing the core with ferrite should be possible, and that would allow high frequency operation.<br /><br />Anyway, Nick uses a standard car ignition coil at lower frequency and uses it to feed a spark gap like this which is constructed from two chipboard screws:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfDM99x2rC08OagYMs96qvNb1cXQERenqis_LEooYXTGP5u7CAQaAgGWiqNSml7jEnX-VmS3H1nMExWzJUSnJBZxlqrhLmk3I4anVuo3BfP44Qj_EWzx49e2DLgfUB0VNQZOsOmQz1jdFU/s1600/467.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfDM99x2rC08OagYMs96qvNb1cXQERenqis_LEooYXTGP5u7CAQaAgGWiqNSml7jEnX-VmS3H1nMExWzJUSnJBZxlqrhLmk3I4anVuo3BfP44Qj_EWzx49e2DLgfUB0VNQZOsOmQz1jdFU/s400/467.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />His circuit is:<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Nick has had very impressive results from his circuit, although it is still very much a work in progress with more development and testing still to be done. The 24 watt input of 12V at 2A is producing two very brightly lit 220V light bulbs. This does not tell us very much about the actual output power as bulbs are notorious for lighting brightly at low power levels, especially if the frequency is high. But, a very important point is the quality of the light which is an unusual, blue-white colour, quite unlike the colour produced when connected to the 220V mains supply. This is generally a sign of the power being ‘cold’ electricity. While he has not yet had the opportunity to test it, Nick believes that the circuit as it stands now is quite capable of powering much higher loads, and considering the colour of the light, I would be inclined to agree with him, although anything like that has to be tested and proven before any solid conclusions can be drawn from what is already known about the performance. The circuit performance is much improved if two separate physical earth ground connections are made.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOwxRg3xtskTg-t5xEwrRz33XNiXWXAoBzVkerAzltXBvj1k1-hlH146Cjw8lAWWSzFUoY7NV6lNtvV4XphOxlYmvlkTt8ygs6tKbitNwFnsY6BTdjiM0zIpYwBsjWOUQhT01858nsUvXJ/s1600/Fig269.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOwxRg3xtskTg-t5xEwrRz33XNiXWXAoBzVkerAzltXBvj1k1-hlH146Cjw8lAWWSzFUoY7NV6lNtvV4XphOxlYmvlkTt8ygs6tKbitNwFnsY6BTdjiM0zIpYwBsjWOUQhT01858nsUvXJ/s400/Fig269.jpg" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnKj3T7XmedFRZdrUiE1-VLcYJ9s5L8I9TbVjH0gDRIFhXwCpw2RS7RcbtNpRxnBdKr68bVQCIzqf2GvnuYcA4jko0JcipiZhjLxhRAuKmsBwjeRy06OiOpmRrpDw9UZHtzZlZRz1yh591/s1600/469.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnKj3T7XmedFRZdrUiE1-VLcYJ9s5L8I9TbVjH0gDRIFhXwCpw2RS7RcbtNpRxnBdKr68bVQCIzqf2GvnuYcA4jko0JcipiZhjLxhRAuKmsBwjeRy06OiOpmRrpDw9UZHtzZlZRz1yh591/s400/469.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />Please don’t fall into the trap of thinking that because the sparks are occurring at less than 5 kHz, that the Tesla coils also operate at that frequency. If you strike a bell which vibrates at 400 Hz, does that mean that you have to hit it 400 times every second in order to hear it? Actually, no, you don’t, and the same thing applies here where the resonant frequency of the Tesla coils is approximately 650 kHz. The primaries are wound on 100 mm diameter PVC pipe sections and 19 turns of 1.02 mm diameter enamelled copper wire is used for them (19 swg or #18 AWG). The secondary coils are wound on 70 mm diameter PVC pipe using 0.41 mm diameter enamelled copper wire (27 swg or #26 AWG) with a total length of four time the primary winding wire length. As you will see later on in this chapter, resonance in a coil involves a standing wave inside the wire. That standing wave is created by the signal bouncing off the end of the wire and being reflected back. At frequencies other than the resonant frequency, this results in a constantly changing set of many different waves travelling in both directions and at different intensities (what could reasonably be described as a total mess). When the resonant frequency is fed to the coil, then all of that mess disappears and just one waveform remains, and at any point along the wire, that waveform appears to be stationary although, of course, it is not actually stationary, just the effect of the peaks always occurring at exactly the same spot and the troughs occurring at exactly the same spot, making successive waves look exactly the same as the previous one.<br /><br />This feature has one very practical aspect, namely that if you run the same wire away from the coil turns to connect to whatever the next circuit component happens to be, then the wave inside the wire will not bounce back at the end of the coil turns but will continue on to the end of the wire before bouncing back. So, the connecting wire length has to be included when reckoning the wire length in the turns of the coil. On the other hand, if the wire in the coil turns is terminated at the ends of the coil and wire of a very different diameter is used for connecting to the next component in the circuit, then the signal inside the wire will bounce back from the sudden change in wire diameter and so the connecting wire length will not be part of the wire length in the turns of the coil. This is an important feature if you are aiming for an exact 4:1 wire length ratio (and 4:1 wire weight) between the Tesla Coil windings in order to impose an automatic resonance between the two windings.<br /><br />It should be noted that PVC (especially non-white PVC) has a very restrictive effect on high frequency coils. At low frequencies, PVC is ok, but it drags down the coil performance as the frequency rises, lowering the “Q” (for “Quality”) factor of the coil. Using acrylic instead of PVC overcomes this. Alternatively, coating the PVC with a high-voltage insulating material such as shellac or one of the proprietary coating agents, will improve matters considerably. The ideal, of course, is to have no former at all and have the coil standing unaided because of it’s own strength. The method of making that style of coils shown later on in this chapter.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>The Screened Transformer of Joseph Boyd</b></span><b>.</b><br />It is not at all clear if the Boyd power system should be located here or in chapter 7 which deals with aerials. Joseph talks about the way that radio circuits operate and why only very limited power appears to be the limit of radio receivers. He explains a method of extracting serious levels of power from a transmitting coil and a receiving coil, but the higher power levels require an input oscillator, and so, while an aerial and earth can be used for lower power levels, input power is needed for optimum performance. Here is part of Joseph’s patent application:<br /><br /><center>
<b>US Patent Application 2008/0129397 5th June 2008 Joseph Boyd<br /><br />ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTRIC GENERATOR</b></center>
<br /><br /><b>Abstract:</b><br />An electrical generator that uses a high frequency oscillator in a tuned circuit, set to resonate with the transmitter coil of a full-length high frequency transformer unit, to generate electromagnetic energy, to transform this energy to electrical energy and to collect this energy.<br /><br /><b>1. Field of the Invention</b><br />The present invention is an electrical generator that uses a high frequency oscillator in a tuned circuit, set to resonate with the transmitter coil of a full-length high frequency transformer unit, to generate electromagnetic energy, to transform this energy to electrical energy and to collect this energy.<br /><br /><b>2. Description of the Related Art</b><br />If an oscillator circuit is properly connected to a tuned antenna so that it resonates, a current will flow between the aerial and the ground, and this produces the high frequency electromagnetic air waves and ground waves of our radios and other electronic equipment.<br /><br />An oscillator of the same type used in electromagnetic wave transmission equipment is used to generate the electromagnetic energy used in this patent. These electromagnetic transmitters are well developed and are used world wide, and broadcast at frequencies that extend from the longest radio waves to the very short ones. Certain radios send their signals great distances, some even travelling around the world.<br /><br />Although these high frequency electromagnetic energy waves are all around us, this energy has long been considered impossible to collect on a large scale due to the induction characteristics of the electromagnetic wave as it passes a metallic object. As the wave goes by a wire tuned to resonate at the frequency of the wave, it induces an electrical charge in the wire, but to use this charge, we need another wire to close the circuit and let the charge flow. If we use another wire alongside the first wire and connected to it, the wave induces a charge in it exactly like in the first wire and no current will circulate in the two wires.<br /><br />This problem of collecting the energy of the wave was solved by the invention of the half-length electromagnetic transformer, but the half-length electromagnetic transformer applies only to the means of collecting the atmospheric energy. The invention of the full-length electromagnetic transformer of this invention, however, allows us to combine the generation of the electromagnetic wave and the electrical converter into one compact unit.<br /><br /><b>BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</b><br />Basically, this unit uses an oscillating electric current to generate an electromagnetic wave, which releases a much greater electric current, and the total electrical energy derived in this manner, is over and above the amount of energy needed to operate the equipment.<br /><br />It has long been assumed that the only energy involved in high frequency electromagnetic transmission is that supplied by the operator to drive his equipment. The actual energy of the electromagnetic wave is often over a hundred times greater than this since the amount of electromagnetic energy in the earth is practically unlimited, there appears to be no limit to the size of the electromagnetic generators, or to the size of the power plants based on this energy source. This energy is available, world wide, free for the taking.<br /><br />This energy is related to the light waves and is probably a variation of the light waves, however, the radio type waves are longer than light waves and are vibrating at a lower frequency. Light waves are a source of high energy just for the taking, also. Anything that is brought up to a high heat, will give off light energy. A very small wire in a light bulb, when brought to a high heat will release a light ray of such power that it will go all the way to the moon. This is natural energy, produced by the speed of the earth through space. Using the math of Dynetics, the speed of the earth necessary to give any pound of earth the atomic energy of one pound of uranium, came out exactly the same as the speed of light (186,300 miles per second). The fact that the math came out exactly at this speed leaves little doubt that the speed of the earth through space is the speed of light, and that every pound of material on earth has the energy of one pound of uranium, due to this speed.<br /><br />The electromagnetic energy in the low frequency range differs from other types of energy, in many ways, but of interest to us is that it is propagated by electrical currents, travels through the air like the light waves, and is detected and may be collected, when it induces an electric charge in a wire.<br /><br />This is an ideal source of energy. The generators may be hand-held or large enough to replace the biggest power plants. They may be used to drive motor cycles, sleds, autos, trucks, trains, ships and planes. The fact that the output is in the form of electrical energy is, in itself, a great benefit, but the fact that the generating equipment is light and compact is a real plus for all types of mobile equipment.<br /><br />It is possible that this invention will supply all of the electrical energy needed in the homes making the distribution lines unnecessary, and if used to drive automobiles, our dependence on oil will be a thing of the past. This invention makes possible an abundance of energy, available to mankind any where in the world. Even the poorest nations will have an abundance of energy.<br /><br />The oscillating equipment that generates the electromagnetic wave used in this invention includes an oscillator, of some type driving a tuned transmitter coil that resonates with a tuned collector coil in a full-length electromagnetic transformer. The induced current is collected in the collector coil and may be rectified and stored in a battery or used to do work. The oscillator circuit is an ordinary oscillator circuit, driven by a tube, crystal or even an electoral arc, and the tuning means and rectification set-up are standard.<br /><br />The basic element that is novel to this invention is the full-length electromagnetic transformer unit that is made up of two or more metallic pipe like sheaths side by side. The sheaths are not connected together, electrically. Two or more coils are wound in the sheaths.<br /><br />The transmitter coil uses an insulated wire, which is threaded up through one sheath, and down through another sheath a number of times forming a long flat continuous circuit of wire inside of the pipe like sheaths. And then the collector coil is threaded up through the sheaths, and wound the same way. The two coils may have a different number of turns. The coils are tuned to resonate at the oscillator frequency and an electromagnetic wave is generated in the transmission coil. The wave induces a charge in that part of the collector coil that is in the same sheath, and next to it, and if the wave is moving up in the sheath, the charges of all of the collector wires in that sheath are moving up, and if the wave is moving down, the charges of all of the collector wires are moving down. But the transmitter wave in one sheath does not induce a current in the wires of another sheath, nor does it induce a current in a wire outside of that sheath. This allows a current induced in one sheath to freely circulate in the other sheaths or on an outside wire.<br /><br />When the transmitter coil is brought up to resonance and broadcasts its electromagnetic wave inside of the sheaths, it benefits us in two ways. It keeps the wave inside of the sheaths and prevents it from spreading far and wide, and it concentrates the wave on that part of the collector coil in the same sheath. Since each of the collector wires are of the same length, say ½ wave length of the electromagnetic wave, and since they are parallel and side by side, a resonant electromagnetic wave induces equal charges in all of the collector wires within the sheath. These induced currents are exactly in phase and are connected in series, so that the voltages add up to an amount proportional to the number of turns.<br /><br />More than two sheaths may be used with the coils wound inside, or the ff11 length-transformer may be combined with the half-length transformer where the winding is part inside the sheath and part outside of the sheaths. The oscillator may be replaced by an aerial in cases where low power is needed. The inductance coil may be left entirely outside of the transformer, and the coupling made to the transmission coil by magnetic induction.<br /><br />These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading the following specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figure.<br /><br /><b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES</b><br /><br /><br /><center>
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<br /><b>Fig.1</b> is a view of an electromagnetic wave, due to resonance, passing two side by side wires tuned to the same frequency. The wave generates equal alternating charges in each wire, and no current flows when the wires are connected.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhorefV5kI3htgST2C_CnEV2T2ZNIEv7T6mLobNkCqM_IDXQDFyUtItq5bAO7Wedv-_78x70mcqxHs0UMLjc2kMOlN0izvrJm-v7_cOxyMcgULNyj6Ho1o3ZkOdx5OozHXasZ-qdi8o9HPW/s1600/471.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhorefV5kI3htgST2C_CnEV2T2ZNIEv7T6mLobNkCqM_IDXQDFyUtItq5bAO7Wedv-_78x70mcqxHs0UMLjc2kMOlN0izvrJm-v7_cOxyMcgULNyj6Ho1o3ZkOdx5OozHXasZ-qdi8o9HPW/s320/471.gif" width="320" /></a><br /><br /><center>
</center>
<b>Fig.2</b> is a view of a resonating electromagnetic wave passing two wires, tuned to resonate, where one wire is surrounded by a metal sheath. The outer metal sheath stops the wave and prevents it from inducing a charge in the shielded wire. The Charge induced in the outside wire now flows freely through the shielded wire.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLd4hycLzhwfRwj0gX_iwfumFLUCVOvOLW78-ZT9jRVzV4cp-TEVCIN_fxtLeWME0bFzbZi6dvZab2_QqLpe247XvhIFDgN9RuSWK-8wS1g27QpOwu_E_c9UcN8bIf5S1GAju46LmTuUw/s1600/472.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLd4hycLzhwfRwj0gX_iwfumFLUCVOvOLW78-ZT9jRVzV4cp-TEVCIN_fxtLeWME0bFzbZi6dvZab2_QqLpe247XvhIFDgN9RuSWK-8wS1g27QpOwu_E_c9UcN8bIf5S1GAju46LmTuUw/s320/472.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<b>Fig.3</b> is a view of a full length electromagnetic transformer made of two metallic pipe like sheaths, having two wires threaded up through the inner opening of one sheath and down through the inner opening of the other sheath, a number of times to form two continuous coils. When an electromagnetic wave is fed into the tuned transmitter coil, an alternating current is induced in the tuned collector coil.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8GUdSajtDOwPawvTgrT8JsKkvNxPCV1RlS71M2soknuI-JwlHtVeDs4_Jpe7v7c6sYW7aI8OtbqEKo45lLg8ctZbbwz1i5nJphw7fcNC4lV2NeqThdit3SS9IJv2_yrwFVm-IPSGu8zo/s1600/473.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8GUdSajtDOwPawvTgrT8JsKkvNxPCV1RlS71M2soknuI-JwlHtVeDs4_Jpe7v7c6sYW7aI8OtbqEKo45lLg8ctZbbwz1i5nJphw7fcNC4lV2NeqThdit3SS9IJv2_yrwFVm-IPSGu8zo/s1600/473.gif" /></a><br /><center>
</center>
<b>Fig.4</b> is a view of a full-length electromagnetic transformer, having two sheaths, insulated from each other, and a cutaway portion shows the coils inside.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUlyooltVWGydALBWY7JUBNkBwFg47kwcLhriDYGvV0Dz3-Tg7mrmSBuACiJpXaIV37_R2uX6kMmQAkD4qIf2Cu3awjOItw7n2ZA_2MKzfPNRUYrtDg9Fkk_KfqMdZBkgYDw9JFT9niHcX/s1600/474.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUlyooltVWGydALBWY7JUBNkBwFg47kwcLhriDYGvV0Dz3-Tg7mrmSBuACiJpXaIV37_R2uX6kMmQAkD4qIf2Cu3awjOItw7n2ZA_2MKzfPNRUYrtDg9Fkk_KfqMdZBkgYDw9JFT9niHcX/s1600/474.gif" /></a></center>
<b>Fig.5</b> is a view of a full-length electromagnetic transformer, having four sections insulated from each other.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqP0k0s3f9DXaWWuSG44KKesfyCsesQ73njuFMDl282RTzjETU7Pz5Zw2mmAqsjjzs1_OY-AEqbN7mV2ynvOVF1Bmf2MSl9WRqrnDYijMK3w_HperW8F2UA-n5lDrpKuLRhC15OcD88eXV/s1600/475.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqP0k0s3f9DXaWWuSG44KKesfyCsesQ73njuFMDl282RTzjETU7Pz5Zw2mmAqsjjzs1_OY-AEqbN7mV2ynvOVF1Bmf2MSl9WRqrnDYijMK3w_HperW8F2UA-n5lDrpKuLRhC15OcD88eXV/s1600/475.gif" /></a></center>
<b>Fig.6</b> is a section view of a full length electromagnetic transformer made of two metallic pipe like sheaths, where an oscillator circuit is fastened to a tuned transmitter coil, which induces a current in the tuned collector coil; and a half-wave rectifier circuit converts the high frequency current to DC current.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Mz6v_9KcvCuFdxLhCC8cJwJMvJoRfI7_coMEEHUlbJFSDDMvnXOeEaebLieW8CAa7OXypGa22BKhZNAEPKAtRQ2bDfcsX_HxW6rTqxyVLft3zCousqQEe2wSzHIYBaQsG6SkHiamYrkK/s1600/476.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Mz6v_9KcvCuFdxLhCC8cJwJMvJoRfI7_coMEEHUlbJFSDDMvnXOeEaebLieW8CAa7OXypGa22BKhZNAEPKAtRQ2bDfcsX_HxW6rTqxyVLft3zCousqQEe2wSzHIYBaQsG6SkHiamYrkK/s1600/476.gif" /></a></center>
<b>Fig.7</b> shows a view of a full-length transformer, used as an inductance in a radio receiver or other similar electronic circuit 61. In this case the transmitter coil is between the aerial and ground, and the collector coil acts as the radio frequency inductance.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6wioYszk6g2YSOcu4El8rnZasNPRuHB7a0EI8OUdOy59gGGgLYY0y1Ohg9zOM_AgaB2G9o42WTqSGC9YDqhF-r9-s3kr0u7BtpeQ_HtrkxeI4dBiNSo2S6zbqJoZKdwkJE0djTwTirFGV/s1600/477.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6wioYszk6g2YSOcu4El8rnZasNPRuHB7a0EI8OUdOy59gGGgLYY0y1Ohg9zOM_AgaB2G9o42WTqSGC9YDqhF-r9-s3kr0u7BtpeQ_HtrkxeI4dBiNSo2S6zbqJoZKdwkJE0djTwTirFGV/s400/477.gif" /></a></center>
<b>Fig.8</b> shows a number of full-length transformers, connected in series. They all have rectifiers to convert the high frequency AC current to DC current and the voltages at the load add up.<br /><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLMRWMD_3i1SO_kXlCUn98Z0UJfVrgTh66j6N5u5KTFt6w9qeISdobLcdr9ZfoMc0Fs13eUSSPeXsMzAPf7Ps-P5KESVeVi-VQ7vU8Yo13dLiAcUKi-X34TcdmODQhDhTYYRxM4D9w96GZ/s1600/478.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLMRWMD_3i1SO_kXlCUn98Z0UJfVrgTh66j6N5u5KTFt6w9qeISdobLcdr9ZfoMc0Fs13eUSSPeXsMzAPf7Ps-P5KESVeVi-VQ7vU8Yo13dLiAcUKi-X34TcdmODQhDhTYYRxM4D9w96GZ/s400/478.gif" /></a></center>
<b>Fig.9</b> shows a view of a full-length transformer, connected in parallel. In this case the currents at the load add up.<br /><br /><br /><b><u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</u></b><br />When a circuit is made to resonate at some frequency, it generates an electromagnetic wave. These waves move at the speed of light and travel great distances, and this makes possible our radios, televisions and cell phones. These waves, in passing a wire suspended in the air, set up alternating charges in the wire, varying at the frequency of the wave. If we put an inductance, that is tuned to the frequency of the wave, between the wire and the ground the circuit will resonate and charges will flow back and forth on the wire. This allows us to pick out the wave we are interested in, amplify it and read its message. We have long known that the voltage of the wave we choose to receive is greatly amplified when we make our circuit resonate at that wave's frequency, but we have been unable to accumulate this additional energy from the wave because we are limited to what energy we can pick up by the equipment that we use.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhczRYf-nwUDVgJPlVjsvdYeVDc4olf-GS8lUzxt8-TK3d8xOzg3sbepe5y8efomxfvznO6y4mUEGRhGKDRcSnb5w8uzPdaQEVFUiH_5coAWkpUUjbTuTNNhfHoijtPW7a0ag-0uVbnKoR3/s1600/479.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhczRYf-nwUDVgJPlVjsvdYeVDc4olf-GS8lUzxt8-TK3d8xOzg3sbepe5y8efomxfvznO6y4mUEGRhGKDRcSnb5w8uzPdaQEVFUiH_5coAWkpUUjbTuTNNhfHoijtPW7a0ag-0uVbnKoR3/s1600/479.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig.1</b> shows why this is so. The passing electromagnetic wave 6 generates an alternating electric charge in the wire <b>10</b>, tuned to the wave frequency to close the circuit so that the induced charge can circulate, we have added a second wire <b>11</b>, but if we connect the ends of the wires together, the electromagnetic wave <b>6</b> induces a charge in the second wire exactly like the one in the first wire, and no current will flow. Any effort to circulate the charge induced in wire <b>10</b> is blocked by an equal opposing charge in <b>11</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcy8jBZTnokJHDs2Up002n9Xwe5G2_ir02r3emGI0l6opnoHANkGocAyEsgZKAqVdE_3Bv9x4K7ykt_oQ5cLLWPSSBNBg6nCwBabFWRDrd9Lbq-vRUXi5iM8sljgKaJaPh-1jaLxvJ-KMT/s1600/480.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcy8jBZTnokJHDs2Up002n9Xwe5G2_ir02r3emGI0l6opnoHANkGocAyEsgZKAqVdE_3Bv9x4K7ykt_oQ5cLLWPSSBNBg6nCwBabFWRDrd9Lbq-vRUXi5iM8sljgKaJaPh-1jaLxvJ-KMT/s1600/480.gif" /></a></center>
<br />In <b>Fig.2</b> we have replaced the wire <b>11</b> with a metallic, pipe like sheath <b>13</b> having an insulated wire <b>14</b> inside when an electromagnetic wave <b>7</b> passes, the wave is stopped at the sheath <b>14</b> and does not induce any charges in the inner wire <b>14</b>. This allows the inside wire <b>14</b> to conduct the charge induced in the wire <b>12</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWV7KsYYaTOsqZiohX9KBmgs1A20zTnPODqPQeRyyeaId9fZoAKe-X6gKOrVvsyLhgrfmvJMceU3wS5iSx7DprwN1vnztRWrTDFkPPi_-OtndFnirIViEUR6zh6ZvFsFlbhXWp1DgkzP8/s1600/481.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWV7KsYYaTOsqZiohX9KBmgs1A20zTnPODqPQeRyyeaId9fZoAKe-X6gKOrVvsyLhgrfmvJMceU3wS5iSx7DprwN1vnztRWrTDFkPPi_-OtndFnirIViEUR6zh6ZvFsFlbhXWp1DgkzP8/s1600/481.gif" /></a></center>
<br />In <b>Fig 3</b> we see two sheaths <b>20</b> and <b>21</b>, parallel and insulated from each other. Two separate coils <b>22</b> and <b>23</b> are wound inside the sheaths. The coil <b>22</b> is the transmitter coil and it is tuned to resonate at the frequency of the oscillator circuit <b>24</b>, and this generates an electromagnetic wave that induces a current in the collector coil <b>23</b>, which is adapted and used in the tuned collector circuit <b>25</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi36yGPCqQCRdKUgTqfmFaarxrA7RBehlh4XE7s7NxuzNdtOb_Rm4QdeQ6us8aU09GZpOxmc759LK5hCUHvQ4EzDdIOfpArX7uKjBfTaUoeMaUAW1556EUS4zpn0_MzJCHBzWCf25VDdLUo/s1600/482.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi36yGPCqQCRdKUgTqfmFaarxrA7RBehlh4XE7s7NxuzNdtOb_Rm4QdeQ6us8aU09GZpOxmc759LK5hCUHvQ4EzDdIOfpArX7uKjBfTaUoeMaUAW1556EUS4zpn0_MzJCHBzWCf25VDdLUo/s1600/482.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig4</b> is a view of a full-length electromagnetic electric generator using two separate sheaths <b>30</b> and <b>31</b>, where the electromagnetic wave is almost completely contained within the sheaths. The sheaths are parallel and insulated from each other by insulators <b>34</b> and <b>35</b>. The transmitter coil <b>32</b> and the collector coil <b>33</b> are shown in the cut-away, and are wound completely inside the sheaths. Additional coils may be added as needed. The transmitter coil <b>32</b> is tuned to resonate at the frequency of the oscillator circuit, which connects in at <b>36</b>. And this generates an electromagnetic wave that is contained within the sheaths and induces a current in the collector coil <b>33</b>, which is tuned to resonate at the wave frequency and is coupled to the collector circuit at the terminal <b>37</b>. The insulating separators <b>34</b> and <b>35</b> are necessary to prevent induced current from flowing in the sheaths <b>30</b> and <b>31</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGR1X9hrIKr7hwh_2f1gPC-mI3ePviu3GHbiy7JAwqJW4hbo_7piux1ZG3MddImUYPXS9KmgodpXp0QvBEWKNXXK-LZ4fT4PVKeU_ulYCkuUbhjxBgdXIRt3wi98wvr0E8DdbZEbu3_WcC/s1600/483.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGR1X9hrIKr7hwh_2f1gPC-mI3ePviu3GHbiy7JAwqJW4hbo_7piux1ZG3MddImUYPXS9KmgodpXp0QvBEWKNXXK-LZ4fT4PVKeU_ulYCkuUbhjxBgdXIRt3wi98wvr0E8DdbZEbu3_WcC/s1600/483.gif" /></a></center>
<br />A number of sheaths may be combined, as is shown in <b>Fig5</b>. In this case four sheaths <b>40, 41, 42</b> and <b>43</b> are combined, so that the coils wound inside the sheaths are in series, and the sheaths are electrically separated by the insulators <b>44, 45, 46</b> and <b>47</b>. The tuned circuit for the transmitter coil is hooked up at connectors <b>48</b>, and the collector circuit connects to the collector coil at <b>49</b>.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimeBy8f-hS2R51KbVKTaM7Nqj3tEKxEnx8FaKrPjKyYfQtH73XIRpn9a6EymZJi7B7KsqB6M7NP2Buj6n-F-98Pjp9dV16yV86XTNx1vAnlW5HMpVxeKMpd9rDw2xVx4dv9g-npZSabCxf/s1600/484.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimeBy8f-hS2R51KbVKTaM7Nqj3tEKxEnx8FaKrPjKyYfQtH73XIRpn9a6EymZJi7B7KsqB6M7NP2Buj6n-F-98Pjp9dV16yV86XTNx1vAnlW5HMpVxeKMpd9rDw2xVx4dv9g-npZSabCxf/s320/484.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />A simple circuit for operating the full-length electromagnetic transformer is shown in <b>Fig.6</b>. The two sheaths <b>50</b> and <b>51</b> are shown with the transmitter coil <b>52</b> and collector coil <b>53</b>. The transmitter coil is connected to the tuned circuit <b>55</b>, which is driven by the oscillator <b>54</b>. The oscillator <b>54</b> is tuned to oscillate at some frequency and the transformer circuit <b>55</b> and collector circuit <b>56</b> are tuned to resonate with it. At resonance the transmitter coil <b>52</b> emits an electromagnetic wave which induces a current in the collector coil <b>53</b>. Shown here is a half-wave rectifier <b>57</b> and capacitor <b>58</b> connected to the load <b>59</b>. The rectifier is necessary on each collector unit, because we can add the direct currents of the separate units, but the alternating currents of the units might be out of phase and without the rectifier they would cancel out.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnMYFFoX-JEVF_w_NCAvOCik-njuh0rpGUg7Z5WLEUjzpeZxqT4CIORRx4_SA8qwFf6O8247DWiqYieWH2y4IQf4ModVtoE-IZlciW0YSSIzHKrIesoVwVcd8brNNkEMm0M9-9e5lY3U-l/s1600/485.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnMYFFoX-JEVF_w_NCAvOCik-njuh0rpGUg7Z5WLEUjzpeZxqT4CIORRx4_SA8qwFf6O8247DWiqYieWH2y4IQf4ModVtoE-IZlciW0YSSIzHKrIesoVwVcd8brNNkEMm0M9-9e5lY3U-l/s1600/485.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><b>Fig.7</b> shows the transmitter coil connected between an aerial and the ground, where the aerial circuit and collector circuit are tuned to resonate at a desired frequency to greatly boost the sensitivity and to amplify the signal. This type application will work equally well with transmitters.<br /><br />Also, using the half-length transformer as an aerial and the full-length transformer as the radio frequency transformer works the same with both receivers and transmitters. The oscillator circuit can use a high frequency magnetic inductance and the full-length transformer unit to resonate with a half-length transformer which acts as an aerial. A unit such as this would greatly add to the power of a radar system.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIOv8fkCQu6-q8ajzIuqzTerPHmnTt9hbUnnJ5ucPLtDmKXyJ8QqCilByESHLkCGVSRLpIKmXkTrMOyBwROgwUKaAlK0RZuuhORZNu-bgiVzJ825mS-mqsgWdLqs1KDvF5hFwxl_55Yqf/s1600/Fig411.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIOv8fkCQu6-q8ajzIuqzTerPHmnTt9hbUnnJ5ucPLtDmKXyJ8QqCilByESHLkCGVSRLpIKmXkTrMOyBwROgwUKaAlK0RZuuhORZNu-bgiVzJ825mS-mqsgWdLqs1KDvF5hFwxl_55Yqf/s400/Fig411.gif" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuaWOeAaUVQF_zT6evzoNi8PGFSxC2BJ9b0-SWJI4apfgBR6MRGK_X_c6kuTLZ8mT55VEdlgVN76Z7Ql-QtC-VOlW7ALcjY4BFX7nsq9ODYg67eZcogle-kJJ1Nx5LCjacBm4PXxIQHjyU/s1600/486.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuaWOeAaUVQF_zT6evzoNi8PGFSxC2BJ9b0-SWJI4apfgBR6MRGK_X_c6kuTLZ8mT55VEdlgVN76Z7Ql-QtC-VOlW7ALcjY4BFX7nsq9ODYg67eZcogle-kJJ1Nx5LCjacBm4PXxIQHjyU/s400/486.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The full-length units, when combined with rectifiers, may be connected in series as in <b>Fig.8</b>, or in parallel as in <b>Fig.9</b>.<br /><br />While the invention has been disclosed in it’s preferred forms, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, additions, and deletions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and its equivalents as set forth in the following claims.<br /><br /><br /><b>Claims:</b><br />1. An electric generator that uses an oscillating circuit to resonate with inductances enclosed in a full-length electromagnetic transformer unit, comprising: two or more parallel, metallic, pipe-like sheaths, insulated from each other; an electromagnetic transmitter coil, which is wound inside the sheaths, using an insulated wire, threaded up through the inside opening of one of the sheaths and down on the inside of a second sheath, one or more times, to form a continuous coil; a means of tuning the transmitter coil to the frequency of the oscillating circuit, so that the transmitter coil resonates and generates an electromagnetic wave that is contained within the sheaths; a collector coil composed of an insulated wire, threaded up through the inside opening of one of the sheaths and down on the inside of a second sheath, one or more times, to form a continuous coil, wherein the electromagnetic wave of the transmitter coil induces an electric charge in the collector coil; and a means of tuning the collector coil to resonate at the frequency of the oscillating circuit; so that the electromagnetic wave induces a current in the collector coil, and since the coil is contained within the sheaths, the current is free to flow, and the high frequency alternating current, so generated, can be used elsewhere in an electronic circuit, or altered and used as a power source.<br /><br />2. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 1, where the collected current is rectified, and the DC current is stored in capacitors and used to do work.<br /><br />3. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 1, where the transmitter coil acts as a tuned inductance, in a receiver, between the aerial and the ground, and a tuned collector coil resonates to increase the sensitivity and the amplitude of the signal.<br /><br />4. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 3, where the tuned transmitter coil resonates with an oscillator and an aerial to act as a transmitter for radios, televisions, cell phones, radars and computers.<br /><br />5. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 1, where the lengths of the sheaths are some multiple of the wave length of a particular electromagnetic frequency.<br /><br />6. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 5, where a number of the units are connected in parallel to increase the current.<br /><br />7. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 5, where a number of the units are connected in series to increase the voltage.<br /><br />8. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 5, where the parts are reduced to a size small enough to fit in, and supply power to, a cell phone, a lap-top computer, or other electrical appliance.<br /><br />9. The full-length electromagnetic transformer unit of claim 1 further comprising three or more, metallic, parallel, side by side, pipe like sheaths, where the sheaths are not electrically connected, and have two or more coils wound inside the sheaths.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Up to the present time (June 2013), I have not heard of anyone attempting to replicate the design shown in this patent, and so it is just being put forward here in case somebody wants to try it. It appears to be a clever technique. The power gain is maximised by tuning the transmitting and receiving coils to the frequency of the oscillator, although in practice, it is highly likely that the oscillator frequency would be adjusted to the transmitter coil as it is so easy to adjust the frequency of an oscillator.<br /><br />Boyd does not go into great detail about attaining resonance, and that is generally a major difficulty in any design which does not have automatic tuning. It needs to be borne in mind that the length of wire in each coil (and possibly its weight) is a key factor. Boyd talks about the coils possibly having the same number of turns, and that is fine provided that the coils are identical in size, that is, having the same shape when viewed from the top and the same depth of turns when viewed from the side, and exactly the same number of turns with each coil having exactly the same wire length. Resonance in a length of wire, whether it is laid out straight or wound into a coil, tends to confuse many people. Richard Quick’s very clear explanation of resonance in any length of wire, in his US patent 7,973,296 of 5th July 2011 is very helpful. He says:<br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>“Quarter-Wave” Resonance; Standing Electromagnetic Waves”</b><br />One of the two main types is electrical resonance is referred to here as quarter-wave resonance. This type of resonance depends almost entirely on the length of a wire element For reasons described below, if a segment or length of wire is one quarter as long as the “voltage waves” which are travelling through the wire, then a set of “reflected” waves will be added to the emitted waves, in a synchronised alignment which creates stronger “superimposed waves”.<br /><br />Accordingly, an understanding of the “quarter-wave” phenomenon will help a reader understand how a straightforward and easily-controlled factor (i.e., the length of a wire ribbon which will be used to form a spiral coil) can help create a “quarter-wave” resonant response, which will create the types of electromagnetic pulses and fields referred to as “standing waves”.<br /><br />The speed at which a voltage impulse is transmitted through a metal wire is extremely fast. It is essentially the same as the speed of light, which travels 300 million meters (186,000 miles) in a single second (that distance would circle the earth more than 7 times).<br /><br />If wavelength (in meters) is multiplied by frequency (cycles per second), the result will be the speed of light, 300 million meters/second. Therefore, the wavelength of an “alternating current” (AC) voltage, at some particular frequency, will be the speed of light, divided by which frequency.<br /><br />Therefore, using simple division, if an alternating voltage operates at a frequency of 1 megahertz (MHz), which is a million cycles per second, then the “wavelength” at that frequency will be 300 meters. If the frequency halves become 500 kilohertz, the wavelength becomes twice as long (600 meters); and, if the frequency were to increase to 2 megahertz, the wavelength drops to 150 meters.<br /><br />It should be noted which the term “cycles” is what scientists call “a dimensionless unit”, which drops out and becomes silent when other physical terms are multiplied or divided.<br /><br />At AC frequencies of 10 kilohertz or greater, the common references to “alternating current” (AC) voltage begin using a different term, which is “radio-frequency” (RF) voltage. Accordingly, RF voltage is a form (or subset) of AC voltage, which operates at frequencies higher than 10 kilohertz. RF power generators are readily available, and are sold by numerous companies which can be easily located by an Internet search, using the term “RF power generator”. For example, Hotek Technologies Inc. (hotektech.com) sells two RF power generators, called the AG 1024 and AG 1012 models, which can provide output power at frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 1 MHz; the 1012 model has a power output of 1000 watts, while the 1024 model has a power output of 2000 watts. The output frequency of any such RF power supply can be adjusted and “tuned” across the entire range of operating frequencies, merely by turning knobs or manipulating other controls in a power supply of this type.<br /><br />In a wire having a fixed and unchanging length, the easiest way to create a “standing wave” is to adjust the RF frequency emitted by a power supply with an adjustable frequency, until the “tuned” frequency creates a wavelength which is 4 times as long as the wire. This principle is well-known to physicists, and it is commonly referred to as “quarter-wave” behaviour, since the length of the wire segment must be one quarter as long as the wavelength. Since it is important to this invention, the principles behind it are illustrated in a series of drawings provided in Fig.1 to Fig.4, all of which are well-known prior art.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Fig.1A indicates an idealized wavelength of an alternating voltage, depicted by a sine wave which is being sent from an AC power supply (shown by a circle at the left end of a horizontal straight wire) into the “input” end of the wire. The voltage waves travel through the wire towards the right, as indicated by the block arrow in Fig.1A. When the waves reach the end of the wire, they cannot leave the wire (at least, not in a simplified and “ideal” system, which is being assumed and used here to explain the principle of how a simple straight wire can create a standing wave). Therefore, the voltage wave will effectively “bounce” or “reflect” back from the tip of the wire, and the “reflected wave” will begin travelling back through the wire, going in the opposite direction, as indicated by the left-pointing block arrow in Fig.1B.<br /><br />Because of the laws of conservation of energy, the reflection and “return travel” of these types of waves, when they bounce off the tip of a wire, is actually quite good, and rather efficient, as discussed below, provided which the wire tip does not emit sparks, arc discharges, or other forms of “escaping” electrical energy.<br /><br />Accordingly, Fig.1A depicts a set of “emitted waves” travelling towards the right, while Fig.1B depicts an idealised set of “reflected waves” travelling toward the left along the same wire. Fig.1C illustrates what happens when both sets of waves (emitted and reflected) are superimposed on each other. Since the two sets of waves are travelling at exactly the same speed, and since they have exactly the same wavelength, they will create a “standing wave” pattern when they are added together. As can be visualised from Fig.1C, there will be a set of locations, along the length of the wire, which can be referred to as “peak nodes”, where the AC voltage reaches it’s maximum.<br /><br />At a location halfway between a pair of adjacent “peak nodes”, there will be a spot which can be called a “null node”, a “zero node”, a trough or valley node, or similar terms. At each “null node” location, the AC voltage will appear to be not fluctuating at all. Those are the sites, along the length of the wire, where each “positive” hump (created by a sine wave travelling toward the right) will be counter-balanced and offset by a “negative hump” with exactly the same height, travelling at an identical speed toward the left.<br /><br />As a result, this type of response within a wire creates a “standing wave”. If the instantaneous voltage is measured at a “null node”, it would appear that nothing is happening, in terms of fluctuating voltage. Furthermore, the “null node” will not be moving, along the length of the wire; instead, it will appear to be standing still.<br /><br />This can be demonstrated, in a coil, by using a “grounded lead” to test for voltages along the length of a coil. If a “grounded lead” coupled to a volt meter is used to touch the surfaces of a series of strands in a non-insulated coil (such as a coil made of thin copper tubing, wrapped around a plastic cylindrical shape, as used in the types of large transformers used by hobbyists to create “Tesla coils” which will emit large and visually impressive electrical arcs), the “test lead” will detect no apparent voltage at a null node, which will occur at some particular strand in the coil. At a different strand of the coil, the “test lead” will detect an alternating voltage which has twice the strength and intensity of the voltage being emitted by the power supply.<br /><br />If voltage is measured at a “peak node”, the voltage will be doing something which can be called, using vernacular or laymen's terms, “the full-tilt boogie”. The AC voltage levels will be moving back and forth, between: (i) a very high and intense positive voltage, to (ii) an equally intense negative voltage. This is indicated by the “bubble” shapes shown along the wire in Fig.1C.<br /><br />The “bubbles” which are shown in Fig.1C can help someone understand how standing waves are created, and how they act in a synchronised manner. However, which drawing fails to show another result which is very important in what actually happens in a standing wave. For purposes of description and analysis at this introductory level, the system can be assumed to be “ideal”, which implies a perfect “mirror-image” reflection of each wave from the right end of the wire. An “ideal” system also implies that no reflections occur at the left hand end of the wire where the power supply is located, and all “reflected” wave activity simply ceases. In real circuits and wires of this type, second and third order reflections do in fact occur, and they are used to further increase the strength and power output of these types of systems; however, those additional factors and “harmonics” should be ignored until after the basic principles of this type of system have been grasped and understood.<br /><br />In an ideal system, when the reflected waves (which are travelling toward the left, in the wire segments illustrated in Fig.1) are “superimposed” on the emitted waves (travelling toward the right), the “peak” positive voltage which will be instantaneously reached, at the highest point of each “bubble” shown in Fig.1C, will occur when the positive peak of an emitted wave crosses a mirror-image positive peak of a reflected wave, travelling in the opposite direction. Accordingly, when those two “positive peak” values are added to each other, the instantaneous positive peak voltage which will occur, in the wire, will actually be twice as intense as the “positive peak” voltage being emitted by the AC power supply.<br /><br />An instant later, at that exact point on that segment of wire, a negative peak voltage will be created, which will be the sum of (i) the negative peak voltage emitted by the power supply, and (ii) the negative peak voltage of a reflected wave also will pass through, travelling toward the left. At which instant, when those two negative peak voltages are added to each other, the instantaneous negative voltage which will occur, in the wire, will be twice as intense as the “negative peak” voltage being generated by the AC power supply.<br /><br />A more accurate and representative visual depiction of a “standing wave” in a wire would actually show the heights of the peaks as being twice as tall as the peaks of the emitted voltage waves, and the reflected voltage waves. However, which depiction might confuse people, so it usually is not shown in drawings of “standing waves”.<br /><br />Accordingly, the instantaneous response in the wire, at a location halfway between two “null nodes”, is doing something which can fairly and properly be called “the full-tilt double double boogie”. The “double double” phrase (note which it contains not just one but two “doubles”) was added to that phrase, for two reasons:<br /><br />(i) To emphasise the fact that each and every voltage peak (maximum positive, and maximum negative) will be twice as strong, and twice as intense, as the maximum positive and negative peak voltages emitted by the power supply; and,<br /><br />(ii) to point out that the frequency of the superimposed “bubbles”, shown in Fig.1C, is actually twice as fast as the frequency of the AC cycle which is emitted by the power supply, as discussed below.<br /><br />The “twice the intensity” result is directly comparable to what an observer will see, if a large mirror is placed behind a light bulb in an otherwise dark room. The mirror effectively keeps the room dark, everywhere behind the mirror, so there is no “magical doubling” of the light in the room; which would violate the basic law of conservation of energy. Instead, what the mirror does is to shift light away from the backside of the mirror, and keep that light energy on the reflective side of the mirror. Anyone standing in front of the mirror will see two apparent light bulbs. Both of those light bulbs (the original bulb, and the reflected image) will have the same brightness (if the mirror is perfect). Therefore, the mirror will double the intensity of the light energy reaching the observer.<br /><br />That same effect, in a circuit, will happen if the end of a wire acts like a mirror. If a wire does not have any components which will cause it to become an active “emission source” (which is the behaviour of transmission antennas and certain other components), in a way which efficiently releases voltage-created energy into the atmosphere, then the basic rules which require conservation of energy will prevent that energy from simply disappearing and ceasing to exist. As a result, even if the end of a wire is not designed to be a perfect reflector, a large portion of the voltage wave will indeed reflect off the wire tip, and travel back through the same wire, in a “second pass”.<br /><br />To understand adequately, the type and amount of “wave reflection” which occurs at a wire tip, consider what happens if a light bulb is shining in a room which has shiny, glossy white paint on all the walls and ceilings; then, consider how it would look if the same light bulb were located in a room with all of the walls and ceilings painted “matt black”. The total amount of light which would be available, to carry out a task such as reading a newspaper, clearly would be much greater in the white room, because light reflects off white paint, even though white paint does not even begin to approach the type of “reflection quality or clarity” which a mirror creates. The difference in what happens, when light intensity in a room painted matt black is compared to a room painted a glossy white, does not arise from the presence or absence of “reflection quality or clarity”; instead, it is governed by the laws of conservation of energy. When light shines on to a surface which is painted matt black, the light energy is absorbed by the paint, and it literally warms the paint up. In contrast to that, glossy white paint will not absorb light energy, so it reflects the light back out, for a “second pass” through the air which fills a room.<br /><br />Because of the laws of conservation of energy, and without depending on any “quality of reflectance” characteristic of wire tips, electrical energy cannot simply disappear, when it reaches the end of a wire. Instead, there are only two things which can happen to that energy:<br /><br />(i) the electrical energy can be emitted into the surroundings, such as by emitting sparks, arcs, or radio-frequency signals which will carry energy; or<br /><br />(ii) if the energy is not emitted by the tip of the wire, then, by simple necessity and because of the basic law of conservation of energy, it must be reflected back into the wire, and it will be forced to travel back through the wire again.<br /><br />If a wire has a long and tapered tip, then the reflected wave might become somewhat diffused, and it might lose some portion of the “clarity” of the wave. However, since wavelengths in the frequencies of interest here are hundreds of meters long, the type of tip created by a conventional wire cutter will not create any significant diffusion, in a reflected wave. And, unlike the white-painted walls of a room, there is not a large area which is available, at the tip of a wire, which can create scatter, spread, or diffusion. As a result, the tip of a wire will be a relatively efficient mirror-type reflector, when an AC voltage is “pumped” into one end of the wire. The second factor mentioned above, when the “double-double” boogie phrase was mentioned, relates to a doubling of the frequency of a standing wave. When a standing wave is created in a wire by reflection of an emitted AC voltage wave, the frequency of the standing wave is, quite literally, double the frequency of the emitted wave.<br /><br />This can be seen, visually, by noting that in the emitted AC voltage, shown in Fig.1A, a single complete wavelength contains both a “positive hump” and a “negative hump”. Accordingly, three complete sine waves, divided into three segments by the imaginary vertical lines, are shown in Fig.1A.<br /><br />By contrast, each and every “bubble” shown in Fig.1C depicts a complete and total “wavelength”, in a standing wave. Six of those standing wave “bubbles” fit into exactly the same length of wire which holds only 3 emitted wavelengths from the power supply.<br /><br />The “frequency doubling” effect of standing waves is important, because AC systems can convey and release energy in a manner which increases, as the frequency of the AC voltage supply increases. To some extent, this is analogous to saying that, if a motor can be run at twice the speed (while still generating the same torque), then the work output of that motor can be twice as great, at the higher speed. That analogy is not entirely accurate, since work output from an electric device which uses AC power depends on “area of the curve” functions which occur when sine waves are involved. Nevertheless, as a general principle, if the frequency of the voltage peaks increases, then power output will also increase, in many types of electric circuit components.<br /><br />In the three panels of Fig.1, the wire length is three times as long as the wavelength of the voltage from the power supply. However, to create standing waves, a wire length does not need to be any particular multiple of the wavelength of an AC voltage. As can be seen by considering Fig.1C, the same types of “bubbles” would be created: (i) if the wire length were exactly twice as long as the wavelength; or, (ii) if the wire length were the same length as the wavelength.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Accordingly, Fig.2 (which includes Fig.2A showing an emitted wave, Fig.2B showing a reflected wave, and Fig.2C showing the superimposed “bubbles”) shows what happens in a wire segment which has a length which is equal to a single wavelength from an AC voltage at a fixed frequency. A resonant standing wave will be formed, with a frequency which is double the frequency of the input AC voltage. which same result will apply, in a wire having any length which is an exact (integer) multiple (such as 1x, 2x, 3x, etc.) of the wavelength of the AC voltage being pushed (or forced, driven, pumped, etc.) into the wire segment.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Moving to still shorter wires, the same principle also applies to any wire with a length equal to one half of an AC voltage wavelength. As shown in Fig.3 (which includes Fig. 3A showing an emitted wave, Fig. 3B showing a reflected wave, and Fig. 3C showing the superimposed “bubbles”), if the wire length is one half of the wavelength, a natural and resonant standing wave will still form, with a frequency which is double the frequency of the input AC voltage.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Finally, moving to a still shorter wire, the same principle also applies to any wire which has a length equal to one quarter of an AC voltage wavelength, as shown in Fig.4A, Fig.4B, and Fig.4C Even though it does not stretch across or cover a complete “bubble”, the standing wave shown in Fig.4C is nevertheless a stable, natural, and resonant “standing wave”, with a frequency which is exactly twice the frequency of the input AC voltage.<br /><br />It is possible to create partially stable and semi-resonant responses, using one eighth, one sixteenth, or shorter lengths of wire, by using additional devices which can remove electrical power from the system, or which can generate effects which are usually called “harmonics”. However, those are not the types of natural and stable responses which can be created by a simple, basic system consisting of nothing more than: (i) a wire having a fixed length and a “reflective” tip; and (ii) an AC power source with a frequency which can be “tuned” until it creates a resonant response in any wire segment having a suitable length.<br /><br />Therefore, since quarter-wave wire lengths are the shortest lengths which can create natural and stable standing waves, the conventional term which is commonly used, to describe what happens when a wire creates a resonant standing-wave response, is a “quarter-wave” response.<br /><br />In some devices, telescoping components (or other elements which can alter the effective length of a wire-type element) can be used to alter the ability of the element to respond to a fixed wavelength. Many types of antennas use this approach, if they need to process signals which are being transmitted on fixed and known frequencies. However, those examples are not relevant to spiral coil reactors, which will use an approach which involves tuning and adjusting the frequency of the voltage which is being supplied to a reactor, until a resonant response is observed in coils with fixed and unchanging lengths.<br /><br />It should also be noted that certain types of “tuning” elements (such as capacitors, which can have either fixed or adjustable capacitance levels) can also be coupled electrically to a wire, in a manner which “emulates” adding more length to that wire. This approach can be used to alter (or increase the range of) the frequencies to which a wire circuit will respond resonantly. </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>The ‘Gegene’ Magnetic Arrangement.</b></span><br />As we have seen from what Don Smith has said, a very effective method of gaining additional power is to make a high frequency magnetic transmitter as that allows several outputs to be taken from the transmitter without increasing the input power in any way. Recently, a clever idea for a simplified version of this has been shared on the web. As far as I am aware, this device was first presented by the Lithuanian ‘FreeEnergyLT’ whose website is at <a href="http://freeenergylt.narod2.ru/dynatron/">freeenergylt.narod2.ru</a>.<br /><br /><center>
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<br />and the information then replicated and documented by J L Naudin on his website <a href="http://jnaudin.free.fr/gegene/indexen.htm">jnaudin.free.fr</a> and named ‘Gegene’ being short for ‘Great Efficiency Generator’. The clever idea is to use a commercial induction hot-plate as the transmitter. These have recently become available at low cost, this one:<br /><br /><center>
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<br />Sold in the UK by Maplin, has power levels adjustable from 300 watts to 2000 watts, and costs only £30 delivered to your address. These devices operate by generating a powerful high frequency oscillating magnetic field which induces eddy currents in any magnetic material placed on the surface of the cooker. That is, cookware which is made of cast iron or steel (not stainless steel which is supposedly non-magnetic). The heating is very rapid and completely uniform across the item of cookware which is very helpful when cooking. The hot plate is controlled by sophisticated electronics which will not switch on unless there is an iron object on the plate and which varies the frequency and current in a way chosen by the designer.<br /><br />The circuitry produces the magnetic field by pulsing current through a large, flat coil in the centre of the case as can be seen in this photograph of a typical induction plate with the case opened:<br /><br /><center>
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<br />The brown coil gets hot, and so there are spacers on it to prevent the cool outer casing form picking up the heat of the coil. There is also a fan which draws air in from underneath the case and blows it across the coil in order to keep the heat down.<br /><br />In order to use this magnetic transmitter, we need to place a suitable output coil on the plate, and power a load from the energy collected by that coil. This is a fairly recent idea and so there is still a good deal of experimentation going on, testing different coils, and various loads. It is generally agreed that the best load is a non-inductive load with halogen lamps and ordinary filament light bulbs being recommended. Halogen lamps are used in some low-cost commercial heaters, and they are very effective method of radiant heating. In his video at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbAhUwHvJCE">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbAhUwHvJCE</a>, Laurent powers seven separate 400-watt halogen lamps using a small 800-watt maximum plate which has a small 120 mm diameter transmitter coil:<br /><br /><center>
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<br />No particular power output is claimed by Laurent, but as you can see, the 2800 watts of halogen lamps are brightly lit while a wattmeter on the input to the plate reads just 758 watts. It seems to be fairly clear that there is a significant power gain with this arrangement. Then, Laurent places an additional coil on top of the first one and shows it lighting a 100-watt filament light bulb very brightly:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOX3lvt0Eo2gWKS8vnRmZyCdq0nJ9GxOsUZsAsN1KNaHDNajqhApzgq78bbQKzhlwtisGeuCuqUCjQrRhC-Bm9NBcpUPUjiy8zNbvwPd-qYrgPdOwWhS8GXSUX8CdN2eSytlHpl_GMWpxO/s1600/495.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOX3lvt0Eo2gWKS8vnRmZyCdq0nJ9GxOsUZsAsN1KNaHDNajqhApzgq78bbQKzhlwtisGeuCuqUCjQrRhC-Bm9NBcpUPUjiy8zNbvwPd-qYrgPdOwWhS8GXSUX8CdN2eSytlHpl_GMWpxO/s400/495.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />It is actually quite difficult to see the brightness of lamps shown in a video as the video camera automatically turns down the brightness of the recording. The important point here is that there is significant power output from a second coil, without there being any increase in the power input to the transmitter coil in the induction plate.<br /><br />There are many different designs of electronics in commercial induction plates. Most will not start operating until a magnetic object is placed on top of the plate. If that is done, then the object needs to be removed very promptly as it heats up very rapidly. Fortunately, most plate designs keep operating as soon as the induction process is started and so there in no problem with removing the metal cookware (or whatever is used to start the process). Laurent’s very small induction plate does not have that protection circuitry and so starts up as soon as it is switched on.<br /><br />Jean-Louis Naudin uses a 2000-watt induction plate turned down to its 1000-watt setting. It has a 180 mm diameter pick-up coil. He says that for him, it is essential to have at least 1500-watts of load or else the induction plate will shut down with an error code indicating that no cookware is present.<br /><br />The coils used are Tesla bi-filar pancake types, typically, attached to a thin sheet of MDF or plywood, say 2 mm thick, with superglue. Laurent’s 120 mm coil has ten turns and Jean-Louis’ 160 mm coil has sixteen turns, needing about 5 metres of twin-core wire, and Laurent’s about 2.5 metres of wire. I suggest that the wire should be rated for mains voltage and have, perhaps 1 sq. mm cross-sectional area of copper wire in each conductor. A Tesla pancake coil is wound like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0EKIUtia9YzU6VTpPQmovVYMW9IDh-s68BbPfW3b9ol3Jho9mSQdzHU_SgAGTm8vuFFKuW7J1lFpnb_0Hrf4uVO2m8Iya02emVvlKTMnaJSofjS4OOmTbXeAEhCHQQt95wg4kiSNM-KAG/s1600/496.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0EKIUtia9YzU6VTpPQmovVYMW9IDh-s68BbPfW3b9ol3Jho9mSQdzHU_SgAGTm8vuFFKuW7J1lFpnb_0Hrf4uVO2m8Iya02emVvlKTMnaJSofjS4OOmTbXeAEhCHQQt95wg4kiSNM-KAG/s1600/496.gif" /></a></center>
<br />Please remember that this arrangement involves high voltages and so is not suitable for newcomers to electronics. This presentation is strictly for information purposes only and it is not a recommendation that you attempt to implement anything shown here, and if you choose to do so, then the responsibility is yours and yours alone.<br /><br />An interesting video is <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJ1MG1Qt7LQ&feature=em-uploademail">here</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Tariel Kapanadze</b></span><br />Tariel appears to have based his work on that of Nikola Tesla. There has been a video on the web, of one of his devices in operation, but it appears that the video has been removed. However, part of it can be seen <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3akywcvb9g">here</a>. The video commentary was not in English and so the information gathered from it is not as complete as it might be. However, in spite of that, a number of useful things can be learned from it.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3YWvx0OiasM3d2NNCAxKaDY8rAsCqtxkjiDhhhkvM_RPNA2BAWc_zSN3iZ4gTmZ3n-WvBTUgyodpG_5DyLBJuE-kgNf7Ik9csESPwEkaMZj2-c_N06Kg4LuMhoKCGpDogIDEPwCYAhcr5/s1600/497.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3YWvx0OiasM3d2NNCAxKaDY8rAsCqtxkjiDhhhkvM_RPNA2BAWc_zSN3iZ4gTmZ3n-WvBTUgyodpG_5DyLBJuE-kgNf7Ik9csESPwEkaMZj2-c_N06Kg4LuMhoKCGpDogIDEPwCYAhcr5/s400/497.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The video shows a demonstration being staged in a back garden, I believe, in Turkey. Strong sunshine was casting dense shadows which made video detail less than perfect. Essentially, Tariel demonstrated one of his builds of a Tesla-style free-energy device, powering both itself and a row of five light bulbs.<br /><br />One of the most encouraging things about this video is that the construction and operation was of the most basic kind, with not the slightest suggestion of expensive laboratory work or anything high-precision. This is most definitely a backyard construction within the scope of any knowledgeable person.<br /><br />Electrical connections were made by twisting bare wires together:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG98aGXkjKVgqiV3HsAq8-g_Qdi1eoc0cTCzEt8vjYeqKmb_CtIQEPn66Sq-A_D3OhFD-ztgLDHybxF_U3p9FJi4mVJX3fdmZI80kHyCCrjYCuoL0PlqMBv_zXxGUS3PlX4V8kKZf5C59k/s1600/498.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG98aGXkjKVgqiV3HsAq8-g_Qdi1eoc0cTCzEt8vjYeqKmb_CtIQEPn66Sq-A_D3OhFD-ztgLDHybxF_U3p9FJi4mVJX3fdmZI80kHyCCrjYCuoL0PlqMBv_zXxGUS3PlX4V8kKZf5C59k/s1600/498.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />and where necessary, tightening the twist with a pair of pliars:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0l8P7ILw2q-SlaTKdK3pTC_yJhpqxIFE9OJHm6L1HYg2ST_a5H1dWlw_HdI5Vtl9Tr5N9LO0IypfIhPgG0XFjNc8V53qEHYeXaCTYbDSmo12ZKBQhltf2J_brvk2eeyUzgnW5bkhXG2T8/s1600/499.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0l8P7ILw2q-SlaTKdK3pTC_yJhpqxIFE9OJHm6L1HYg2ST_a5H1dWlw_HdI5Vtl9Tr5N9LO0IypfIhPgG0XFjNc8V53qEHYeXaCTYbDSmo12ZKBQhltf2J_brvk2eeyUzgnW5bkhXG2T8/s400/499.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />This shows clearly that a high-power and very useful free-energy device can be made with the most simple of construction methods - no expensive connectors here, just a zero-cost twisted connection.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx0mdrVdMVRPmm70PIvoCdydXkwePCcwQ5nEkbwDYsW9HwaVcYgt6QF4FEObSN2uVhHBmz4AqNXiDc6ocYc1_xqUjNKjOD0xcFL_kHt-_y03ehsIjzNTksv357WxPunZMqdD4-nxhvnYkp/s1600/500.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx0mdrVdMVRPmm70PIvoCdydXkwePCcwQ5nEkbwDYsW9HwaVcYgt6QF4FEObSN2uVhHBmz4AqNXiDc6ocYc1_xqUjNKjOD0xcFL_kHt-_y03ehsIjzNTksv357WxPunZMqdD4-nxhvnYkp/s400/500.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The device being displayed is a Tesla Coil powered, earth-connected system of the type already described. You will notice that the thick primary winding is not placed at one end of the central secondary winding but is much closer to the centre of the coil. Remember that Don Smith states that if the primary coil is placed centrally, then the amount of current which the coil can deliver is very large, in spite of the fact that most people think that a Tesla Coil can only produce trivial currents. Notice also that this Tesla Coil appears to be mounted on a cheap kitchen-roll holder. I have seen it said that Tariel makes a new device for each demonstration and takes it apart afterwards, so if that is correct, then it is likely that there is no great effort or expense involved in making one of these systems.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjRIus4lHC9hg8k_x_uauwk0jpfFnpbL8fg4mSU-obwo7YauTUmOJ0difyTqToNvL_URYc9-5GwoZw8SdL5mlqZcr1v2oN38DomCUyb5yQnV-HPlZdIZuFE45dX4ilWh7o69wD34ckJHo2/s1600/501.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjRIus4lHC9hg8k_x_uauwk0jpfFnpbL8fg4mSU-obwo7YauTUmOJ0difyTqToNvL_URYc9-5GwoZw8SdL5mlqZcr1v2oN38DomCUyb5yQnV-HPlZdIZuFE45dX4ilWh7o69wD34ckJHo2/s320/501.jpg" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The main operational components are shown here, placed on one small table. There is a lead-acid battery (which is removed later in the demonstration), what appears to be an inverter to produce mains AC voltage from the battery, a high-voltage step-up system housed in a green box for safety reasons, a Tesla Coil, a spark gap mounted on the box and a fan-cooled component, probably a solid-state oscillator system driving the Tesla Coil. Not seen in this picture, is an item contained in a small box which might well be a high-voltage capacitor.<br /><br />Two earth connections are organised. The first one is an old car radiator buried in the ground:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKU4GCwG4-_iOPDsWR4usEcTJcdHkzaMqtOcxUJi2TKOmBeqXFD2s3OnpJ-7-7-_vaOEhrro_TmkUuMgZ_PlkMI6yBPAah1MdphGSJeP0t76rvXPeoDsdoGILPp5zH-pXCCNpoPZ3TvADl/s1600/502.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKU4GCwG4-_iOPDsWR4usEcTJcdHkzaMqtOcxUJi2TKOmBeqXFD2s3OnpJ-7-7-_vaOEhrro_TmkUuMgZ_PlkMI6yBPAah1MdphGSJeP0t76rvXPeoDsdoGILPp5zH-pXCCNpoPZ3TvADl/s400/502.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />and the second is a bare wire wrapped around a garden tap's metal pipe and twisted tight as shown above. It is distinctly possible that the circuit is based on this circuit of Tesla's:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmN6sk4cUR39eq-LLcAxTRStQc6RqhoOtQDlweKRDhwlWkBHrCaAFSAEnZZ8kRPxRm5UFZGhDrN2lrj3vKn0wDgKLEw9VwmaJGEyQQ4ZFPgHp1rgiSHBWNUflKPfwLUaw_-qd4jr57qjPw/s1600/503.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmN6sk4cUR39eq-LLcAxTRStQc6RqhoOtQDlweKRDhwlWkBHrCaAFSAEnZZ8kRPxRm5UFZGhDrN2lrj3vKn0wDgKLEw9VwmaJGEyQQ4ZFPgHp1rgiSHBWNUflKPfwLUaw_-qd4jr57qjPw/s1600/503.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Perhaps, the battery powers the inverter which produces mains voltage, which is then stepped up to a high voltage level by the enclosed electronics. This then drives the Tesla Coil, producing both very high voltage and current with the capacitor storing the energy as a reservoir. The spark gap then pulses this energy, driving the primary winding of the isolation transformer which produces a lower voltage at substantial current (depending on the current-handling capacity of the transformer itself) powering the load, which in this case, is a row of light bulbs.<br /><br />The load is a row of five light bulbs hung from a broom placed across the backs of two chairs:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgbNh7FhcjyJ7ou5BPbXrdJQjanaRvn03n9lm14W-eCrE4aqe5CGDN9DPyJOG-9tSAqqlZLoUn_91t6Z5pb3vXtnufByjDLbhE8bCP5lkgNuAfrxcV_iJHD2npwWujgLUrGmjxKlBBWNHB/s1600/504.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgbNh7FhcjyJ7ou5BPbXrdJQjanaRvn03n9lm14W-eCrE4aqe5CGDN9DPyJOG-9tSAqqlZLoUn_91t6Z5pb3vXtnufByjDLbhE8bCP5lkgNuAfrxcV_iJHD2npwWujgLUrGmjxKlBBWNHB/s1600/504.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />As you can see, this is not exactly high-tech, high-cost construction here, with all of the materials being used for other things afterwards.<br /><br />Initially, the battery is used to power the inverter and it is demonstrated that the current being drawn from the inverter is substantially less than the power entering the load. In conventional terms, this appears impossible, which is an indication that the conventional terms are out of date and need to be updated to include the observed facts from demonstrations such as this.<br /><br />As the system is putting out a good deal more power than is required to drive it, might it not be possible to use part of the output power to provide the input power. This is often called "closing the loop" and it is demonstrated in this video as the next step.<br /><br />First, the circuit is altered so that the input power connection to the inverter is taken from the output. Then the circuit is powered up using the battery as before. The battery is then disconnected and removed altogether, and the people helping with the demonstration pick up all of the active items and hold them up in the air so as to show that there are no hidden wires providing the extra power from some hidden source. The items on the table are not part of the circuit:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx66N7fhoI2uKDvVMrfMc9Q5XsNlzL3SC10cTHkmUwPSr6mtopF8mKuLrwtyHp8lyzgYj2R5_fy0GIoogb09Nr3uISBABvJUAHkBIw2W6nu_OFc8S1y4BvOSbRKdRNtMZsZ73jOZCjboOk/s1600/505.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx66N7fhoI2uKDvVMrfMc9Q5XsNlzL3SC10cTHkmUwPSr6mtopF8mKuLrwtyHp8lyzgYj2R5_fy0GIoogb09Nr3uISBABvJUAHkBIw2W6nu_OFc8S1y4BvOSbRKdRNtMZsZ73jOZCjboOk/s1600/505.jpg" /></a></center>
<br /><br />There is some additional information on Tariel including videos of some of his more powerful, newer designs at this <a href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Kapanadze_Free_Energy_Generator#Official_Website">website</a> although it has to be said that there does not appear to be very much on him or his work available at this time.<br /><br />In December 2009 an anonymous contributor e-mailed to say that Kapanadze returned to the ex-USSR republic of Georgia and that the video soundtrack is in the Georgian language and after the demonstration, the interview is in Russian. He has kindly translated the parts which relate to the device, as follows:<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> What are you showing us today?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> This is a device which draws energy from the environment. It draws 40 watts as it starts up, but then it can power itself and provide an output of 5 kilowatts. We don't know how much energy can be drawn from the environment, but in an earlier test, we drew 200 kilowatts of power.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Is it possible to solve the energy problems of Georgia?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> We consider that they have already been solved.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Please tell us in simple terms, how your device works.<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> (1) Power is drawn from the battery to get the device running<br />(2) If we want, we can use part of the output power to drive a charger and charge the battery<br />(3) When the device is running, we can remove the battery and it then operates self-powered. This particular unit can deliver 5 kilowatts of power which is enough for a family. We can easily make a version which supplies 10 kilowatts. We don't know what the practical power limit is for a unit like this. With this particular device we have here, we do not draw more than 5 kilowatts as we don't want to burn out the components which we used in this build.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Does your invention pick up current from mains wires?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> The mains has nothing to do with this device. The energy produced comes directly from the environment.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> What do you call your device and do you dedicate it to anyone?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> I would not dream of claiming this device to be my invention, I just found something which works. This is an invention of Nikola Tesla and all the credit is his. Tesla has done so much for mankind but today he is just forgotten. This device is his invention, his work.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Why are you so sure that this is a design of Nikola Tesla's?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Because I worked from his invention - his design. I discovered how to get automatic resonance between the primary and secondary windings. The most important thing is to achieve resonance. Melnichenko came close to solving this problem. The government of Georgia refuses to take this invention seriously.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> You said that resonance must be maintained. Which parts resonate?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Here (pointing to the green box) and here (pointing to the Tesla Coil mounted on the top of the green box). The resonator is inside the green box and at present, it is secret until patented.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> How much would one of these units cost?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> When mass produced, it would cost between 300 and 400 US dollars for a unit which has an output of 5 or 6 kilowatts.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;">How much did it cost you to build this demonstration device?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> About eight thousand (currency not specified, but the previous question was US dollars). Parts had to be got in from twenty different places.<br /><br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> Is this your house?<br /><b></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> No, I rent this place because we have sold all that we have to make these devices. And, having done it, the government and many scientists say "We are not interested because a device like that is impossible and can't possibly exist!". I have not been allowed to make a presentation to them, but people who understand the Tesla Coil understand how this device works.<br /><br />Kapanadze is an architect by profession and has not had any training in either physics or Electrical Engineering. The information on which this design was based was downloaded free from the internet.<br /><br />One of the most important aspects of this video is the confirmation it gives for the work of Tesla and of Don Smith, in that it shows clearly, yet again, that large amounts of energy can be drawn from the local environment, without the need to burn a fuel. Another video can be seen <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gErefbcTz-U">here</a>.<br /><br />People frequently ask for construction drawings or alternatively, outlets where they can buy one of his devices. Unfortunately, Tariel is not willing to share the details of his designs and so they will probably never be manufactured. Many people have tried to analyse and replicate his design.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #000099;"><b>Kapanadze Analysis by William McFreey</b></span><br />Shown below are two analysis papers on Tariel Kapanadze’s designs. These papers by William McFreey are written primarily for physiscts, and so they may not be easily understood by you if you are not familiar with scientific symbols and notation.<br /><br />While William McFreey’s paper is highly technical, the designs disclosed in it have been prototyped and proved to be fully functional. However, it needs to be understood that there are several ways of extracting free-energy from our local environment. For example:<ol>
<li>Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated that it is possible to draw kilowatts of energy directly from the local environment, using an aerial of relatively minor dimensions.</li>
<br />
<li>Stanley Meyer demonstrated that water can be separated into a hydrogen and oxygen gas mix using tiny power levels. This allows an ordinary petrol generator to be run self-powered on water alone.</li>
<br />
<li>Bob Boyce has produced a pulsed toroidal circuit which allows a battery to recharge itself.</li>
<br />
<li>Robert Adams produced a motor/generator design where permanent magnets generate an electrical output far in excess of the power needed to operate it.</li>
<br />
<li>Carlos Benitez designed a system which is self-powered and which provides kilowatts of excess power using just simple, standard electronic components.</li>
<br />
<li>Thane Heins has built and demonstrated simple asymmetrical transformers where the output power is more than thirty times greater than the input power.</li>
<br />
<li>Clemente Figuera produced a split-transformer design where the Lenz “Law” effect does not apply and so it produces far greater output power than input power.</li>
<br />
<li>John Bedini designed a pulsed flywheel motor/generator system which ran self-powered for years. Jim Watson built a large version which had many kilowatts of excess power.</li>
<br />
<li>Dr Oleg Gritskevitch built a self-powered motionless toroidal generator which produced 1.5 megawatts for two years.</li>
<br />
<li>James Hardy has demonstrated how the jet of water from a powerful water-pump can spin a generator fast enough to self-power the pump and supply additional electrical power for other equipment.</li>
<br />
<li>Mikhail Dmitriev has produced a gravity-powered generator which uses a small electrical motor to deflect weights on a rotor and that system produces kilowatts of excess power drawn from the gravitational field.</li>
<br />
<li>Lawrence Tseung has shown how a magnet embedded in an iron frame produces a greater output than the input power when it is powered with DC pulses.</li>
<br />
<li>Lawrence Tseung has also demonstrated that a heavy rotor powered by electromagnet pulses can have a substantially greater output power than the power needed to drive it.</li>
<br />
<li>Veljko Milkovic has demonstrated how combining a pendulum with a lever produces a system which has far greater mechanical output power than the mechanical power needed to operate it.</li>
<br />
<li>Richard Willis has shown how pulsing a magnetic material can produce kilowatts of excess power.</li>
<br />
<li>James Kwok has shown that introducing air into the bottom of a tank of water can generate tens of kilowatts of excess power through buoyancy.</li>
<br />
<li>Dietmar Hohl has published his design where permanent magnets cause permanent rotation of a cylinder without the need for any external source of power.</li>
<br />
<li>Mummar Yildiz has demonstrated a 300 watt permanent magnet only motor and then taken the motor completely apart to prove that there is no other source of power.</li>
<br />
<li>Lawrence Tseung has produced a variation on the Joule Thief circuit which has greater output power than the input power (something which I personally have built and can confirm).</li>
<br />
<li>Floyd Sweet produced a system where a tiny amount of power is used to wobble the magnetic poles of a specially conditioned magnet, producing thousands of times greater output power than the input power needed to power the system.</li>
</ol>
There are many other proven systems. The two papers from William McFreey can be freely downloaded from <a href="http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/McFreey.html">here</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: #000099;">The Cold Electricity Coil of ‘UFOpolitics’</span></b>.<br />A man who uses the forum ID of ‘UFOpolitics’ has been sharing his insights and experiences on various different forums, such as the one dealing directly with the production and use of cold electricity in solid-state circuits: <a href="http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/10529-my-motors-got-me-tap-into-radiant-energy-1.html">forum</a> His insights are unusual and very important. His basic statement is that if a coil is pulsed, using a circuit like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtun4dXfmeo0JkJEBid4SPxmj0hdn2m7bSW5ZouDSwwwyghyphenhyphenLhNLJusmAHFzWiJ2CXX-dLAcS2DtYzcgeyoN6w7ZK32xrtT_HDph5FB60YKAc07YtgNsz1RQbd3W26bnJzKFPVts0v2MdG/s1600/506.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtun4dXfmeo0JkJEBid4SPxmj0hdn2m7bSW5ZouDSwwwyghyphenhyphenLhNLJusmAHFzWiJ2CXX-dLAcS2DtYzcgeyoN6w7ZK32xrtT_HDph5FB60YKAc07YtgNsz1RQbd3W26bnJzKFPVts0v2MdG/s1600/506.gif" /></a></center>
<br />then conventional hot electricity pulses the coil when the transistor is switched ON, but if that current is switched OFF rapidly, then there is an inflow of cold electricity into the coil from the surrounding environment. That inflow of energy can be collected and diverted to power a load through the use of two high-speed diodes which can carry considerable current as the power inflow is substantial. The inflow of energy occurs when the transistor is switched OFF and so it is desirable to have the transistor switched off for most of the time, in other words, a low percentage Duty Cycle for the transistor. There <b>MUST</b> be a significant load on the cold electricity output. If there is not, then the cold electricity will flow back into the hot electricity section of the circuit and it may damage the transistors. Tom Bearden states that resistors boost cold electricity rather than hindering it’s flow, so the load should be a coil, a DC motor with brushes or a fluorescent light bulb.<br /><br />It has been observed that the incoming energy tends to flow inwards towards the centre of the coil, so an additional method of collecting this extra energy is to place a second coil inside the main coil, and wound in the same direction as it, like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipLrh-mXX2evS4sh_6jpzftgxlbl9ORl3fhFDMxhbexR12X2KCTQmRKfMFn1eWcSkXIFtgZhqC47sAKJifiNKujeoIlETttDc46bOmocQwMvvjBqQG-lQ5Rf5VIeLlFq-OA8Yd0XWuHoGf/s1600/507.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipLrh-mXX2evS4sh_6jpzftgxlbl9ORl3fhFDMxhbexR12X2KCTQmRKfMFn1eWcSkXIFtgZhqC47sAKJifiNKujeoIlETttDc46bOmocQwMvvjBqQG-lQ5Rf5VIeLlFq-OA8Yd0XWuHoGf/s320/507.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />This provides two separate, independent cold electricity power outputs. Diodes are not needed for the inner ‘secondary’ coil. This inner coil is a pick-up coil and is not related in any way to the number of turns in the hot electricity pulsing coil. Instead, this coil collects inflowing cold electricity during the period when the pulsing coil is switched OFF. The hot electricity pulsing coil can be wound directly on top of the extra pick-up coil or the extra coil can be wound separately and placed inside the main coil spool.<br /><br />Very surprisingly, it is recommended that the powerful high-speed diode used to channel the cold electricity out of the circuit, be followed by a small 1N4148 silicon epitaxial planar high-speed diode (75V 0.45A) as this is said to clean up the cold electricity output even more. It is important that the cold electricity has to encounter the more powerful silicon diodes before reaching the 1N4148 diodes, so the order of the diodes is very important, and should be as shown here:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ4NZtaxiei9mOWuAJ3UE-cPydFwDcs58yg_zWLMrSMFGp07dNyn__NbEjf-rANFUe_Bdkrfil5pOOP9aKzs3CKQfIXXMoyyjgznrplZGsYz4czDWA-cvc-Kxkoa6nl7A8Fl6jCxe8oSzO/s1600/508.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ4NZtaxiei9mOWuAJ3UE-cPydFwDcs58yg_zWLMrSMFGp07dNyn__NbEjf-rANFUe_Bdkrfil5pOOP9aKzs3CKQfIXXMoyyjgznrplZGsYz4czDWA-cvc-Kxkoa6nl7A8Fl6jCxe8oSzO/s320/508.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br />Alternative diodes for the NTE576 (6A, 35nS, 400V) are the NTE577 (5A, 70nS, 1000V) and the HFA16PB (16A, 19nS, 600V). The main requirement is high-speed operation, voltage rating of at least 400V and current rating of at least 5 amps..<br /><br />There is one additional thing to be done with this circuit when a DC output is required and that is to apply filtering to the output. First, when the energy has passed through the NTE576 (or equivalent) power diodes, it encounters a high-frequency (low capacity) high quality film capacitor placed across the output in order to siphon off any high-frequency voltage ripple before it is passed through the small 1N4148 diodes and into a smoothing and storage electrolytic capacitor. Storing the cold electricity in the electrolytic capacitor converts it into conventional hot electricity.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CEQkZw-S451DxrDkxa37CRh39ZcISJxVLOfZn2n7SjAXpG0Dh0NOnc9VqP9rvjU9wcMcF_RF1chbhQArHzBqfYHbKNajnG_XAbLw8DZFUq8Qa13DmdckqBPkbPxTKYlTnFi3CIchN4hx/s1600/509.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CEQkZw-S451DxrDkxa37CRh39ZcISJxVLOfZn2n7SjAXpG0Dh0NOnc9VqP9rvjU9wcMcF_RF1chbhQArHzBqfYHbKNajnG_XAbLw8DZFUq8Qa13DmdckqBPkbPxTKYlTnFi3CIchN4hx/s1600/509.gif" /></a></center>
<br />While this circuit looks like something which you just switch on and it works, that is not the case as there is an essential start-up procedure where the signal applied to the transistor is started at just a few cycles per second and 50% duty cycle and that input is then adjusted carefully and slowly while monitoring the voltages and currents produced by the circuit. This is a seriously powerful system with the capability of producing a major power output.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuXIfEpKVR2Rxq4tT5vZneNNFGNbgI3djelluYW4o44U_JzX1X_yhlruQ5dxoCqeK51SIigg_ErqX15AIGiRD_nQdbR7ZB-TJejr2Rlg1rzqW0n0lyOBqGmeq0YZacCvTdb0aEZLl1cL_/s1600/510.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuXIfEpKVR2Rxq4tT5vZneNNFGNbgI3djelluYW4o44U_JzX1X_yhlruQ5dxoCqeK51SIigg_ErqX15AIGiRD_nQdbR7ZB-TJejr2Rlg1rzqW0n0lyOBqGmeq0YZacCvTdb0aEZLl1cL_/s1600/510.gif" /></a></center>
<br />It is very important that the circuit is not powered up without a suitable load on the cold electricity output. A suitable load is a self-ballasted 230-volt fluorescent light. It must be understood that just flipping the power switch to it’s ON position is not sufficient to get an inflow of cold electricity. Instead, it is necessary to progress the start-up sequence carefully, and a fluorescent light is particularly helpful for doing this although a neon bulb is also a popular choice of temporary load, because these devices allow the current flow in the load to be assessed visually.<br /><br />Before switch-on, the input oscillator is set to 50% duty cycle and minimum frequency. Then the frequency is raised very slowly, causing the lamp to start flashing. As the frequency is raised, the current drawn from the battery needs to be monitored as it is the current flowing through the transistor, and the current is kept down by lowering the duty cycle progressively. This process is continued carefully and if successful, the colour of the light produced will initially be purple or green before reaching continuous bright white light. Videos showing the light produced and the fact that it is not dangerous to life or affected by water can be seen <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KALMgFscg&list=UUdmFG5BeS0YnD2b5zasXXng&index=1&feature=plcp">here</a>.<br /><br />The driving force is a series of powerful magnetic pulses, and implementing the physical circuit to achieve that requires careful construction. The battery driving the circuit is a 36 volt combination of cells. The coil is wound as an air-core construction on a 2-inch (50 mm) diameter spool and the DC resistance is arranged to be about 1.4 or 1.5 ohms. This, in turn, requires a substantial drive from the transistor and so it is normal to connect six powerful output transistors in parallel in order to spread the current flow between them as well as dissipating the heat generated across several transistors bolted to a common heat-sink of generous area.<br /><br />How the coil is wound is something to consider. The objective is to have a coil of about 1.5 ohm resistance and which has the maximum magnetic effect for the current passed through it. Copper wire has become very expensive and so it would be very costly to wind the coil with vast lengths of thick wire, not to mention the very large size and great weight which would be produced by doing that. The copper wire options in Europe are typically to work with half-kilogram reels of wire. The details of some of these are as follows:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlsgqIk0GclSVXOG6NRyA51UMAm5s99qonrZumdh582khNzuiR4FblNV0WTTUSuCrid-uawSS7dgycKH-O_zVvO23NHk7Jqpc0W48_S-geKVUvFejYmvwBwXT0pAuvSJaqiODr2fC3I07K/s1600/511.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlsgqIk0GclSVXOG6NRyA51UMAm5s99qonrZumdh582khNzuiR4FblNV0WTTUSuCrid-uawSS7dgycKH-O_zVvO23NHk7Jqpc0W48_S-geKVUvFejYmvwBwXT0pAuvSJaqiODr2fC3I07K/s1600/511.gif" /></a></center>
<br />We can see from this that a 500 gram reel of 14 swg wire has a total resistance of just 0.09 ohms and so it would take sixteen reels (weighing 8 kilograms and costing a lot of money) to wind just a one-strand coil using that wire, producing a coil which cold carry a current of 9.3 amps. As opposed to that, a single reel of 28 swg could provide 52 separate windings, which when connected in parallel, could carry 15 amps as well as costing and weighing far less. It would be tedious, but not impossible, to wind a 52-strand coil, so a more reasonable number of strands connected in parallel might be used. We are aiming at a DC resistance of about 1.45 ohms in any coil arrangement which we select.<br /><br />The magnetic field produced by a single strand is generally less than the magnetic field produced by two strands carrying the same total current. So, if we were to pick 22 swg wire, then we could measure out four 133.5 metre lengths, joint them at the start, and wind the four strands simultaneously, side-by-side to form a coil with a DC resistance of 1.45 ohms. It is important that the strands are exactly the same length so that they carry exactly the same current and no one strand gets overloaded with current due to it having a lower resistance than the other strands. It should be realised that as the maximum current which the wire can carry is 4.8 amps and the resistance is only 1.45 ohms, the maximum continuous DC voltage which can be sustained by the coil is only 7 volts, and so as a 36-volt battery is being used, we must adjust the frequency and duty cycle very carefully, especially since we are starting at very low frequencies. If the full battery voltage is applied continuously to the coil, then the coil will be destroyed.<br /><br />Various members of the forum have suggested, built and tested different circuits for feeding a variable-frequency variable-duty-cycle drive signal to the output transistor. However, ‘UFOpolitics’ recommends a simple 555 timer circuit. If you are not familiar with electronic circuits, then read chapter 12 which explains them in some detail, including the 555 timer family of circuits. The point stressed by ‘UFOpolitics’ is that the output taken from pin 3 of the 555 chip passes first through a 100 ohm resistor and then, every transistor gets a separate feed via a two resistor voltage divider pair. The 47K Gate-to-Ground resistor is to ensure that the FET turns off properly. It my be possible to increase the value of these resistors but they should never be less than 47K.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hV5LrA2R_n3DVhGcnNaFBE5-3UKoY9-bitoR_QgL4nBEINsGp4Jy0bVtg40L4O6DDAdVhc9F_WOYIeVcpdDt_BDGD91s40Csjvhc9wcYAxA-9Wknotmi9DIpf_Zr5DcZUruQT61n3j5P/s1600/512.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hV5LrA2R_n3DVhGcnNaFBE5-3UKoY9-bitoR_QgL4nBEINsGp4Jy0bVtg40L4O6DDAdVhc9F_WOYIeVcpdDt_BDGD91s40Csjvhc9wcYAxA-9Wknotmi9DIpf_Zr5DcZUruQT61n3j5P/s1600/512.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The thick lines in this diagram indicate heavy-duty wiring which can carry high currents without generating any real heat when doing so. It is also recommended that although the FET has an internal diode, an extra external high-speed diode (NTE576 or similar), be connected across each FET in order to boost the switching speed:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ8GNHa06uyrYW87sEEUqwZmZ1LbRZ1QrOZImAwWQjDR4V-wV15tkMOyOY3ADWWC4XqzoeJw1sWhwUdMtcNsMInBS0bqakM2w-POuDK6EW-6EoW9qrXE_o_pTUYwIey3mhhafkod3UZOzE/s1600/513.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ8GNHa06uyrYW87sEEUqwZmZ1LbRZ1QrOZImAwWQjDR4V-wV15tkMOyOY3ADWWC4XqzoeJw1sWhwUdMtcNsMInBS0bqakM2w-POuDK6EW-6EoW9qrXE_o_pTUYwIey3mhhafkod3UZOzE/s1600/513.gif" /></a></center>
<br />A FET has a gate capacitance of about 1 nF. The faster it can be charged / discharged the faster the FET will switch (and stay cool). What determines the speed of charge / discharge for the gate capacitance is the length of wire from driver to gate or gates = inductance (where one metre of wire produces 0.05µH. In addition to that, different lengths of Gate connection wire will create different switching delays and the different inductances can then initiate High Frequency oscillations with repetitive ON/OFF/ON/OFF switching actions. The result might be burned FETS and lack of cold electricity activities.<br /><br />Another point made by ‘UFOpolitics’ is that the physical layout should have the connecting wires or tracks kept as short as possible and he suggests this layout:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlc6AT2xNJLPpGJ9x8DX5O-fYJTK1HX-XU7zNeNCDrDQjo8Ktjm6uvkRr02vCZwku6TbKevbUEyfHcaHvEm_oJujdaob-sdaapM5wF7chbTw7XDUzgT5gXg470k4rAAntmnf9OrebPjxWe/s1600/514.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlc6AT2xNJLPpGJ9x8DX5O-fYJTK1HX-XU7zNeNCDrDQjo8Ktjm6uvkRr02vCZwku6TbKevbUEyfHcaHvEm_oJujdaob-sdaapM5wF7chbTw7XDUzgT5gXg470k4rAAntmnf9OrebPjxWe/s1600/514.gif" /></a></center>
<br />There are two things to note here. Firstly, the 100 ohm resistor coming from pin 3 of the 555 timer IC is positioned centrally around the six FET transistors mounted on the aluminium heat-sink, and that point is carried closer to each FET with a low-resistance conductor to give a good-quality link for the resistors feeding the Gate of each FET. Secondly, the heat-sink itself is also used to provide a low-resistance electrical connection to the coil which the FETs are driving. The connection to the heat-sink is via a nut and bolt clamping a solder tag firmly to a cleaned area of the heat-sink. Each FET is electrically connected to the heat sink through it’s mounting tag which forms it’s heat-sink connection as well as connecting to the Drain of the Transistor. However, if the aluminium heat sink is a black anodised type, then, apart from cleaning between each FET and the heat-sink contact area, it is worth running a thick wire also linking the central FET pins to the output wire connection point.<br /><br />The transistors used in the prototype, and recommended for replications is the NTE2397. This is not a very common transistor in Europe at this time and so the popular IRF740 might perhaps be used as it appears to have all of the main characteristics of the NTE2397 transistor. ‘UFOpolitics’ suggests the 2SK2837 (500V, 20A, 80A pulsed), or the IRFP460 (500V, 0.27 Ohm, 20A and 80A pulsed)<br /><br />As the 555 timer has a maximum supply voltage of 15 volts, an LM317N voltage-stabiliser chip is used to create a 12-volt supply from the 36-volt battery (a 24V battery could be used):<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimxcV6LbF9ckmh8k_-1LnvbQHJhy3rgKEapgZvxkaHNX3KQ0uEr6mQBMhwRNoEzao24j_08stbhM912zdpp83-ZXIuL6S4zJ997xI11iPbKujLuUvYyvGlXFfv8sqQFGWr42vsHbYWtiE0/s1600/515.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimxcV6LbF9ckmh8k_-1LnvbQHJhy3rgKEapgZvxkaHNX3KQ0uEr6mQBMhwRNoEzao24j_08stbhM912zdpp83-ZXIuL6S4zJ997xI11iPbKujLuUvYyvGlXFfv8sqQFGWr42vsHbYWtiE0/s1600/515.gif" /></a></center>
<br />The LM317N integrated circuit should be attached to a good heat sink as it is dropping off 24 of the 36 volts powering the circuit, and so, has to dissipate twice the power that the NE555 chip uses:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnk_I13RqONrUxqxuboZRiClzG-NPfMn5YLVvgw3dzlOKObAMJ0ugAX_x2YrhyD81BYikUN2HHCBz6c58MDWrSfHpyfGRlWHSQ5c3gNJIP4KKhs1cvA9dByT041nwkzGBHNIojMIRH1grt/s1600/516.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnk_I13RqONrUxqxuboZRiClzG-NPfMn5YLVvgw3dzlOKObAMJ0ugAX_x2YrhyD81BYikUN2HHCBz6c58MDWrSfHpyfGRlWHSQ5c3gNJIP4KKhs1cvA9dByT041nwkzGBHNIojMIRH1grt/s400/516.gif" /></a></center>
<br />There are various pulsing circuits which have been used successfully with this system. ‘UFOpolitics’ considers the NE555 chip to be the most straightforward, so perhaps my suggestion for this arrangement might be a suitable choice:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZhV9TAh3BQanBSa2T4y0gZrGXYMYuyyu2SCIxrDowNB7rsjIKWo4ihC-m-TgqckpL7sFLyGnon_wLPWYxh55bsYy-wVJAjvQCNtkQNFgfA8TUBoIEKlOTaccrvBpIpASIPR_XdUaysQ1J/s1600/517.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZhV9TAh3BQanBSa2T4y0gZrGXYMYuyyu2SCIxrDowNB7rsjIKWo4ihC-m-TgqckpL7sFLyGnon_wLPWYxh55bsYy-wVJAjvQCNtkQNFgfA8TUBoIEKlOTaccrvBpIpASIPR_XdUaysQ1J/s1600/517.gif" /></a></center>
<br />This gives fine control of the frequency and independent adjustment of the Mark/Space ratio or ‘Duty Cycle’ and it needs only three very cheap components other than the controls. If the expensive multi-turn high quality variable resistors are available, then the 4.7K ‘fine-tune’ variable resistor can be omitted as those variable resistors make the adjustments easier to control. The ‘Lin.’ In the diagram stands for ‘Linear’ which means that the resistance varies steadily at a constant rate as the shaft of the variable resistor is rotated.<br /><br />In the ‘UFOpolitics’ circuit, it is important to turn the frequency down to it’s minimum value and set the Mark/Space ratio to 50%, before powering the circuit down. Otherwise it would be easy to power the circuit up with a much higher frequency than is advisable and so, causing damage to some of the circuit components.<br /><br />There are ways to boost the performance over what has already been described. One way is to insert a stainless steel core inside the coil. Stainless steel is supposed to be non-magnetic but in practice, that is not always the case. However, ideally, this steel core is improved by altering it’s crystalline structure by heating it up and then quenching it by submerging it in cold water.<br /><br />Another improvement is to isolate the coil better at switch-off through the use of a second transistor. Having a ‘switched-off’ transistor at each end of the coil certainly blocks the flow of hot electricity, but if Tom Bearden is correct, the resistance of the transistors in their OFF state will actually boost the flow of cold electricity as it reacts in the reverse way to how hot electricity reacts. The arrangement is like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyN1H0IQRXMkuJwKqMsXTAvqgn1TTRAEF-HEoVSGuU8utQRTwQZAkyiCQi-sf_TS3DJbPFf0l9xS22yz1A_lhTXjt-Uwdy7yYDn5BrUhH17HNGck3y3iuhPsrkwVtqT6kD0ibKIVFI_Fd6/s1600/518.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyN1H0IQRXMkuJwKqMsXTAvqgn1TTRAEF-HEoVSGuU8utQRTwQZAkyiCQi-sf_TS3DJbPFf0l9xS22yz1A_lhTXjt-Uwdy7yYDn5BrUhH17HNGck3y3iuhPsrkwVtqT6kD0ibKIVFI_Fd6/s1600/518.gif" /></a></center>
<br />While this looks like a very simple circuit to implement, that is not the case. The upper transistor is switched ON by the voltage difference between it’s Gate “G” and it‘s Source “S”. But, the voltage at it’s Source is not fixed but varies rapidly due to the changing current in the coil, and that does not help when solid and reliable switching of the upper transistor is needed. A P-channel FET could be used instead and that would have it’s Source connected to the fixed voltage of the Plus of the 36V battery. That would help the switching enormously, but there would still be timing issues between the two transistors switching ON and OFF at exactly the same time. Other circuits have been suggested for doing that type of switching, but in the early stages, ‘UFOpolitics’ recommends that things be kept as simple as possible, so using just one transistor (although, perhaps, a bank of six in parallel to boost the current handling) is the best option.<br /><br />Switching speed is an item of major importance, even to the extent that the reduction in the speed of switching caused by using more than one transistor in parallel has caused the suggestion to be made that it might actually be a better option to use just one FET since these high-performance FETs are capable of carrying the whole of the switching current, and it is mainly to lower the FET operating temperature that multiple FET use is suggested. Every extra FET used in parallel, slows the switching down. However, it should be realised that there is a somewhat greater risk of burning the FET out if just one is used.<br /><br />The coil dimensions recommended are two-inch (50 mm) diameter and 2-inch length. The wound coil is likely to be about three-inches (75 mm) so making the flange diameter 4-inches (100 mm) is realistic:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaF-AzyQ-1NNi01JWUIZqINFGRrqZm73iLy2HwUAzRpJjbyMVZJJ57tpxenwuf1eM87V6WnyMFMXsNnMCz9o247UZJFx1oxJBeF6wFn8VAtDJCqElvfBJRAWyJ6-D6Dlpflg3Kb3sil7rg/s1600/519.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaF-AzyQ-1NNi01JWUIZqINFGRrqZm73iLy2HwUAzRpJjbyMVZJJ57tpxenwuf1eM87V6WnyMFMXsNnMCz9o247UZJFx1oxJBeF6wFn8VAtDJCqElvfBJRAWyJ6-D6Dlpflg3Kb3sil7rg/s1600/519.gif" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijMQtegGydnIseugsMy4DToRr67VUeKrhDB60nkLhRuurW7sUkThjocL-Qarj47o5CG4ifyxb5hXuPQK3wEDOvP2MENQJBXfZcKl3XXOjdjSbtW0BD8bVSdiGgwUheuhX3JjZ07orGi9-y/s1600/Fig319.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijMQtegGydnIseugsMy4DToRr67VUeKrhDB60nkLhRuurW7sUkThjocL-Qarj47o5CG4ifyxb5hXuPQK3wEDOvP2MENQJBXfZcKl3XXOjdjSbtW0BD8bVSdiGgwUheuhX3JjZ07orGi9-y/s400/Fig319.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />The recommended material is fibreglass which has high heat-resisting properties as well as being easy to work, the personal choice of ‘UFOpolitics’ is Polyester Resin with Methyl Ethyl Kethol (MEK) Hardener. A suggested alternative is acrylic, which is not as heat resistant. Acrylic is excellent for high-frequency applications but this circuitry does not operate at high frequencies. Whatever spool material is chosen, it needs to be non-magnetic. When connected in the circuit, the start of the coil winding wire goes to the battery positive.<br /><br />Here is another coil wound on acrylic tube and with all four diodes connected to the ends of the coil:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8QvGfP3OZ1qtfFCe6wFPXtSwhs2wC0q_-pABsMP4hkuox9TEfaf4Sf5TaZRsAyaLvW3wvsQD9gDAtyCQF7mRYiqfHj6Z85m6m4Jm7ZDbBLjVnfwOdTm2Oo-jpsjRPIZerOTElZROnRT6T/s1600/520.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8QvGfP3OZ1qtfFCe6wFPXtSwhs2wC0q_-pABsMP4hkuox9TEfaf4Sf5TaZRsAyaLvW3wvsQD9gDAtyCQF7mRYiqfHj6Z85m6m4Jm7ZDbBLjVnfwOdTm2Oo-jpsjRPIZerOTElZROnRT6T/s1600/520.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />It should be understood that cold electricity provides almost unlimited power and it has uses which are not readily understood by many people.<br /><br />‘UFOpolitics’ suggests that the hot electricity drive circuitry be tested initially using just a resistive load. If everything checks out correctly, then test with a lesser value resistor in series with the coil, and if that checks out satisfactorily, then testing cautiously with the coil on it’s own.<br /><br />Cold electricity can charge batteries rapidly and after a series of charge and discharge cycles, batteries become ‘conditioned’ to cold electricity and the experiences of Electrodyne Corp. staff show that large conditioned batteries which are fully discharged, can be recharged in under one minute. A member of the present forum has tried this with the ‘UFOpolitics’ circuit and he reports: <span style="color: #000099;"><br /><br />Yesterday a friend and I took 6 identical, old, 12V, 115Ah batteries and made two 36V banks. We set up bank “A” (the better three) to power the device to charge bank “B”. Bank A was 37.00v at rest and Bank B was 34.94V. My lowest frequency was 133Hz (I need to change my cap and add another 100k pot with the one which is controlling the frequency) and the duty cycle was at 13%. We started at 2A draw on the Primary circuit.<br /><br />As I raised the frequency, the batteries on charge jumped up to 38.4V then dropped evenly to 36.27V and started up again (at about 0.01V every 2 seconds). After 2 and a half hours, they were up to 39.94V. At this point we stopped the charging and let everything rest for 10 minutes. So far everything seems very normal for this kind of charging, except that the device appears to be very stable and powerful...pushing the batteries right on up continuously. The Primary battery voltage dropped initially to 36.20V and stayed there the whole time, then recovered to 36.98V during the 10 minute rest.<br /><br />Then we switched battery banks A and B and charged the opposite way for about 20 minutes. We stopped and rested things again, swapped the banks back and started charging bank B again for another 20 minutes and stopped. After letting the batteries rest for a few hours in order to get truer readings, bank A was at. 37.07 and bank B was at 38.32V. Both battery banks had gained power. These were not very good batteries, either. One of the bank B batteries was at 10.69V at the start. Another interesting note: The amp draw on the Primary dropped from 2A to 1.5A as the frequency was raised from 133Hz to about 550Hz. </span><br /><br />This was with the very first use of cold electricity with these low-grade batteries and a major improvement can be expected after many additional charge/discharge cycles. This completely overcomes the factors which make a battery bank unsuitable for household power. If an entire battery bank can be recharged in just minutes, then it opens the way for serious household power using a battery bank.<br /><br />Cold electricity can also run motors very powerfully. Forum member ‘Netica’ found that putting a capacitor across the motor terminals improved the running very substantially, giving impressive performance. His video of this is <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=7uAYKhrPDPc">here</a> and the motor, running off an air-core coil with no steel insert. His set-up looks like this:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzT-_WUUDUSKxT62hlNfngkvDgyIyAf2ij1lm0UkIWyNS7zMYlML9SDxyXNThB3QnBO2CXrpDhOVeSgkBEKMpERBrxUdLxSuFquj5uRTDuxhP_PXu80fl2dOcReZray-8dtKTpJtP6ydb/s1600/521.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzT-_WUUDUSKxT62hlNfngkvDgyIyAf2ij1lm0UkIWyNS7zMYlML9SDxyXNThB3QnBO2CXrpDhOVeSgkBEKMpERBrxUdLxSuFquj5uRTDuxhP_PXu80fl2dOcReZray-8dtKTpJtP6ydb/s1600/521.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />It is also possible to submerge cold electricity circuits in water without causing any harm:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOZYcpvGM7bFa8pR7MV5o3_8HjNws1WK2r1XRIOxjUIN6thxtH6RaSkuyK6Bo-j4HJUft74uX5FitKICzrH40hEhhCVmNC3GuaRxRUU5MYNIbRhhte3krnoXBmkSe2d2puIj96P1ylvoP1/s1600/Fig322.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOZYcpvGM7bFa8pR7MV5o3_8HjNws1WK2r1XRIOxjUIN6thxtH6RaSkuyK6Bo-j4HJUft74uX5FitKICzrH40hEhhCVmNC3GuaRxRUU5MYNIbRhhte3krnoXBmkSe2d2puIj96P1ylvoP1/s320/Fig322.jpg" width="233" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT2KSMl8gIDfxGCDVSsrMfykaecNFZJ8i3tUa0erUetRu4E8V_QV3RrxnziF9VyC-g3YPSPfnlHHCqGaYakzGjO2KZGS6Xem8rTcEBhZrzZntGafUrB6jGglnvW83iAs23Vl99lVwMOlz5/s1600/522.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT2KSMl8gIDfxGCDVSsrMfykaecNFZJ8i3tUa0erUetRu4E8V_QV3RrxnziF9VyC-g3YPSPfnlHHCqGaYakzGjO2KZGS6Xem8rTcEBhZrzZntGafUrB6jGglnvW83iAs23Vl99lVwMOlz5/s400/522.jpg" /></a></center>
<br />A video of this is located <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KALMgFscg&feature=channel&list=UL">here</a> including demonstrating the use of very powerful light bulbs. A general running demonstration is <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVzhKpEqUgc&feature=player_embedded">here</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: #000099;">Stanley Meyer</span></b>.<br />Stan, who is famous for his water-splitting and related automotive achievements, actually held about forty patents on a wide range of inventions. Here is one of his patents which circulates magnetic particles in a fluid, and while the fluid does move, none of the other components in the device move and a high level of constructional skills is not called for:<br /><br />Please note that this is a re-worded excerpt from this Stan Meyer patent. Although it does not state it in the patent, Stan appears to make it understood that this system produces a significant power gain – something with Patent Offices find very difficult to accept.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b></b></span><b><center>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patent CA 1,213,671 4th February 1983 Inventor: Stanley A. Meyer<br /><br /><br /><br />ELECTRICAL PARTICLE GENERATOR</span> </center>
ABSTRACT</b><br />An electrical particle generator comprising a non-magnetic pipe in a closed loop having a substantial amount of magnetised particles encapsulated inside it. A magnetic accelerator assembly is positioned on the pipe, which has an inductive primary winding and a low-voltage input to the winding. A secondary winding is positioned on the pipe opposite to the primary winding. Upon voltage being applied to the primary winding, the magnetised particles are passed through the magnetic accelerator assembly with increased velocity. These accelerated particles passing through the pipe, induce an electrical voltage/current potential as they pass through the secondary winding. The increased secondary voltage is utilised in an amplifier arrangement.<br /><br /><br /><b>BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART</b><br />The prior art teachings expound the fundamental principle tat a magnetic field passing through inductive windings will generate a voltage/current or enhance the voltage across it if the winding is a secondary winding.<br /><br />It is also taught by the prior art, that a magnetic element in a primary inductive field will be attracted at one end of the coil and repelled at the other end. That is, a moving magnetic element will be accelerated in motion by the attraction and repulsion of the magnetic field of the primary inductive winding.<br /><br />In the conventional step-up transfer, the voltage across the secondary is a function of the number of turns in the secondary relative to the number of turns in the primary winding. Other factors are the diameter of the wire and whether the core is air or a magnetic material.<br /><br /><br /><b>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</b><br />The present invention utilises the basic principle of the particle accelerator and the principle of inducing a voltage in a secondary winding by passing a magnetic element through it.<br /><br />The structure comprises a primary voltage inductive winding having a magnetic core, plus a low-voltage input. There is a secondary winding with a greater number of turns than the turns in the primary winding, plus an output for using the voltage induced in that winding.<br /><br />The primary winding and core are positioned on one side of an endless, closed-loop, non-magnetic pipe. The secondary windings are positioned on the opposite side of the endless pipe. The pipe is filled with discrete magnetic particles, preferably of a gas, and each particle has a magnetic polarised charge placed on it.<br /><br />Due to their magnetic polarisation charges, the particles will sustain some motion. As the particles approach the accelerator assembly, which is the primary coil, the magnetic field generated by the coil attracts the particles and accelerates them through the coil. As each particles passes through the coil, the repulsion end of the coil boosts the particle on it’s way. This causes each particle to exit from the coil with an increased velocity.<br /><br />As the magnetic particles pass through the secondary coil winding, they induce a voltage across the ends of that coil. Due to the larger number of turns, this induced voltage is much higher than the voltage across the primary coil.<br /><br />The main objective of this invention is to provide an electrical generator which is capable of producing a voltage/current of much greater magnitude than has been possible previously. Another objective is to provide a generator which uses magnetic particles and a magnetic accelerator. Another object is to provide a generator which can control the amplitude of the output. Another objective is to provide a generator which can be used with DC, AC, pulsed or other configurations of waveforms. Another objective is to provide a generator which can be used in either a single-phase or a 3-phase electrical system. Another objective is to provide a generator for developing magnetised particles for use in an electrical particle generator. Another objective is to provide an electrical generator which uses readily available components to construct a simple embodiment of this invention.<br /><br /><br /><b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</b><br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQfSuU6nZgZ8eYyBpmusJVdPJ_5HU-6_MHjopWmjwNb9wShFzrzy1AnRvbCgUMZ1TCkTBrsC2YvKjrfQ7PBLX_MGvDmhwUHNtcQpWBYM0Lk5u24pheDlV_AH-wqbYJe2lb6A14mcGrDhtc/s1600/523.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQfSuU6nZgZ8eYyBpmusJVdPJ_5HU-6_MHjopWmjwNb9wShFzrzy1AnRvbCgUMZ1TCkTBrsC2YvKjrfQ7PBLX_MGvDmhwUHNtcQpWBYM0Lk5u24pheDlV_AH-wqbYJe2lb6A14mcGrDhtc/s320/523.gif" width="277" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.1</b> is a simplified illustration of the principles of the invention, shown partially in cross-section and partially pictorially.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRfmM5rYC2ne_6aK2mHhq3jjwpCFRmrPdO94JvmesXa-5xVKSId0_KOpzQ1xodmMh_RBP4CTsb9qYPI8QKvzrKQFqeAAIhWN9WAIpxx_t_YU6mlpRPdbR5LCaDMeM6QVEU00CDNNNSTDq/s1600/524.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRfmM5rYC2ne_6aK2mHhq3jjwpCFRmrPdO94JvmesXa-5xVKSId0_KOpzQ1xodmMh_RBP4CTsb9qYPI8QKvzrKQFqeAAIhWN9WAIpxx_t_YU6mlpRPdbR5LCaDMeM6QVEU00CDNNNSTDq/s1600/524.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.2</b> is an electrical schematic illustration of the embodiment shown in Fig.1.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitxPPCdx2oQ3nDEvz859bf-7TcpMAtxLdA6qrCqWZ7bXCsIpiMixDq9oI5BldUUbE6ZQcnatO-xJ_hiCXHp_I9wobB_B3x9ChnWHNHAlJHs5S_IxCozE529GQaWd8XJSwsj-WYpqGP9EPY/s1600/525.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitxPPCdx2oQ3nDEvz859bf-7TcpMAtxLdA6qrCqWZ7bXCsIpiMixDq9oI5BldUUbE6ZQcnatO-xJ_hiCXHp_I9wobB_B3x9ChnWHNHAlJHs5S_IxCozE529GQaWd8XJSwsj-WYpqGP9EPY/s320/525.gif" width="306" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.3</b> is an illustration similar to Fig.2 but which is adaptable to 3-phase use.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKo4-utCQd_S903JKcWnb4t_sxowxC8upaaImR8qk_lY1Os8fLWaIsROaWmc9jWtRPmU9tLYz5fiDt3MadK6_vJUnCYJlGeu5LJX3epliSsbJQVqKQMzFO9sdmoyIGKtUTOq4iQtZTaypI/s1600/526.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKo4-utCQd_S903JKcWnb4t_sxowxC8upaaImR8qk_lY1Os8fLWaIsROaWmc9jWtRPmU9tLYz5fiDt3MadK6_vJUnCYJlGeu5LJX3epliSsbJQVqKQMzFO9sdmoyIGKtUTOq4iQtZTaypI/s320/526.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.4</b> is a first alternative arrangement of a preferred implementation of the invention.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYDxubdCbo3bD2ajI2PU-EiV3cQfK3RMnVLU7b0agpdhEaB0UWcFZrmaKX384D1tGbnvy-mlNoS83Wri7lMdLNWZV8Dtq7yG3doTryCHIgJJ2H5AcYHblyQmx8PJP5TSbUGADqXa_kl0nA/s1600/527.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYDxubdCbo3bD2ajI2PU-EiV3cQfK3RMnVLU7b0agpdhEaB0UWcFZrmaKX384D1tGbnvy-mlNoS83Wri7lMdLNWZV8Dtq7yG3doTryCHIgJJ2H5AcYHblyQmx8PJP5TSbUGADqXa_kl0nA/s1600/527.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.5</b> is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of the invention.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBbzPK-3kCU_W_wHMUSVmm3yuwLEKfzZyfNpD7axWdjJboAEzsRcg3XqMjAzt0xMsMpdoEH4oJ8ok2pGQFhTyKCbZkMTs9GCH5o5dLO0DFaU_nDrsjiGraJzijOAMfAVasicV2cLAZX59N/s1600/528.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBbzPK-3kCU_W_wHMUSVmm3yuwLEKfzZyfNpD7axWdjJboAEzsRcg3XqMjAzt0xMsMpdoEH4oJ8ok2pGQFhTyKCbZkMTs9GCH5o5dLO0DFaU_nDrsjiGraJzijOAMfAVasicV2cLAZX59N/s320/528.gif" width="320" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.6</b> is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVO_1V7fw8DSySgLb5JTZlVKdgSc4GHriAvpyTHFLpRSAST8Cq9YUOGvdywD1veYXXdlIja65PYToAqDZjVgnBywQP3-C3S7Q0907YRG2OWXfi2bnPmXZkSx54tpCJuH8rW6Rbw3lmg1yl/s1600/529.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVO_1V7fw8DSySgLb5JTZlVKdgSc4GHriAvpyTHFLpRSAST8Cq9YUOGvdywD1veYXXdlIja65PYToAqDZjVgnBywQP3-C3S7Q0907YRG2OWXfi2bnPmXZkSx54tpCJuH8rW6Rbw3lmg1yl/s1600/529.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.7</b> is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUuXkMpNYbrZqZdUnTLzwe28dtNVBNjcFroNaMDtIzhXDuuk_xbyGhGb2pOE-oboSrfXZZ-3DwrivY8PAGS4TKaoYILUPdLGcz7L1Z8RtEtktBXeok95ykYOSnIhA6r7-WV7pG3yet44GN/s1600/530.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUuXkMpNYbrZqZdUnTLzwe28dtNVBNjcFroNaMDtIzhXDuuk_xbyGhGb2pOE-oboSrfXZZ-3DwrivY8PAGS4TKaoYILUPdLGcz7L1Z8RtEtktBXeok95ykYOSnIhA6r7-WV7pG3yet44GN/s1600/530.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.8</b> is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1bepG0ix8J_MpgivRX9tBATV_iei4Ie-mN804wcr07kpDIBvhSNyjH5v_3RdbD_rJasUagtGMAiCZ47SZVN7-OG41G42AeAt8YU1VC8F2AykWW7kMoYoMS5PJa0yAbxZduoxLJ6aANeuk/s1600/531.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1bepG0ix8J_MpgivRX9tBATV_iei4Ie-mN804wcr07kpDIBvhSNyjH5v_3RdbD_rJasUagtGMAiCZ47SZVN7-OG41G42AeAt8YU1VC8F2AykWW7kMoYoMS5PJa0yAbxZduoxLJ6aANeuk/s1600/531.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.9</b> is an alternative arrangement for a magnetic drive particle accelerator assembly.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9LNnh2ezT6vMvlgDO_hDruT7K3eRUPl8-HG16l9SIYfvHXTiv7aSJ3k_S7gxqOg8khUEnNJhkwAuK0tgyQlVotd-2BbCTXXnFIM_iDrbrxNdKbUl6GpDXsrCxfrAU6xZXKc_t_c4u9-jE/s1600/532.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9LNnh2ezT6vMvlgDO_hDruT7K3eRUPl8-HG16l9SIYfvHXTiv7aSJ3k_S7gxqOg8khUEnNJhkwAuK0tgyQlVotd-2BbCTXXnFIM_iDrbrxNdKbUl6GpDXsrCxfrAU6xZXKc_t_c4u9-jE/s1600/532.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />Fig.10 is an illustration of an alternative method of producing the magnetised particles used in this invention.<br /><br /><br /><b>DETAILED DESCRIPTION</b><br /><b>Fig.1</b> and <b>Fig.2</b> show the invention in it’s most simplified schematic form:<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSAjN8g80BkrSyACHTc259mBB629x6XUuoUHhsmB8wxUzFUkUEgo00iVqgZawZWr7QYv3pWCx1fROmB9n8yv2UQ0oSt_lxmP6tB2fPNRA8Gz3xpG2CXbfW4MXMj0H04jwUgOkcm2x_I8K/s1600/533.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSAjN8g80BkrSyACHTc259mBB629x6XUuoUHhsmB8wxUzFUkUEgo00iVqgZawZWr7QYv3pWCx1fROmB9n8yv2UQ0oSt_lxmP6tB2fPNRA8Gz3xpG2CXbfW4MXMj0H04jwUgOkcm2x_I8K/s1600/533.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />It comprises a primary coil magnetic accelerator assembly <b>10</b>, a closed-loop non-magnetic pipe <b>30</b>, and a secondary winding <b>20</b>. The magnetic accelerator assembly is comprised of primary windings <b>12</b>, a magnetic core <b>14</b>, and voltage taps <b>16</b>. The primary windings are positioned around end <b>32</b> of the closed-loop pipe <b>30</b> which is made from non-magnetic tubing.<br /><br />At the opposite end <b>34</b> of the closed-loop pipe <b>30</b>, are the secondary windings <b>20</b>. The end terminals <b>22</b> of the secondary winding <b>20</b>, allow the voltage generated in the winding to be used. Contained inside pipe <b>30</b>, there is a substantial number of magnetic particles <b>40</b> as shown in <b>Fig.2</b>. The particles <b>40</b> must be light enough to be freely mobile and so may be particles suspended in a fluid medium such as gas, liquid or light-weight movable solid particles. Of these options, the use of a gas is preferred. If solid particles are used as the transporting medium, then it may be desirable to remove all air from inside the pipe in order to reduce the resistance to the flowing particles. Each of the particles <b>40</b> is magnetised and the following description refers to one individual particle and not to the mass of particles as a whole.<br /><br />The voltage applied to terminals <b>16</b> of primary winding <b>12</b>, is a low voltage, and it’s magnitude may be used as an input signal control. By varying the input voltage, the accelerator will vary the speed of the circulating particles, which will, in turn, vary the magnitude of the voltage/current output of the secondary winding <b>20</b>. The output <b>22</b>of the secondary transformer winding <b>20</b>, is a high voltage/current output.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLXM7Ujnl_QYvNp1e8489eN-Ws6B6ZEzrd1DAqy38BVXX6H2OSLvuImSOAniOWRnVJUufOpd_n5XS35OJ2l4wkW0QCMvdEC1YrDm9QaOYEb3Cgy6AyFrv-8zRmcVkcYnp4EYb_k6dxzDrq/s1600/534.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLXM7Ujnl_QYvNp1e8489eN-Ws6B6ZEzrd1DAqy38BVXX6H2OSLvuImSOAniOWRnVJUufOpd_n5XS35OJ2l4wkW0QCMvdEC1YrDm9QaOYEb3Cgy6AyFrv-8zRmcVkcYnp4EYb_k6dxzDrq/s320/534.gif" width="306" /></a></center>
<br /><br />It can be appreciated that the system shown in <b>Fig.1</b> and <b>Fig.2</b> where there is just one closed loop, provides a single-phase output in the secondary winding <b>20</b>. <b>Fig.3</b>shows a closed-loop arrangement with three parallel non-magnetic tubes <b>31, 33</b> and <b>35</b>, each with it’s own output winding <b>21, 23</b> and <b>25</b>. Each of these three windings are a single-phase output, and as their three pipes share a common input junction and a common output junction, these three output windings provide a balanced 3-phase electrical system.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNvlWHQAKnzBFLU4DfeCkJSZUyTW0b1yQOnKKaXe_JeZDDgg4mMoSmDpIKv46x6zbgFGASy6UIuL7HGw0T75SErDOcp-E78mlO_sc5Xj0iaBYl-N1Q4atwPGlHr7XZjWF4ZjaaU5ofvlC-/s1600/535.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNvlWHQAKnzBFLU4DfeCkJSZUyTW0b1yQOnKKaXe_JeZDDgg4mMoSmDpIKv46x6zbgFGASy6UIuL7HGw0T75SErDOcp-E78mlO_sc5Xj0iaBYl-N1Q4atwPGlHr7XZjWF4ZjaaU5ofvlC-/s1600/535.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.4</b> shows an electrical power generator which operates exactly the same as those shown in <b>Fig.1</b> and <b>Fig.2</b>. Here, the arrangement is for use in an environment where there is a high moisture content. An insulating coating <b>45</b>, completely covers pipe <b>30</b> as well as all of the electrical windings. <b>Fig.4</b> also illustrates the fact that increasing the number of turns for any given wire diameter increases the voltage/current output of the device. In this physical configuration, both vertical and horizontal directions are used which allows a large-diameter pipe to be used with a substantial number of turns of heavy-gauge high-current wire.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFbioF1XYVjVhLxEvMVTnNJxPwHsp5TXvLp4kfQVnUnH6DdsqmtYqCkvEHM-hX_F784WB01nHF29sZrVrhMB8Fpsm6oKlXQ5x07yhP2lK_grqbGqbEVK05jrI4HkRx5VJ9KL3BQpk8UKjc/s1600/536.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFbioF1XYVjVhLxEvMVTnNJxPwHsp5TXvLp4kfQVnUnH6DdsqmtYqCkvEHM-hX_F784WB01nHF29sZrVrhMB8Fpsm6oKlXQ5x07yhP2lK_grqbGqbEVK05jrI4HkRx5VJ9KL3BQpk8UKjc/s1600/536.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.5</b> shows a coil arrangement <b>49</b>, which uses the entire magnetic flux in the closed-loop tubing <b>47</b>. This is a co-axial arrangement with the primary winding <b>43</b> as a central core.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3c7p-XpgBb3Nk_6J7LFBe6_lR_2Uj5W8v-ciSGE18eGtTyFJbuYAJboEKpEnMr08zTCgU6eB523QCG3L1BhAgdPd2ea3LGhdXtK-EyuLxkvGxYo_ZqdoAsN54Rnd8JiukwTeyjCc-tUfx/s1600/537.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3c7p-XpgBb3Nk_6J7LFBe6_lR_2Uj5W8v-ciSGE18eGtTyFJbuYAJboEKpEnMr08zTCgU6eB523QCG3L1BhAgdPd2ea3LGhdXtK-EyuLxkvGxYo_ZqdoAsN54Rnd8JiukwTeyjCc-tUfx/s1600/537.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.6</b> illustrates a concentric spiral configuration of the tubing <b>50</b>, with the secondary windings <b>53</b> covering it completely.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_y6XV6lTrhfBdBwBzPrV-yRIpahhUhKXF7Z2TU6ZXPimMLvrgSGzRlD7Fg4qr_AYb60uBSsKWRiVzGxkdmVmkHNUoKShWPoyVHHjrQuBVNPWfzn5NwSaC3v97jfZRhuaz0H_-IDLgg8GJ/s1600/538.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_y6XV6lTrhfBdBwBzPrV-yRIpahhUhKXF7Z2TU6ZXPimMLvrgSGzRlD7Fg4qr_AYb60uBSsKWRiVzGxkdmVmkHNUoKShWPoyVHHjrQuBVNPWfzn5NwSaC3v97jfZRhuaz0H_-IDLgg8GJ/s1600/538.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.7</b> shows an arrangement where the particle accelerator <b>10</b> is wound over the tubing <b>30</b> in much the same way as in <b>Fig.1</b> and <b>Fig.2</b>. However, in this arrangement, the tubing <b>30</b> is a continuous closed loop arranged in a series-parallel configuration where there are three secondary windings providing three separate outputs while the tubing <b>30</b> runs in series through those three windings.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1-4yZVtWkNKRqpDKr7HgQ9oWG0RJP1PKd8vRsnGoFG36pJWZ-EnbcSPlcj4_qa_WA3g1W2dsXXf937QiCvb8gqFPylOXw_96q8ZPtjlxFOVbtB7imIke-U7i0wbnXC2Rbo2FNHRaP9mx/s1600/539.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1-4yZVtWkNKRqpDKr7HgQ9oWG0RJP1PKd8vRsnGoFG36pJWZ-EnbcSPlcj4_qa_WA3g1W2dsXXf937QiCvb8gqFPylOXw_96q8ZPtjlxFOVbtB7imIke-U7i0wbnXC2Rbo2FNHRaP9mx/s1600/539.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.8</b> shows a configuration which is the reverse of that shown in <b>Fig.7</b>. Here, there are several pick-up coils wound in series and unlike the earlier configurations, the tubing <b>80</b> is not continuous. In this arrangement, there is an input manifold <b>82</b>, and an output manifold <b>84</b>, and several separate tubes <b>60a, 60b, 60c, ….. 60n</b>interconnecting those two manifolds. Each of those separate tubes has it’s own separate secondary coil <b>70a, 70b, 70c, ….. 70n</b> wound on it.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYthkI29PNcb7py5BoakBl2V-vxhaFmj28ZyMKzKI8Gbfdg-iO_w-NBuS2rF21J7-1QVAd63ACz08NAJwAewzQWIE5bk4sEpPAg_L77H9UkrlKztXsdjtKTTj9SupBBTSuEcKh9x7zMneq/s1600/540.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYthkI29PNcb7py5BoakBl2V-vxhaFmj28ZyMKzKI8Gbfdg-iO_w-NBuS2rF21J7-1QVAd63ACz08NAJwAewzQWIE5bk4sEpPAg_L77H9UkrlKztXsdjtKTTj9SupBBTSuEcKh9x7zMneq/s1600/540.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br />The magnetic particle accelerator <b>10</b>, can be different in design to that shown in <b>Fig.1</b>. <b>Fig.9</b> shows a mechanical particle accelerator <b>100</b>. In this arrangement, the magnetic particles <b>102</b> are permanently magnetised prior to being encapsulated in the non-magnetic pipe <b>110</b>. The particles <b>102</b> are accelerated by fan blade or pump <b>104</b> rotated by mechanical drive assembly <b>106</b>. The mechanical drive for assembly <b>106</b> may be a belt-drive pulley <b>112</b>, or similar device driven by an electric motor. A sealing bearing <b>114</b> keeps the particles <b>102</b> inside the pipe <b>110</b>.<br /><br />It has been stated that the magnetic particles traversing the secondary coils, generate a voltage/current in them. It must be understood, however, that that the particles are actually traversing the magnetic field of those coils.<br /><br />Also, the pipe <b>30</b> has been described as a non-magnetic pipe. There are certain non-magnetic pipes which would not work with this invention. Pipe <b>30</b> must be capable of passing magnetic lines of force.<br /><br />A significant feature of each of the various embodiments already described, is the generation of the magnetic particles which are encapsulated within the tubing.<br /><br /><center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLv4Uyr4q__VMuv3eX1TY6cREDCydQeGH_h8l5GrLmfkn_GrvWRUhIE01iBIByoga9HWTLoBuRce9z1r2Ma3yTSAgMkdXEDBV6KN-s7LqEstRt49-ayM0elWeYNwmUsjegbV1uV4DyV6I/s1600/541.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLv4Uyr4q__VMuv3eX1TY6cREDCydQeGH_h8l5GrLmfkn_GrvWRUhIE01iBIByoga9HWTLoBuRce9z1r2Ma3yTSAgMkdXEDBV6KN-s7LqEstRt49-ayM0elWeYNwmUsjegbV1uV4DyV6I/s1600/541.gif" /></a></center>
<br /><br /><b>Fig.10</b> shows an apparatus for carrying out the process of vapourising material to produce suitable particles which are then magnetised by being subjected to a magnetic field. The chamber <b>155</b> is an evacuated chamber having electrodes, made from magnetisable metal, <b>160</b> and <b>162</b>. A voltage is applied between terminals <b>150</b> and <b>152</b>, and this drives a current through terminals <b>154</b> and <b>156</b>, to spark-gap electrodes <b>160</b> and <b>162</b>, generating an arc which vapourises the tip material of the electrodes, producing particles <b>180</b>. These particles rise and enter tube <b>190</b>, passing through a magnetic field generator <b>175</b>. This gives each particle a magnetic charge and they continue on their way as magnetically-charged particles <b>185</b>, passing through port <b>190</b> to reach the electrical particle generator described above.<br /><br />In the simplified embodiment shown in <b>Fig.1</b> and <b>Fig.2</b>, as well as the other preferred embodiments mentioned, it was indicated that a low voltage was applied to the particle accelerator <b>10</b>. Upon acceleration, a high voltage/current would be induced in the secondary pick-up coil <b>20</b>. A most significant advantage of the present invention is that the voltage amplification is not related to the shape of the waveform of the input voltage. Specifically, if the input is DC a DC voltage will be output. An AC input will produce an AC output. A pulsed voltage input will produce a pulsed voltage output and an input voltage of any other configuration will produce an output having that same configuration.<br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: #000099;">Russ Gries</span></b><br />Russ has produced a video presentation and analysis of the above Stan Meyer patent. This is a large download file which takes a considerable time to receive (some hours in my case). The download link is <a .="" about="" and="" attention="" br="" deals="" draws="" examination="" extensive="" he="" his="" href="http://www.ringsbyruss.com/youtube/P2_The_Key_To_Stanly_Myers_Water_Car_Gas_Core_Transformer_Self_Staining_Device.flv" in="" it="" new="" of="" patent="" russ="" said="" stan="" the="" to="" videos:="" what="" with="" zealand=""><br />1: </a><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmxaVOolO-8&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL">Video 1</a><br />2: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm06ACQtv0k&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL">Video 2</a><br />3: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpvPypJw-QY&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL">Video 3</a><br />…….<br />8: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvYc7vrnj6I">Video 8</a><br /><br /><br />And in particular, video 8, where Stan discusses the design and use of the generator. It is easy to get somewhat confused as Stan talks about both the Electrical Particle Generator and it’s use in combination with HHO production as a large-scale power generation source.<br /><br />The very experienced Alex Petty is joining with Russ in working on replicating Stan’s system and Alex’s web site is <a href="http://www.alexpetty.com/">www.alexpetty.com</a>. A discussion forum linked to this is <a href="http://open-source-energy.org/forum/">here</a> and there is information here at <a href="http://www.overunity.com/index.php?topic=5805.285">www.overunity.com</a> and high-resolution pictures can also be seen in Russ’ video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOarpi6sDD4">here</a>. Russ’ own website is <a href="http://rwgresearch.com/">here</a> and an additional video of the most recent developmental work being undertaken is <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adzVQRsS1KY&feature=youtu.be">here</a>.<br /><br />There are various important things which are commented on and Russ is to be commended for drawing attention to them. For the moment, please forget about HHO as that is a separate issue. As far as I can see, the patent does not claim that the device is COP>1 but instead that the device is a power transformer which potentially has a greater power output than conventional transformers since there is no Lenz Law reverse magnetic path from the output coil winding to affect the input power.<br /><br />Having said that, Stan in his video points out ways to boost the power of the device, namely:<br /><br />1. Increase the strength of the magnetic particles<br /><br />2. Increase the speed of the magnetic particles<br /><br />3. Lower the distance between the magnetic particles and the output winding.<br /><br />The magnetic particles can be produced in various ways, but the most effective appears to be by filling the arcing chamber with argon gas and using iron, nickel or cobalt electrodes. The reason for this is that the electric arc does not only generate minute particles of the electrode material, but it also interacts with the argon, stripping off electrons and causing some of the metal particles to combine with the modified argon gas molecules to form a magnetic gas. That gas will always remain a magnetic gas due to the atomic bonding as it is not just minute particles of metal physically suspended in a gas due to their tiny size.<br /><br />You will recall from chapter 1, that the very successful ShenHe Wang magnet motor/generator has a magnetic liquid as a key component. Here, Stan is producing a much lighter magnetic gas and the advantage of that lightness is that it can be boosted to very high speeds without any danger. The larger the number of modified argon molecules, the greater the magnetic effect when they pass through a coil of wire. The argon gas can be passed through the arc chamber over and over again so that a very high percentage of the gas is magnetic. Alternatively, if you are sophisticated in the design of the particle generator, you can arrange for the molecules which have become magnetic, to be pulled off into storage by a magnetic field.<br /><br />Stan talks about pumping the magnetic gas through whatever pipe loop arrangement you decide to use, by a pump, but he promptly moves on to using a magnetic coil to boost the gas forward as the coil has no moving parts and so, no mechanical wear. This is only one reason. The main reason is that with magnetic acceleration, the gas speed can become very high indeed and in his video he talks about the speed of light. However, I personally do not believe that anything remotely like a speed that great could be achieved inside a pipe loop of small diameter. Nevertheless, speeds well in excess of what a mechanical pump can achieve are likely to be produced by magnetic acceleration.<br /><br />Russ, in his discussion, points out that on most of Stan’s surviving prototypes, the coil which is used for the acceleration is constructed using several apparently separate coils, and he speculates that each coil section is powered sequentially, causing a rippling magnetic field. While that is definitely possible, I don’t see that a style of coil powering would have any advantage as opposed to powering all of the coils continuously. However, if sequential powering is believed to be an advantage, then the ‘Divide-by-N’ circuitry of chapter 12 can be used to provide the sequential powering or any more complex sequence.<br /><br />Stan then points out that the output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of turns on the output coil and/or having additional output coils. This is easily understood conventional electrics. But, he then goes on to point out that the output will also be increased if the electrons of the modified argon molecules are raised to a high orbital level. This places the electromagnetic electrons (as described in chapter 11) closer to the output coils and presumably also allows the gas to be accelerated to a greater speed by the driving magnetic field.<br /><br />This power boosting of the gas is achieved using Stan’s “Gas Processor” described in chapter 10. The Gas Processor pumps electromagnetic energy into the gas through the use of banks of Light-Emitting Diodes which produce light of the correct wavelength to add energy to that particular gas.<br /><br />If you check on the internet for the wavelength of argon, you find conflicting information, with some sites saying that the wavelength is 1090 nanometres (“nm”) and most others saying both 488 nm and 514.5 nm. Most LEDs produce a band of frequencies, so it would be a case of picking LEDs whose band of frequencies include the wanted wavelength.<br /><br />The Gas Processor itself, consists of a central tube which is polished to a mirror finish on the outside, surrounded by a larger tube which is highly polished on the inside. The LED light is then bounced between these polished surfaces until it is absorbed by the gas which is passed through the gap between the two tubes. This is not easy to illustrate, but it might be shown like this:<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dTCFKpQiq2tYGyE6ZnsTaZjZGraEU0efac8LbVRT4s7sa93UCwgGiKLxPtbJeTGitmzD9Y5J_Q3QH1Ul_JMWKTIXMeIsI4bS_HJEZ8TjatfeiIv_-gwHr7tdDJvajmlHiRBYN7EkO831/s1600/542.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dTCFKpQiq2tYGyE6ZnsTaZjZGraEU0efac8LbVRT4s7sa93UCwgGiKLxPtbJeTGitmzD9Y5J_Q3QH1Ul_JMWKTIXMeIsI4bS_HJEZ8TjatfeiIv_-gwHr7tdDJvajmlHiRBYN7EkO831/s1600/542.gif" /></a><br /><br /><center>
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<br />In Stan’s design, he uses six columns of sixteen LEDs, with each column of LEDs spaced out evenly around the outer tube. So, to boost the Magnetic Particle Generator to greater power levels, a Gas Processor is placed in the loop of tubing:<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjorE0BejZvBATQ3QfCHfUhact0L0p95WPaa0ozM3OhHfx_yWyL8CuHhAd6bKf-bbBeNEN7AHpvLkT2I9WLD8ngRZWTTnuLomCpU7YBHMk4X1R8g51J4U58ThTYbzvGgXLA2qRJlq3X4u0i/s1600/543.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjorE0BejZvBATQ3QfCHfUhact0L0p95WPaa0ozM3OhHfx_yWyL8CuHhAd6bKf-bbBeNEN7AHpvLkT2I9WLD8ngRZWTTnuLomCpU7YBHMk4X1R8g51J4U58ThTYbzvGgXLA2qRJlq3X4u0i/s1600/543.gif" /></a><br /><center>
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<br />The Gas Processor normally has a coil mounted at each end and it may be convenient to use coils in those positions as accelerator coils. It may also be an advantage to apply a pulsed high-voltage between the inner and outer tubes of the Gas Processor. As it stands, this looks as if it has a high possibility of being a COP>1 electrical device</span></span><br />
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Note by Exclusive: 100 Year Old Technology Kneels Down The Solar Industry<br />
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<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practical guide</span></u><br />
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
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<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Long St, Queens, NY 11434, Hoa Kỳ40.680588 -73.78284200000001640.674567 -73.79292700000002 40.686609 -73.772757000000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5617567055409461889.post-11055113636124341412019-08-05T03:11:00.002-07:002020-05-21T19:28:49.542-07:00A Practical Guide to Free Energy Devices: Moving Pulsed Systems<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Author: Patrick J. Kelly<br />
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There are three categories of pulsed system and we will consider each in turn. These are drive-pulsed systems, energy-tapping pulsed systems and gravity free-energy pulsing systems. <br />
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Special Note: Posting of this document on Blog does not imply approval or disapproval by the Department of Energy. This work is made available to illustrate innovative energy research by multiple researchers involving new concepts. Scientific method requires replication and independent test and verification, and an additional research prototype build-up for those purposes is presently underway by the authors.</div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div>
<b>✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span>Nikola Tesla’s method of magnifying electric power by neutralizing the magnetic counter-forces in an electric generator<br />
<br />
<div style="border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 20, 147); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px;">
<u><b>Generates Energy-On-Demand</b></u>: <a href="https://bit.ly/easypowerplanhtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Easy Power Plan Will Change Our World Forever</a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Currents are 180 out of phase with each other, Lenz's law naturally is broken</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">✔ </span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank">Resonance</a> to achieve Overunity</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: white;">✔ </span></span></span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Generate generators without rotating motion</b>, but based on the principle of rotating magnets. Because magnetism varies based on electronic circuit design: coils, capacitors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance" target="_blank">Negative resistance</a>, etc.The change of magnetism does not require the rotation of the magnet.</span></span></span></span><br />
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Here we will look at systems where an electrical pulse is used to cause the device to operate by creating a temporary magnetic field caused by electric current flowing through a coil or “electromagnet” as it is often called. Many of these systems are rather subtle in the way that they operate. One very well-known example of this is<br />
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<b>The Adams Motor. </b><br />
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The late Robert Adams, an electrical engineer of New Zealand designed and built an electric motor using permanent magnets on the rotor and pulsed electromagnets on the frame of the motor. He found that the output from his motor exceeded the input power by a large margin (800%).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHeEZ5Pc25HO3xUFr8dkMG7nzDLtHk4_QLAar5Xb3_JyJztPO00GxYMUxWt4KJ3m77cHJXopXbNcfhHnYn3JoWGvrMYF94Zecf_Te0CcNFm1q57iFCR7zdx5P8JaftnLv2fe3pNth7uw3Q/s1600/free+electric.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHeEZ5Pc25HO3xUFr8dkMG7nzDLtHk4_QLAar5Xb3_JyJztPO00GxYMUxWt4KJ3m77cHJXopXbNcfhHnYn3JoWGvrMYF94Zecf_Te0CcNFm1q57iFCR7zdx5P8JaftnLv2fe3pNth7uw3Q/s1600/free+electric.gif" /></a></div>
The diagram of his motor intended to show the basic operating principle is shown here:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOKLLNoWsHos4XYbC7Sd3lgVzowDuURbTdhinDMFo4xV3I1EjV4qCr_uflZkk0qLJL7FWGQVUhwWGOm6fhwB-t7sIrj6nkRxAE_g2cyZBVJ8T72WrlPi8L2F-j9BipUVq4b8BBYCdSXlau/s1600/motor+intended+to+show+the+basic+operating+principle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOKLLNoWsHos4XYbC7Sd3lgVzowDuURbTdhinDMFo4xV3I1EjV4qCr_uflZkk0qLJL7FWGQVUhwWGOm6fhwB-t7sIrj6nkRxAE_g2cyZBVJ8T72WrlPi8L2F-j9BipUVq4b8BBYCdSXlau/s1600/motor+intended+to+show+the+basic+operating+principle.gif" /></a></div>
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If a motor is built like this, then it will most certainly work but it will never reach 100% efficiency let alone exceeding the 100% mark. It is only with a specific configuration which is hardly ever publicised that high performance figures can be achieved. While Robert has shown several different configurations, in order to avoid confusion I will describe and explain just one of them. I am indebted to several of Robert's friends and colleagues for the following information and I should like to express my thanks to them for their help and support in bringing you this information.<br />
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First and foremost, high performance can only be achieved with the clever use of power collection coils. These coils need to be positioned accurately and their power collection restricted to just a very short arc of operation by connecting them to, and disconnecting them from, the output circuit at just the right instant so that the back EMF generated when the current draw stops, actually contributes to the drive of the rotor, speeding it on it's way and raising the overall efficiency of the <a href="http://bit.ly/TeslaGeneratorhtml" rel="nofollow">motor/generator</a> as a whole.<br />
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Next, the shape of the magnets used is important as the length to width proportion of the magnet alters the pattern of it's magnetic fields. In direct opposition to the diagram shown above, the magnets need to be much longer than their width (or in the case of cylindrical magnets, much longer than their diameter).<br />
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Further, a good deal of experimentation has shown that the size and shape of the electromagnets and pick-up coils has a major influence on the performance. The cross-sectional area of the core of the pick-up coils should be four times that of the cross-sectional area of the permanent magnets in the rotor. The reverse is true for the cores of the drive coils as their cores should have a cross-sectional area of just one quarter of the rotor magnet cross-sectional area.<br />
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Another point which is almost never mentioned is the fact that big circuit gains will not be achieved unless the drive voltage is high. The minimum should be 48 volts but the higher the voltage, the greater the energy gain, so voltages in the 120 volts (rectified US mains voltage) to 230 volts (rectified mains voltage elsewhere) should be considered. Neodymium magnets are not recommended for drive voltages under 120 volts.<br />
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There are several important steps in the way that the Robert Adams motor/generator works and it is important for you to understand each of the steps.<br />
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<b><u>Step 1</u></b>: A rotor magnet is attracted to the iron core of a stator “drive” electromagnet. As it approaches the drive electromagnet, the lines of magnetic force from the stator magnet move across the drive electromagnet coil. This generates an electric current in the drive electromagnet coil and that current is fed back to the battery which is powering the motor/generator:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtMOD5cIbvXs8784iWJvAPE8wuEl_ERmKwSC18mcAsro5YunDmUnJApPoS4A0qZQlZ9JeG12xMJkxKZlKu10pf7mAf-KnLx8jjA3cY29yDulai7VImoSjFwIcHG1QyuEwA_k_j7UDCTsI_/s1600/rotor+magnet+is+attracted+to+the+iron+core+of+a+stator+%25E2%2580%259Cdrive%25E2%2580%259D+electromagnet.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtMOD5cIbvXs8784iWJvAPE8wuEl_ERmKwSC18mcAsro5YunDmUnJApPoS4A0qZQlZ9JeG12xMJkxKZlKu10pf7mAf-KnLx8jjA3cY29yDulai7VImoSjFwIcHG1QyuEwA_k_j7UDCTsI_/s1600/rotor+magnet+is+attracted+to+the+iron+core+of+a+stator+%25E2%2580%259Cdrive%25E2%2580%259D+electromagnet.gif" /></a></div>
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Notice that the movement of the rotor is caused by the permanent magnets being attracted to the iron cores of the drive electromagnets and not by any electric current. The electric flow is going back into the battery and is being caused by the movement of the rotor which in turn is being caused by the permanent magnets.<br />
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<b><u>Step 2</u></b>: When the rotor turns far enough, the magnets align exactly with the cores of the drive electromagnets. The rotor continues to rotate because of its inertia, but if we do nothing about it, the rotor magnet attraction to the drive electromagnet core will act to slow it down and then drag it back to the drive coil core. We want to prevent that, so we feed a small amount of current into the drive electromagnet coils – just enough current to stop the backward drag of the rotor magnets. This current is NOT to push the rotor magnets away, it is just enough to prevent the rotor being slowed down:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7-if85rTUZHavDoqRMojNGBe0_-uz5OW3RxTyaF1vnzPG__zvnA92FOklnizsaHSo9dRuG4DTfnyUie6jh4iRiuodDQZtZMdy0fxWTM-JTyovjgzoEdrgIyIsNPPoQDF5YhTPAd3PGCSI/s1600/magnets+align+exactly+with+the+cores+of+the+drive+electromagnets.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="566" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7-if85rTUZHavDoqRMojNGBe0_-uz5OW3RxTyaF1vnzPG__zvnA92FOklnizsaHSo9dRuG4DTfnyUie6jh4iRiuodDQZtZMdy0fxWTM-JTyovjgzoEdrgIyIsNPPoQDF5YhTPAd3PGCSI/s1600/magnets+align+exactly+with+the+cores+of+the+drive+electromagnets.gif" /></a></div>
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<b><u>Step 3</u></b>: When the rotor magnet has moved away far enough, the current being fed to the drive electromagnets is cut off. As happens with any coil, when the current is cut off a large reverse voltage spike is generated. That voltage spike is rectified and fed back to the battery.<br />
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The system so far produces a spinning rotor for very little current draw from the battery. But we want the system to provide us with excess electrical output, so for that, four additional electromagnets are added around the rotor. These output coils are mounted on a non-magnetic disc which can be rotated to adjust the gap between the drive coils and the output coils. Like the rotor magnets, the output coils are spaced evenly around the circumference of the rotor at 90-degree intervals:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS42uPlap3oE79Zxv6YHSZGfRN-E-7J3gL3mnKodYT1X2bapI43ZitUc6zrzJcYFxNQJiVggyYwA3bIXTYsmeHcHz3iGNnSJPOuLsDjEIw_Ju4tQPUa7SgLwIOX4qyZfiXkRcSNHcif5ir/s1600/system+so+far+produces+a+spinning+rotor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS42uPlap3oE79Zxv6YHSZGfRN-E-7J3gL3mnKodYT1X2bapI43ZitUc6zrzJcYFxNQJiVggyYwA3bIXTYsmeHcHz3iGNnSJPOuLsDjEIw_Ju4tQPUa7SgLwIOX4qyZfiXkRcSNHcif5ir/s1600/system+so+far+produces+a+spinning+rotor.gif" /></a></div>
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<b><u>Step 4</u></b>: Surprisingly, the output coils are switched Off for most of the time. This sounds mad but it most definitely isn’t mad. With the output coils disconnected, the approaching rotor magnets generate a voltage in the output coil windings but no current can flow. As no current is flowing, no magnetic field is generated and so the rotor magnets just pull directly towards the output coil iron cores. The maximum output coil voltage is when the rotor magnets are aligned with the output coil cores. At that instant the output switch is closed and a strong pulse of current is drawn off and then the switch is opened again, cutting off the output current. The output switch is closed for only three degrees or so of the rotor’s rotation and it is off again for the next eighty seven degrees, but the opening of the switch has a major effect. The switch being opened cuts off the current flowing in the output coils and that causes a major reverse voltage spike causing a major magnetic field which pushes the rotor on its way. That voltage spike is rectified and passed back to the battery.<br />
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The rectification of every possible spare voltage pulse as described, returns 95% of the drive current to the battery, making this an extremely effective motor/generator. The performance can be further enhanced by rotating the set of output coils to find their optimum position and then locking the disc in place. When properly set up, this generator has an output current which is eight times greater than the input current.<br />
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Notice that the cores of the "<a href="http://bit.ly/TeslaGeneratorhtml" rel="nofollow">generator</a>" pick-up coils are very much wider than the cores of the drive coils. Also notice the proportions of the magnets where the length is much greater than the width or diameter. The four generator windings are mounted on a single disc allowing them to be moved through an angle to find the optimum operating position before being locked in position and the two drive coils are mounted separately and held clear of the disc. Notice also that the power pick-up coils are much wider compared to their length than the drive coils are. This is a practical feature which is explained in greater detail later.<br />
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The DC input is shown passing through Robert's custom-made contactor switch which is mounted directly on the shaft of the motor/generator. This is a mechanical switch which allows an adjustable On / Off ratio, which is known as the "Mark/Space Ratio" or, if the "On" period is of particular interest, the "Duty Cycle". Robert Adams indicates that when the motor is running and has been adjusted to it's optimum performance, then the Mark/Space ratio should be adjusted to minimise the On period and ideally get it down to about 25% so that for three quarters of the time, the input power is actually switched off. There are various ways of achieving this switching while still having a very sharp turn on and turn off of the power.<br />
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Robert considered mechanical switching of the drive current to be a very good option although he was not opposed to using the contact to power a transistor to do the actual switching and so reduce the current through the mechanical contacts by a major factor. His reasons for his preference for mechanical switching are that it gives very sharp switching, needs no electrical power to make it operate and it allows current to flow in both directions. The current flow in two directions is important because Robert produced various ways of getting the motor to feed current back into the driving battery, allowing it to drive the motor for long periods without lowering its voltage hardly at all. His preferred method of switching is shown here:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZpoc8WMNNGbtBSeILrX_0NjdQK-QtaSx954UJITDacR8etRr_Neq0oB0peEndXgX03c692JQGi7jgezDppocDPl_Y_pwje63R2usqeCpwVtmJ7XJFP-UXO6xcoXSu0P_bZBX2benm4jR/s1600/getting+the+motor+to+feed+current+back+into+the+driving+battery.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="509" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZpoc8WMNNGbtBSeILrX_0NjdQK-QtaSx954UJITDacR8etRr_Neq0oB0peEndXgX03c692JQGi7jgezDppocDPl_Y_pwje63R2usqeCpwVtmJ7XJFP-UXO6xcoXSu0P_bZBX2benm4jR/s1600/getting+the+motor+to+feed+current+back+into+the+driving+battery.gif" /></a></div>
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This switching gear operates as follows: The timing disk is bolted securely to the drive shaft of the motor and its position is set so that the electrical switch-on occurs when the rotor magnet is exactly aligned with the drive coil core. Adjustment of that timing is done by loosening the locking nut, rotating the disc very slightly and clamping the disc in position again. A spring washer is used to keep the assembly tight when the device is running. The disc has a star-shaped piece of copper sheet set into its surface and two silver-tipped, copper arm "brushes" slide across the surface of the copper star.<br />
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One of these two brushes is fixed in position and slides across the copper star near the drive shaft, making a permanent electrical connection to it. The second brush slides alternatively on the non-conducting surface of the disc and then over the conducting arm of the copper. The second brush is mounted so that its position can be adjusted and, because the copper arms taper, that alters the ratio of the "On" time to the "Off" time. The actual switching is achieved by current flowing through the first brush, through the copper arm and then through the second brush. The brush arms shown in the diagram above rely on the springiness of the copper arm to make a good brush-to-copper electrical connection. It might be preferred to use a rigid brush arm, pivot it and use a spring to ensure a very good contact between the brush and the copper star at all times.<br />
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The adjustment of the On to Off time, or "Mark/Space Ratio" or "Duty Cycle" as the technical people describe it, could perhaps do with some description. If the moveable brush is positioned near the centre of the disc, then, because of the tapering of the copper arms, the part of the non-conducting disc that it slides over is shorter and the part of the conducting copper arm with which it connects is longer, as the two sliding paths are about the same length, the current is on for about the same length as it is off, giving a Mark/Space ratio of about 50% as shown here:<br />
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If, instead, the moveable brush is positioned near the outside edge of the disc, then because of the tapering of the copper arm, the On path is shorter and the non-conducting Off path is very much longer, being about three times as long as the On path, giving a Mark/Space ratio of about 25%. As the moveable brush can be positioned anywhere between these two extremes, the Mark/Space ratio can be set to any value from 25% to 50%.<br />
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The two brushes can be on the same side of the drive shaft or on opposite sides as shown. One important feature is that the brushes touch in a position where the disc surface is always moving directly away from the brush mounting, causing any drag to be directly along the arm and giving no sideways loading on the brush. The diameter of the device is usually one inch (25 mm) or less.<br />
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You will also notice that the output is switched although the diagram does not give any indication of how or when that switching takes place. You will notice that the diagram has angles marked on it for the optimum positioning of the pick-up coils, well, an Adams Motor builder with a forum ID of "Maimariati" who achieved a Coefficient Of Performance of 1,223, found that the optimum switching for his motor is On at 42 degrees and Off at 44.7 degrees. That tiny 2.7 degree part of the rotor turn gives a substantial power output and cutting the output current off at that point causes the back EMF of the coils to give the rotor a substantial additional boost on its way. His input power is 27.6 watts and his output power is 33.78 kilowatts<br />
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Now for some practical details. It is suggested that a good length for the power pick-up coils can be determined by using the “paper clip test”. This is done by taking one of the permanent magnets used in the rotor, and measuring the distance at which that magnet just begins to lift one end of a 32 mm (1.25 inch) paper clip off the table. The optimum length of each coil from end to end is exactly the same as the distance at which the paper clip starts to lift.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbh3ijwwe0t-kxMTD0UQ4iwvLLOxQUz5SpFNDQse9BF0Anrn90aRpL-uW1xJssdsIH21wGbqG9V6qCvcsK0VORIsT71UO2k4_iMOICJojTW5nIWV_ICHIETx3LOOLZ2pYWWCTbPB17Lun/s1600/The+optimum+length+of+each+coil+from+end+to+end+is+exactly.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbh3ijwwe0t-kxMTD0UQ4iwvLLOxQUz5SpFNDQse9BF0Anrn90aRpL-uW1xJssdsIH21wGbqG9V6qCvcsK0VORIsT71UO2k4_iMOICJojTW5nIWV_ICHIETx3LOOLZ2pYWWCTbPB17Lun/s1600/The+optimum+length+of+each+coil+from+end+to+end+is+exactly.gif" /></a></div>
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The core material used in the electromagnets can be of various different types including advanced materials and alloys such as ‘Somalloy’ or 'Metglas'. The power pick-up coil proportions are important as an electromagnet becomes less and less effective as its length increases, and eventually, the part furthest from the active end can actually be a hindrance to the effective operation. A good coil shape is one which you would not expect, with the coil width being, perhaps 50% greater than the coil length:<br />
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Contrary to what you would expect, the device draws in energy from the local environment better if the end of the pick-up coil farthest from the rotor is left unaffected by any other part of the device and the same applies to the magnet facing it. That is, the coil should have the rotor at one end and nothing at the other end, that is, no second rotor behind the coil. The speed at which the voltage is applied to, and removed from, the coils is very important. With very sharp voltage rises and falls, additional energy is drawn from the surrounding environmental energy field. If using transistor switching, then the IRF3205 FET has been found to be very good and a suitable driver for the FET is the MC34151.<br />
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If using a Hall-effect semiconductor to synchronise the timing, say the UGN3503U which is very reliable, then the life of the Hall-effect device is much improved if it is provided with a 470 ohm resistor between it and the positive supply line, and a similar 470 ohm resistor between it and the negative line. These resistors in series with the Hall-effect device effectively “float” it and protect it from supply-line spikes".<br />
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Here, two electromagnets are driven by the battery via Robert's 4-arm commutator which is mounted on the rotor shaft. Some of the recommendations given by Robert are the opposite of what you would expect. For example, he says that a single rotor construction tends to be more electrically efficient that one where several rotors are mounted on a single shaft. Robert is against the use of reed switches and he recommends making one of his commutators.<br />
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At one stage, Robert recommended the use of standard transformer shims for constructing the cores of the electromagnets. This has the advantage that matching bobbins for holding the coil windings are readily available and can still be used for pick-up coils. Later on, Robert swung towards the use of solid cores from the old PO Series 3000 telephone relays and eventually said that electromagnet cores should be solid iron.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM4nDVP_gLdfBv-QD5h2AVCcsap_Ha-8bbHOUttGHouXu-hO_HZBLePKhFZgVJDMFw4Ffy53Gb7EiJH04Z-1uQ2fmJUmZfIPMgx-YLWdWUSzHjtrfjjZ1sOQCWhhWh_I5PkMr9QVxzhOyM/s1600/Robert+recommended+the+use+of+standard+transformer+shims+for+constructing+the+cores+of+the+electromagnets.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="525" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM4nDVP_gLdfBv-QD5h2AVCcsap_Ha-8bbHOUttGHouXu-hO_HZBLePKhFZgVJDMFw4Ffy53Gb7EiJH04Z-1uQ2fmJUmZfIPMgx-YLWdWUSzHjtrfjjZ1sOQCWhhWh_I5PkMr9QVxzhOyM/s1600/Robert+recommended+the+use+of+standard+transformer+shims+for+constructing+the+cores+of+the+electromagnets.gif" /></a></div>
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The diagrams presented by Robert show the magnets located on the rim of the rotor and pointing outwards. If this is done, then it is essential that the magnets in the rotor are firmly attached on at least five of their six faces and the possibility of using a ring of non magnetic material such as duct tape around the outside should be considered. That style of construction also lends itself to streamlining the rotor by having a completely solid construction, although it might be remarked that the motor would run better and more quietly if it were enclosed in a box which had the air pumped out of it. If that is done, then there will be no air resistance and because sound can't pass through a vacuum, quieter operation is bound to result.<br />
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While this may sound a bit complicated, there is no reason why it should be. All that is needed is two discs and one central disc which is the thickness of the magnets, with slots cut in it, the exact size of the magnets. The assembly starts with the lower disc, magnets and central disc. These are glued together, probably with epoxy resin, and that holds the magnets securely on four faces as shown here:<br />
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Here, the magnets are attached on the lower face, the right and left faces, and the unused pole face, and when the upper disc is attached, the upper faces are also secured and there is the minimum of air turbulence when the rotor spins:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7YAcXY4oV6WODuOtOoM1yEBgMGUzVs6QsUT3m9ETnW89QE5ML78n4cVlmaA1XoihYz03qscRyElZPfkuNbsDssiWlYyQ0FcLPKliXcx06tZMEJR9809i9ffUEZmZasdNJGRsEzV3Cu9-P/s1600/right+and+left+faces.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="190" data-original-width="328" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7YAcXY4oV6WODuOtOoM1yEBgMGUzVs6QsUT3m9ETnW89QE5ML78n4cVlmaA1XoihYz03qscRyElZPfkuNbsDssiWlYyQ0FcLPKliXcx06tZMEJR9809i9ffUEZmZasdNJGRsEzV3Cu9-P/s320/right+and+left+faces.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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There is a "sweet spot" for the positioning of the power pick-up coils and it will usually be found that this is two or three millimeters away from the rotor. If that is the case, then there will be room for an outer band of duct tape on the rim of the rotor to provide additional protection against the failure of the magnet attachment method.<br />
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High-power versions of the motor/generator need to be enclosed in a metal box which is earthed as they are quite capable of generating a substantial amount of high frequency waves which can damage equipment such as oscilloscopes and create TV reception interference. There would probably be an improvement in performance as well as a reduction in sound if the box was airtight and had the air pumped out of it. If that is done, then there will be no air resistance as the rotor spins and since sound does not pass through a vacuum, quieter operation is possible.<br />
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Experienced rotor builders do not like the radial magnets style of construction because of the stresses on the magnet attachments if high rotational speeds are reached. It should not need to be said, but it is obviously a major requirement to keep your hands well away from the rotor when the motor is running as it is perfectly possible to be injured by the high-speed movement if you are careless. Please remember that this presentation must not be considered to be a recommendation that you build or use any device of this nature and it must be stressed that this text, in common with the entire contents of this eBook, is intended to be for information purposes only and no representations or warranties are implied by this presentation. Should you decide to construct, test or use any device, then you do so entirely at your own risk and no liability attaches to anybody else if you sustain any kind of injury or property damage as a result of your own actions.<br />
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Because of the mechanical stresses caused during rotation, some experienced constructors feel that the magnets should be embedded in the rotor as shown here where they are kept well clear of the rim of a rotor which is made from a tough material. This is so that the outer strip of the material prevents the magnets breaking loose and becoming dangerous high-speed projectiles, which at best would destroy the electromagnets and at worst could injure someone quite badly:<br />
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It needs to be remembered that the proportions of the magnets are for the magnet length to be more than the diameter, so in cases like this where circular magnet faces are to be used, the magnets will be cylindrical and the rotor needs to have a significant thickness, which will depend on the magnets which are available locally. The magnets should be a tight push-fit in their holes and securely glued in place.<br />
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Robert Adams has used this construction style as well. However, if an arrangement like this is used, then there will be a substantial sideways pull on the rotor as it reaches the electromagnet core, tending to pull the magnets out of the rotor.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSsQwONnvk0ptN8AHgKCVw2VtTVzN1Fmne6rrJGT06YtU4VHdGRwa-PbB_5eNfSY4cx8c9uFqWjP6l1y1n75pbb0IClGnfnobxMpwK61SZJZj68lf0pwOCIuJTMQ6AYnfxO1PRH7Wsuv5Q/s1600/construction+style.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSsQwONnvk0ptN8AHgKCVw2VtTVzN1Fmne6rrJGT06YtU4VHdGRwa-PbB_5eNfSY4cx8c9uFqWjP6l1y1n75pbb0IClGnfnobxMpwK61SZJZj68lf0pwOCIuJTMQ6AYnfxO1PRH7Wsuv5Q/s1600/construction+style.gif" /></a></div>
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It is important that the rotor should be perfectly balanced and have the minimum amount of bearing friction possible. This calls for precision construction and either roller or ball bearings. The construction style shown above has the distinct advantage that it has an open end to both the magnet and the coils and this is believed to facilitate the inflow of environmental energy into the device.<br />
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When getting ball-race bearings for an application like this, please be aware that "closed" bearings such as these are not suitable as supplied:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1iayaMaFsIqUl0b2fzJYNbrBL5TJDo67kBB6iuyNT91PJo9NBKnhzh2PMIOT2cLT4XOIu2pbYSwtExPpfYZND1WZKJYIw_ZNNLk4ko6R2FMM9lYielDN-D_yPWgKsA2L51R_ik-WdQna/s1600/ball-race+bearings+for+an+application.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1iayaMaFsIqUl0b2fzJYNbrBL5TJDo67kBB6iuyNT91PJo9NBKnhzh2PMIOT2cLT4XOIu2pbYSwtExPpfYZND1WZKJYIw_ZNNLk4ko6R2FMM9lYielDN-D_yPWgKsA2L51R_ik-WdQna/s1600/ball-race+bearings+for+an+application.jpg" /></a></div>
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This is because this type of bearing is usually packed with dense grease which completely destroys its free motion, making it worse as a bearing than a simple hole-and-shaft arrangement. However, in spite of this, the closed or "sealed" bearing is popular as the magnets tend to attract dirt and dust and if the device is not enclosed in a steel box as is necessary for the high power versions, then having the seal is considered to be an advantage. The way to deal with the grease packing is to soak the bearing in an isopropyal solvent cleaner to remove the manufacturer's grease, and then, when it has dried out, lubricate the bearing with two drops of a high quality thin oil. If it is intended to house the motor/generator in an earthed, sealed steel box then an alternative type of bearing which might be suitable is an open design like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAXFVcnbbW7YRDxQ7FQQdKMt6ZQNTNf-epXhG32BDnNciLs0PnrWXwPuc2b7Sb-sXpec3jK7sq-sxdUWuw1nOhA7B93YNofvgUKRuavFZSSYcSmk08qTlZb_1cvmmsHuuv2ud8Q7wsYumZ/s1600/hole-and-shaft+arrangement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAXFVcnbbW7YRDxQ7FQQdKMt6ZQNTNf-epXhG32BDnNciLs0PnrWXwPuc2b7Sb-sXpec3jK7sq-sxdUWuw1nOhA7B93YNofvgUKRuavFZSSYcSmk08qTlZb_1cvmmsHuuv2ud8Q7wsYumZ/s1600/hole-and-shaft+arrangement.jpg" /></a></div>
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especially if the air is removed from the box. Some constructors perfer to use ceramic bearings which are supposed to be immune to dirt. One supplier is <a href="http://www.bocabearings.com/main1.aspx?p=docs&id=16" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> but as with everything else, these choices have to be made by the builder and will be influenced by his opinions.<br />
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I'm not sure where it came from, but here is a circuit diagram showing a transistor drive and the return of the back EMF of the drive coils to the driving power supply. Using this method, about 95% of the drive current can be returned, lowering the current draw enormously:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSlo4LB38t73HxoEmzC1N3c4E1G19KrzrJKUnQA-HbTYQM3pBft8r-4pCpvAynD2GKlqScN3ZshK1TGQP-Mmm1_rqdUoMtNvWwvLDQT0F_ktlaZBqBztnkON5irBE5BNSHvSZA-QZ4xoL/s1600/lowering+the+current+draw+enormously.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="589" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSlo4LB38t73HxoEmzC1N3c4E1G19KrzrJKUnQA-HbTYQM3pBft8r-4pCpvAynD2GKlqScN3ZshK1TGQP-Mmm1_rqdUoMtNvWwvLDQT0F_ktlaZBqBztnkON5irBE5BNSHvSZA-QZ4xoL/s1600/lowering+the+current+draw+enormously.gif" /></a></div>
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The diode feeding the power back to the supply is a Schottky type because of it's high-speed operation. It needs to be able to handle the peak pulse power and so should be one of the more robust types. What this circuit does not have is the very important switching on the output coils circuit. Another strange item is the way that the FET sensor is arranged with two sensors rather than one and with an additional battery. While it must be admitted that the current draw of the FET gate should be very low, there still does not seem to be much reason to have a second power supply. One other peculiarity in this diagram is the positioning of the drive coils. With them offset as shown, it has the effect of them being at an angle relative to the rotor magnets. It is not at all clear if this is an advanced operating technique or just poor drawing - I am inclined to assume the latter although I have no evidence for this other than the circuit design and the low quality of the original drawing which had to be improved considerably to arrive at the diagram shown above.<br />
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The coil generator output should be fed into a capacitor before being passed to whatever equipment is to be powered by the device. This is because the energy is being drawn from the local environment and is not conventional energy. Storing it in a capacitor converts it to a more normal version of electrical power, a feature which has also been mentioned by Don Smith and by John Bedini although their devices are quite different in operation.<br />
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The DC resistance of the coil windings is an important factor. The overall resistance should be either 36 ohms or 72 ohms for a complete set of coils, whether they are drive coils or power pick-up coils. Coils can be wired in parallel or in series or in series/parallel. So, for 72 ohms with four coils, the DC resistance of each coil could be 18 ohms for series-connected, 288 ohms for parallel connected, or 72 ohms for connection in series/parallel where two pairs of coils in series are then wired in parallel.<br />
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To help with assessing the wire diameter and length which you could use, here is a table of some of the common sizes in both American Wire Gage and Standard Wire Gauge:<br />
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So far, we have not discussed the generation of the timing pulses. A popular choice for a timing system is to use a slotted disc mounted on the rotor axle and sensing the slots with an "optical" switch. The "optical" part of the switch is usually performed by UV transmission and reception and as ultra violet is not visible to the human eye, describing the switching mechanism as "optical" is not really correct. The actual sensing mechanism is very simple as commercial devices are readily available for performing the task. The sensor housing contains both a UV LED to create the transmission beam, and a UV dependent resistor to detect that transmitted beam.<br />
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Here is an example of a neatly constructed timing mechanism made by Ron Pugh for his six-magnet rotor assembly:<br />
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This device happens to be one which is supplied <a href="http://www.bayareaamusements.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> under their product code number : OP-5490-14327-00. As the slotted disc rotates, one of the slots comes opposite the sensor and allows the UV beam to pass through to the sensor. That lowers the resistance of the sensor device and that change is then used to trigger the drive pulse for whatever length of time the slot leaves the sensor clear. You will notice the balanced attachment method used by Ron to avoid having an unbalanced rotor assembly. There can be two timing discs, one for the drive pulses and one for switching the power pickup coils in and out of the circuit. The slots in the power pick-up timing disk will be very narrow as the switch-on period is only about 2.7 degrees. For a six-inch diameter disc where 360 degrees represents a circumference length of 18.85 inches (478.78 mm) a 2.7 degree slot would be only 9/64 inch (3.6 mm) wide. The arrangement for an axial magnet rotor set-up could be like this:<br />
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So to recap, the things which are necessary for getting an Adams Motor output into the serious bracket are:<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A performance of COP>1 can only be achieved if there are power pick-up coils.</li>
<li>The rotor magnets need to be longer than they are wide in order to ensure the correct magnetic field shape and the rotor must be perfectly balanced and have bearings as low-friction as possible.</li>
<li>The face area of the rotor magnets needs to be four times that of the drive coil cores and one quarter the area of the core of the power pick-up coils. This means that if they are circular, then the drive coil core diameter needs to be half the diameter of the magnet and the magnet diameter needs to be half the diameter of the power pick-up core. For example, if a circular rotor magnet is 10 mm across, then the drive core should be 5 mm across and the pick-up core 20 mm across.</li>
<li>The drive voltage needs to be a minimum of 48 volts and preferably, a good deal higher than that.</li>
<li>Do not use neodymium magnets if the drive voltage is less than 120 volts.</li>
<li>The drive coils should not be pulsed until they are exactly aligned with the rotor magnets even though this does not give the fastest rotor speed.</li>
<li>Each complete set of coils should have a DC resistance of either 36 ohms or 72 ohms and definitely 72 ohms if the drive voltage is 120 volts or higher.</li>
<li>Collect the output power in large capacitors before using it to power equipment.</li>
</ul>
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<br />
If you want the original drawings and some explanation on the operation of the motor, then two publications from the late Robert Adams can be bought from www.nexusmagazine.com where the prices are quoted in Australian dollars, making the books look much more expensive than they actually are.<br />
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<a href="http://www.totallyamped.net/adams/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Here</a> is a really impressive collection of well-informed practical material on building and using an Adams motor with details of sensors and how they work, core materials and their performances and how to locate the "sweet spot" - very highly recommended web site.<br />
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<b>Tewari Paramahamsa’s Self-Powered Generator</b><br />
In April 2015, the famous 80-year old Indian scientist Tewari (www.tewari.org) well-known for his use of the homopolar generator to produce large volumes of hydrogen for commercial use, announced his successful 20-kilowatt, self-powered generator design and his corresponding patent application, shown below, was published. Here is a picture of a prototype, which is held together by four spring-loaded straps. The coils are held in place inside the frame and permanent magnets are spun inside those frames:<br />
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The principle of operation is simple and elegant. The power output conductors are arranged in such a way so that half of the magnetic field generated by the output current (that is, the magnetic field which opposes the motor spinning the rotor) is in one direction and the remaining half is in the opposite direction, cancelling the effect of the first half. The result is an arrangement where increasing power output has no noticeable effect on the input power. In other words, the Lenz Law drag effect has been effectively overcome. Tewari is due our warmest congratulations for what he has achieved. Being sensible, Tewari does not mention anything about 20 kilowatts of self-powered output, but instead, puts the design forward as being an improvement in the design of existing generators – and it is most certainly that. Here is his patent application:<br />
<br />
US Patent Application 2015/0084467 A1 26 Mar 2015 Inventor: Tewari Paramahamsa<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Reduced Reaction Rotary Alternating Current Generator</b><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<b>Abstract:</b></div>
<div>
A reduced reaction alternating current generator including a hollow stator core, a cylindrical rotor within the stator, a freely rotating shaft coupled to the rotor, a first set of magnets in which the south pole of each magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor and the north pole of each magnet is facing the inner surface of the hollow stator core, a second set of magnets in which the north pole of each magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor and the south pole of each magnet is facing the inner surface of the hollow stator core, and a set of silicon steel pieces coupled to the outer surface of the rotor comprised of individual silicon steel pieces positioned adjacent to and longitudinally in line with each individual magnet within the first set of magnets and each individual magnet within the second set of magnets. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Description:</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</b></div>
<div>
Michael Faraday discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and invented the rotating electrical generator in 1832. The generator was known as the Unipolar Generator, Acyclic Generator and Disk Generator. This generator operated on the principle that voltage is induced in a conductor in relative motion to an external magnetic field. Moreover, when the conductor is configured as a closed circuit and is in relative motion with an external magnetic field, a current will be induced to flow through that circuit. The induced current itself will generate an induced magnetic field surrounding the conductor. The direction of the induced current is determined by Fleming's right hand rule which states that the magnetic field produced by the current induced in the conductor will repel the external magnetic field which induced the current in the conductor. As such, the induced magnetic field surrounding the conductor and the external magnetic field repel each other so as to create a torque on the conductor which opposes that conductor's movement relative to the external magnetic field. Faraday's generator and all subsequent generators have in common, the production of this counter or back-torque. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The efficiency of an electrical generator is governed by mechanical and electrical limitations. The mechanical limitations include windage and friction of the generator's rotor and bearings. The electrical limitations include electrical impedance within the windings of the generator as well as the above-described counter or back-torque. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
A prime mover is attached to a generator so as to cause the rotation of the generator's rotor resulting in the production of either a direct or an alternating current within the generator's conductor and a back-torque which counters the rotation caused by the prime mover. The prime mover may be powered by steam, wind or water. Therefore, the problem with standard generators is that their efficiency is limited due to back-torque generated as a result of current induced within the generator's conductor windings. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>DEFINITIONS</b></div>
<div>
The following definitions are provided for convenience and are not to be taken as a limitation of the present invention. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fleming's Left Hand Rule refers to the effect that when a current flows in a conductor and an external magnetic field is applied across that current flow, the conductor will experience a force perpendicular to both the external magnetic field and the direction of the current flow. The Left Hand Rule can be used to represent three mutually orthogonal axes using the thumb to represent a mechanical force, the first finger to represent a magnetic field and the middle finger to represent the current, each finger positioned at right angles to each other. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Synchronous generator refers to an electrical generator which turns at the same speed as the drive mechanism, also known as the synchronous speed. A synchronous generator produces an alternating current and voltage at a frequency proportional to the rotation speed and to the number of excitation poles internal to the generator. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Asynchronous generator refers to an alternating current generator that uses the principles of induction to produce power. Asynchronous generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed, giving negative slip. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Low carbon steel refers to steel containing less carbon than other steels. This steel is inherently easier to cold-form due to its soft and ductile nature. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Grain-oriented electrical steel refers to sheet steel used for laminations in power transformers having a silicon level of 3% or less. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</b></div>
<div>
It is the primary purpose of the present invention to overcome the above problems by providing a reduced reaction rotating alternating current generator providing improvement in efficiency characteristics not currently available in standard alternating current generators. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To accomplish this objective, according to one embodiment of the present invention a reduced reaction alternating current generator is disclosed comprising a hollow stator core having an axis comprised of longitudinally positioned sheets laminated with a high permeability magnetic material, the laminated sheets including longitudinally embedded slots in which a conductor winding is laid parallel to the axis, a cylindrical rotor concentric with and positioned inside the hollow stator core comprised of a high permeability magnetic material and a shaft coupled to the rotor and driven by an external source so as to freely rotate the rotor relative to the hollow stator core. The generator comprises a first set of magnets in which the south pole of each magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor and the north pole of each magnet is facing the inner surface of the hollow stator core, a second set of magnets in which the north pole of each magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor and the south pole of each magnet is facing the inner surface of the hollow stator core and a set of silicon steel pieces coupled to the outer surface of the rotor comprised of individual silicon steel pieces positioned adjacent to and longitudinally in line with each individual magnet within the first set of magnets and each individual magnet within the second set of magnets. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In addition to the foregoing, other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</b></div>
<div>
The following detailed description, which is given by way of example only, will best be appreciated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.1 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a reduced reaction alternating current generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention; </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.2 depicts an end cross-sectional view of a reduced reaction alternating current generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention; </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.3 depicts a centre cross-sectional view of a reduced reaction alternating current generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention; </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.4 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the flow of magnetic fields emanating from the first set of magnets within a reduced reaction generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention; </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.5 and Fig.6 depict the interaction between the magnetic flux originating from the north poles of the first set of magnets and the magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in the conductor winding according to an example embodiment of the present invention; </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.7 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the flow of magnetic fields emanating from the second set of magnets within a reduced reaction generator accordance to an example embodiment of the present invention; and </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fig.8 and Fig.9 depict the interaction between the magnetic flux originating from the south poles of the second set of magnets and the magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in the conductor winding according to an example embodiment of the present invention. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION</b></div>
<div>
The present invention relates to a reduced reaction rotating alternating current generator providing improvement in efficiency characteristics not currently available in standard alternating current generators. </div>
</div>
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<br />
Fig.1 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a reduced reaction alternating current generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig.1, the induction machine 100 comprises a shaft 101, a rotor 102, a stator 103, a first set of magnets 104, a second set of magnets 105 (not shown), a conductor winding 106 and silicon steel pieces 107.<br />
<br />
The rotor 102 is a cylinder of high permeability magnetic material attached directly to the shaft 101 using any conventional known method that provides for a secure and permanent bonding under normal operating conditions. The rotor 102 is dimensioned so as to be fully enclosed within the stator 103 while the shaft 101 extends beyond one or both ends of the stator 103.<br />
<br />
The shaft 101 is mounted within the stator 103 so as to allow the shaft 101 and the attached rotor 102 to rotate freely within the stator 103 when the shaft 101 is driven by an external drive source. The external drive source is coupled to one end of the shaft 101 that extends beyond the stator 103. The external drive source may be driven either at a variable speed or at a synchronous speed. As such the drive source may be an alternating current (AC) based source or a direct current (DC) based source. The drive source may also be a non-electric based drive source such as a hydro, wind or an internal combustion based source. The means of coupling the drive source to the shaft 101 will be dependent on the type of drive source and any conventionally known means appropriate to that drive source type.<br />
<br />
In an example embodiment, the shaft is 30 mm diameter 1018 steel, the rotor is 370 mm diameter 1018 steel and the stator has a 570 mm diameter.<br />
<br />
Provisions are made on the cylindrical surface of the rotor 102 for the mounting of the first set of magnets 104 and for the mounting of the second set of magnets 105 near each of the ends of the rotor 102. Provisions are also made for the mounting of the silicon steel pieces 107 on the rotor at positions near the centre of the rotor.<br />
<br />
The first set of magnets 104 and the second set of magnets 105 (not shown) are attached to the ends of the rotor cylinder 102 using any conventional method known to provide a secure and permanent bonding under normal operating conditions. Each end of the rotor 102 contains one of the first set of magnets 104 and one of the second set of magnets 105, for a total of four magnets. The first set of magnets 104 are oriented with their north poles facing the stator 103 and their south poles coupled to the rotor 102. The second set of magnets 105 (not shown) are oriented with their south poles facing the stator 103 and their north poles coupled to the rotor 102. The magnets may be permanent magnets or electromagnets.<br />
<br />
In an example embodiment, the permanent magnets are Neodymium magnets with a maximum energy product (BHmax) of 48 to 50 MGOe. Moreover, in another example embodiment, the electromagnets are radial pole and are attached to the rotor in a manner generally known in the industry.<br />
<br />
The silicon steel pieces 107 are also attached to the rotor 102 using any conventional method known to provide a secure and permanent bonding under normal operating conditions. There is a single silicon steel piece 107 corresponding to each magnet of the first and second sets of magnets 104 attached to the rotor 102. Each silicon steel piece 107 is positioned in line with its corresponding magnet leaving a predefined distance 109 between silicon steel piece and its corresponding magnet. Each silicon steel piece 107 is comprised of silicon steel which is a speciality steel tailored to have a small magnetic hysteresis area and high magnetic permeability. A high magnetic permeability is defined as having a magnetic saturation level above 1.8 Teslas.<br />
<br />
In an example embodiment, the first and second sets of magnets 104, 105 and the silicon steel pieces 107 are each dimensioned to have approximately the same surface area and the distance 109 between silicon steel piece and a corresponding magnet is no more than the length of the magnet in the axial plane.<br />
<br />
The rotor 102 and the attached magnets 104, 105 and steel pieces 107 are each sized as to provide for an air-gap 108 of a predetermined size between the outer surfaces of the attached magnets 104, 105 and silicon steel pieces 107 and the inner surface of the stator 103. The air gap is chosen to provide free rotation of the rotor 102 and the attached first and second sets of magnets 104, 105 within the stator 103 as well as the efficient flow of magnetic flux into and out of the stator 103 across the air-gap 108. In an example embodiment, the air-gap 108 is within a range of 3 mm to 10 mm.<br />
<br />
The stator 103 is composed of longitudinally placed silicon steel laminates having grains oriented along the path of the magnetic flux that enters and exits the stator 103. The stator 103 also includes longitudinally oriented slots in which the conductor winding 106 is laid, the conductor winding 106 positioned such as to be cut through by the rotating magnetic flux originating from the first and second sets of magnets 104 attached to the rotating motor 102. In an example embodiment, the stator is comprised of a magnetically inert material, such as PVC piping, of suitable strength to support grain oriented steel lamination sheets.<br />
<br />
In an example embodiment, the magnetic flux emanating from the first and second magnets is approximately 10,000 Gauss.<br />
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<br />
Fig.2 depicts an end cross sectional view of a reduced reaction alternating current generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig.2 the first set of magnets 104 with their north poles facing the stator 103 and their south poles coupled to the rotor 102 are positioned at opposing in-line positions on one end of the rotor 102.<br />
<br />
Similarly, the second set of magnets 105 with their south poles facing the stator 103 and their north poles coupled to the rotor 102 are positioned at opposing in-line positions on the same end of the rotor 102 at a ninety degree offset from the first set of magnets 104. An identical first set of magnets 104 and second set of magnets 105 are coupled to the other end of the rotor 102 at similar positions<br />
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<br />
Fig.3 depicts a centre cross sectional view of a reduced reaction alternating current generator according to an example embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig.3, a single silicon steel piece 107 is positioned longitudinally in line with each magnet of the first and second sets of magnets 104, 105 (not shown). The position of each silicon steel piece 107 provides for a predefined distance 108 between a silicon steel piece 107 and its corresponding magnet.<br />
<br />
In an example embodiment, the distance between a silicon steel piece 107 and its corresponding magnet is equal to the longitudinal length of the magnet.<br />
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<br />
Referring again to Fig.1, an electromagnetic force (EMF) is created across the conductor winding 106 embedded within the stator 103 when the magnetic flux emanating from the first set of magnets 104 and from the second set of magnets 105 cut through the conductor winding 106 as the rotor 102 rotates. Looking in the direction of arrow C in Fig.1, with the rotor 102 turning in a clockwise direction and the magnetic flux emanating in a vertically upward direction from the north poles of the first set of magnets 104, the current generated as a result of the induced electromagnetic force will travel from left to right 110 within the conductor winding 106.<br />
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The current direction is as per Lenz's Law which states when an electric current is induced in a conductor, the direction of the induced current is such that its magnetic effect will oppose the action that gives rise to the induced current. As such, the direction of the induced current 110 results in a torque such as to oppose the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. Specifically, looking in the direction of the arrow C in Fig.1, the interaction between the counter-clockwise magnetic field surrounding the conductor as a result of the induced electromagnetic force and the upward magnetic flux emanating from the north poles first pair of magnets 104 will create a counter-clockwise torque opposing the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102.<br />
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Fig.4 depicts a longitudinal cross sectional view of the flow of magnetic fields emanating from the first set of magnets within a reduced reaction generator. As shown in Fig.4, the magnetic flux 401 emanating from the north poles of the first set of magnets 104 travels vertically upwards, across the air gap 108 and into the stator 103 as the magnetic flux 401 rotates with the rotor 102 relative to the stator 103. As this rotating magnetic flux 401 enters the static stator 103, it cuts sideways across the conductor winding 106 embedded within the stator 103 and induces a current within the conductor winding 106.<br />
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Within the stator 103, a portion of magnetic flux 402 is now trapped within the grain stampings within the stator 103 and flows longitudinally in an effort to return to a corresponding south pole of the first set of magnets 104. This portion of the magnetic flux 402 is now static relative to the stator 103 and the embedded conductor winding 106. As such, this portion of the magnetic flux 402 flows through and exits the stator 103 without any sideways movement relative to the embedded conductor winding 106 and therefore without inducing a current within the conductor winding 106.<br />
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Outside the stator 103, a portion of the magnetic flux 403 crosses the air gap 108 and reaches the surface of a corresponding steel piece 107. The steel piece 107 focuses the magnetic flux 403 within the air gap 108 providing a more efficient and specifically designed path for the magnetic flux 403 to return to a corresponding first set of magnets 104. The magnetic flux 403 passes through the steel piece 107 and returns to a corresponding south pole of the first set of magnets 104 thereby closing the magnetic flux loop between north and south poles of each magnet of the first set of magnets 104.<br />
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Fig.5 and Fig.6 depict the interaction between the magnetic flux originating from the north poles of the first set of magnets and the magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in the conductor winding. In both Fig.5 and Fig.6, the current 110 induced in the conductor winding 106 by the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102 is shown coming out of the page. Moreover, in accordance with the application of the right hand rule, the magnetic flux 501 surrounding the conductor winding 106 as a result of the induced current 110 is shown as having a counter-clockwise rotation.<br />
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In Fig.5, the magnetic flux originating from the first set of magnets is shown traversing the air gap upwards and interacting with the magnetic flux surrounding the conductor winding. As shown in Fig.5, the magnetic field 401 originating from the first set of magnets 104 is strengthened on the right side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the same direction. However, the magnetic field 401 originating from the first set of magnets 104, is weakened on the left side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite direction. As a result of this interaction, the net magnetic field in the air-gap 108 over the surfaces of the first set of magnets 104 results in the application of a counter-clockwise torque 502 to the rotor 102 which opposes the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. This is in accordance with Lenz's Law and is confirmed by the right hand rule which shows that a conductor within an upward directed magnetic field and carrying a current in the induced direction (coming out of the page) will experience a counter-clockwise force.<br />
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In Fig.6, the portion of the magnetic flux which is routed back from the stator, downwards across the air gap and through a silicon steel piece is shown interacting with the induced magnetic flux surrounding the conductor winding. As shown in Fig.6, the magnetic field 403 routed down through the silicon steel piece 107 is strengthened on the left side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the same direction. However, the magnetic field 403 is weakened on the right side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite direction. As a result, on the surface of the silicon steel piece 107, the magnetic field 403 develops a gradient from left to right thus creating a clockwise torque 602 which supports the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. This is in accordance with Lenz's Law and is confirmed by the right hand rule which shows that a conductor winding 106 within a downward directed magnetic field 403 and carrying a current 110 in the induced direction (coming out of the page) will experience a clockwise force.<br />
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Therefore, as a result of this configuration, the conductor winding 106 embedded within the stator 103 is cut at two places by each magnetic flux originating from the north pole of the first set of magnets 104. Specifically, a first time when the magnetic field 401 enters the stator 103 in an upward direction and a second time when the magnetic field 403 exits the stator 103 in a downward direction through a silicon steel piece 107. The net effect is that the clockwise torque generated by the magnetic field 403 rerouted through the silicon steel pieces 107 partially cancels the counter-clockwise torque generated by the magnetic field 401 originating from the north poles of the first set of magnets 104. This results in a partial nullification of the back torque reaction caused by the effect of Lenz's Law reaction and results in a corresponding increase in the efficiency of the machine because the external drive source has to supply less torque to overcome the reduced reaction of the machine.<br />
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Fig.7 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the flow of magnetic fields emanating from the second set of magnets within a reduced reaction generator. As shown in Fig.7, the magnetic flux 701 flowing into the south pole of the second set of the magnets 105 travels vertically downwards from within the stator 103 and across the air gap 108 as the magnetic flux 701 rotates with the rotor 102 relative to the stator 103. As this rotating magnetic flux 701 exits the static stator 103, it cuts sideways across the conductor winding 106 embedded within the stator 103 and induces a current within that conductor winding 106.<br />
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Within the stator 103, a portion of the magnetic flux 702 flows longitudinally along the grain stampings within the stator 103 from a position where the magnetic flux 702 enters the stator 103. This portion of the magnetic flux 702 is static relative to the stator 103 and to the conductor winding 106 embedded within the stator 103. As such, this portion of the magnetic flux 702 enters and flows through the stator 103 without any sideways movement relative to the embedded conductor winding 106 and, therefore, without inducing a current within the conductor winding 106.<br />
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Outside the stator 103, a portion of the magnetic flux 703 flows from a north pole of the second set of magnets 105, through a corresponding silicon steel piece 107, upwards across the air gap 108 and into the stator 103. The silicon steel piece 107 focuses the magnetic flux 703 within the air gap 108 providing a more efficient and specifically designed path for the magnetic flux 703 originating from a corresponding second set of magnets 105. The magnetic flux 703 exists the steel piece 107 and enters the stator 103 thereby closing the magnetic flux loop between the south and north poles of each magnet of the second set of magnets 105.<br />
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Fig.8 and Fig.9 depict the interaction between the magnetic flux originating from the south poles of the second set of magnets and the magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in the conductor winding. In both Fig.8 and Fig.9, the current 110 induced in the conductor winding 106 by the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102 is shown as going into the page. Moreover, in accordance with the application of the right hand rule, the magnetic flux 801 surrounding the conductor winding 106 as a result of the induced current 110 is shown as having a clockwise rotation.<br />
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In Fig.8, the magnetic flux originating from the second set of magnets is shown traversing the air gap downwards and interacting with the magnetic flux surrounding the conductor winding. As shown in Fig.8, the magnetic field 701 originating from the second set of magnets 105 is strengthened on the right side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 801 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the same direction. However, the magnetic field 701 originating from the second set of magnets 105 is weakened on the left side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic fields 801 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite direction. As a result of this interaction, the net magnetic field in the air-gap over the surfaces of the second set of magnets 105 results in the application of a counter-clockwise torque 802 to the rotor 102 which opposes the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. This is in accordance with Lenz's Law and is confirmed by the right hand rule which shows that a conductor within a downwards directed magnetic field and carrying a current in the induced direction (going into the page) will experience a counter-clockwise force.<br />
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In Fig.9, the portion of the magnetic flux originally routed through the steel pieces 107, across the air gap 108 and into the stator is shown interacting with the induced magnetic flux surrounding the conductor winding. As shown in Fig.9, the magnetic field 703 routed upwards through a steel piece 107 and across the air gap 108 is strengthened on the left side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 801 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the same direction. However, the magnetic field 703 is weakened on the right side of the conductor winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic field 801 induced in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite direction. As a result, on the surface of the silicon steel piece 107, the magnetic field 703 develops a gradient from left to right thus creating a clockwise torque 902 which supports the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. This is in accordance with Lenz's law and is confirmed by the right hand rule which shows that a conductor winding 106 within an upwards directed magnetic field 703 and carrying a current 110 in the induced direction (going into the page) will experience a clockwise force.<br />
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Therefore, as a result of this configuration and as described above for the first set of magnets, the conductor embedded within the stator is cut at two places by each magnetic field terminating at the south pole of the second set of magnets. Specifically, a first time when the magnetic field 701 exits the stator 103 in a downward direction and a second time when the magnetic field 703 enters the stator 103 in an upward direction through a silicon steel piece 107. The net effect is that the clockwise torque generated by the magnetic field 703 rerouted through the silicon steel pieces 107 partially cancels the counter-clockwise torque generated by the magnetic field 701 terminating at the south pole of the second set of magnets 105. This results in a partial nullification of the back torque reaction caused by the effect of Lenz's Law reaction and results in a corresponding increase in the efficiency of the machine because the external drive source has to supply less torque to overcome the reduced reaction of the machine.<br />
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<b>Lidmotor’s Low-voltage Rotor</b><br />
One very experienced developer whose YouTube ID is “Lidmotor” (because he makes motors from the lids of jars) has a short video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjWCprVXer8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> showing a very simple rotor design with one of his jar lids mounted on a single bearing:<br />
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The white lid has four magnets attached to it spaced out evenly around the lid at ninety-degree intervals. Facing them is an air-core coil mounted on a non-magnetic support dowel and wound with 400 turns of ’30-gauge’ wire on a plastic spool. As ‘Lidmotor’ is American, the ’30 gauge’ wire is likely to be American Wire Gauge #30 with a diameter of 0.255 mm as opposed to the European Standard Wire Gauge size which has a 0.315 mm diameter. An air-core coil has no effect on the passing rotor magnets IF it is not carrying current. An output coil will cause drag on the rotor if current is being drawn from the coil, and so timed output switching as used by Robert Adams would be needed to not just overcome the drag, but to push the rotor on its way as well.<br />
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There are two very important features of this rotor drive design. One is the fact that a supercap (10-Farad, 2.3V) is used to drive the rotor and when supplied with a charge of only 0.5V to 1.0V, can spin the rotor for up to thirty minutes. That very long time is likely to be a feature of the second important item which is that he has placed an LED across the reed switch used to power the coil. When the reed switch opens, a back-EMF voltage spike occurs and the LED feeds that voltage pulse back into the 100% efficient supercap, recovering most of the current used to drive the rotor. This is the same method as used by Robert Adams in his motor designs. Lidmotor presents his circuit like this:<br />
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While the circuit shows the magnet operating the reed switch as being 180 degrees around from the coil, the photograph indicates that the switching magnet is one 90 degrees away. Any of the other magnets can be used. The reed switch operation is adjusted to get the best performance. This is done by moving the switch backwards and forwards along the moving path of the magnet to make the switching occur earlier or later. The objective is to push the rotor magnet on its way by pulsing the coil very briefly just after the rotor magnet has passed the centre of the coil. The length of time that the reed switch is closed can be adjusted by moving the switch closer to the magnet for a longer switch-closed time, or further away for a shorter switch closure. It is also possible to alter the closed time by positioning the switch across the path of the magnet travel or parallel to it.<br />
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If you are not familiar with a reed switch, it is just a glass tube, filled with an inert gas, and with two overlapping metal strips inside the tube:<br />
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The external magnetic field magnetises the strips and they spring together due to magnetic attraction and spring apart again when the magnetic field moves away. These switches come in various sizes and the smallest version tends to be unreliable and has a very low maximum current capacity. The larger versions are much more robust.<br />
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Lidmotor’s circuit is very simple and very effective, even though the rotor will have minimal weight and no significant drag. One wonders if adding a second coil and a diode feeding the supercapacitor, if the system could not become self-running.<br />
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Teruo Kawai’s COP=3.18 Magnetic Motor. In July 1995, a patent was granted to Teruo Kawai of Japan, for an electric motor. In the patent, Teruo states that a measured electrical input of 19.55 watts produced an output of 62.16 watts, and that is a COP of 3.18. The main sections of that patent are included in the Appendix.<br />
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This is an interesting design which has twelve stator electromagnets surrounding a rotor which has three magnetic poles:<br />
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The left hand diagram shows the front face of the motor with its twelve red electromagnets surrounding an unusually shaped steel rotor (coloured yellow).<br />
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The right hand diagram shows a cross-section through the motor. The blue rectangles are permanent magnets which Teruo describes as being “a ring of permanent magnets” although it is not immediately obvious why a ring magnet should not be used – perhaps none with the necessary diameters were available. He also says that the magnets are bolted to the rotors.<br />
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The frame material supporting the ball bearings and electromagnets is any suitable non-magnetic material and while aluminium is mentioned, I would strongly recommend that neither aluminium nor copper is used, especially since plastic chopping board material is very cheap and highly robust.<br />
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The rotor and stator are somewhat unusual:<br />
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Because of the inner magnets, each of the steel rotors have three poles each – three North poles at one end and three South poles at the other end. The axle of the motor is made of good quality stainless steel as that is both robust and non-magnetic.<br />
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The switching of the supply current is similar to that of the Charles Flynn magnet motor, and Teruo’s motor has been measured with COP>3 which means that the output power is more than three times greater than the input power.<br />
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The input power switching occurs four times per revolution and it occurs just as the leading edge of a rotor arm approaches an electromagnet (the electromagnets shown in blue are powered up):<br />
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Here, the electromagnets shown in blue have just been powered up and this draws the yellow rotor arms in a clockwise direction towards those powered up electromagnets. The magnetic force is in attraction mode and while this is slightly less powerful than repulsion mode, it does not have an adverse effect on the magnets which should remain in top condition for many years.<br />
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The switching suggested is the same as for the Charles Flynn motor, and that is an optical timing disc mounted on the axle shaft:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoLo9d3b1iLafgg69jUO88mwxli2P1O2_iGodGwi5bAdOwTq95ii1AUvZeSXAF5ZnSc9k-OHq6WBPru83wbLZmwlZ_ARPQOvlZPp-oc6KfVKbaZuUSgadF6729Stn1TMZ02CMwFx_XQUs/s1600/Charles+Flynn+motor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoLo9d3b1iLafgg69jUO88mwxli2P1O2_iGodGwi5bAdOwTq95ii1AUvZeSXAF5ZnSc9k-OHq6WBPru83wbLZmwlZ_ARPQOvlZPp-oc6KfVKbaZuUSgadF6729Stn1TMZ02CMwFx_XQUs/s1600/Charles+Flynn+motor.gif" /></a></div>
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While Teruo shows various alternative versions of the motor, he states the result of a test run on the motor: “Pure steel was used as a magnetic material. It was 30 mm thick with teeth of 218 mm diameter and notches of 158 mm diameter. A 1000 gauss ferrite magnet was used as the permanent magnet. Electric power of 19.55 watts was applied to the electromagnets (17 volts at 1.15 amps). This produced 100 rpm with a torque of 60.52 Kg-cm and an output of 62.16 watts”.<br />
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While an optical switching disc certainly works well, it will produce a rotational speed which is determined by the power supply and the load. I suggest that a simple divide-by-four power supply would give speed control:<br />
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<b><br /></b>
<b>The Buie-Morin Power System </b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHs904-kLdHCkkvxySqSidbpvHpkCpWke1cbJQZUIsIJZOJSBtAAgO40I904OZgxDVBIvg2tNOzJORz9R4ww1jh_QiJDUuYwam4cvRfsaAv9OlP7pK0GvC8VbskCP-TO50hjrjROATw1h/s1600/The+Buie-Morin+Power+System.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="503" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHs904-kLdHCkkvxySqSidbpvHpkCpWke1cbJQZUIsIJZOJSBtAAgO40I904OZgxDVBIvg2tNOzJORz9R4ww1jh_QiJDUuYwam4cvRfsaAv9OlP7pK0GvC8VbskCP-TO50hjrjROATw1h/s320/The+Buie-Morin+Power+System.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Thomas Buie of America and Gerard Morin of Canada both worked on developing a self-powered system which provides kilowatts of excess power to power other equipment. Thomas feels strongly that water and electricity are part of a person’s rights and not a privilege which has to be paid for. They developed this <a href="http://bit.ly/TeslaGeneratorhtml" rel="nofollow">self-powered generator</a> in order to supply the electric needs of a household. First, we need to know what sort of power is used by typical household appliances. Perhaps this illustration might help:<br />
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These power levels are only approximate as many devices have different power settings which the user can select. For example, in Iraq during the night, some households have communal air conditioning of only 1000 watts, Americans have daytime air conditioning of at least 3000 watts while in Britain almost no households have any kind of air conditioning, while some adults in India don’t know what an electric fire is.<br />
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Anyway, it would be nice to be able to power electrical equipment without having to pay for electricity, and that is what this system allows you to do, whether it is the 120 volts 60 cycles per second used in America or the 240 volt 50 cycles per second used in the rest of the world.<br />
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The self-powered electricity generator which can provide you with free electricity is essentially very simple in outline. A battery is used to power a standard DC-to-AC inverter. Then the voltage is stepped up to around 400 volts. Next, a special controller is used to feed that 400 volts to a powerful motor at high frequency, and finally, the motor is used to spin an AC generator called an “alternator” which produces the electricity which we want. Part of that electricity is fed back to the battery and inverter input in order to make the system self-powered:<br />
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The “magic” is caused by the high voltage and the high speed pulses with which that voltage is applied to a carefully chosen type of motor. With 700 watts of input power, the system puts out 10,000 watts of power.<br />
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The most important components of this system are the controller and the motor. You are probably familiar with the most common type of motor which is a single-phase motor, but the more powerful motors used in industry are three-phase motors. There are several varieties of three-phase motors, but the one which we want to use has 36 coils connected as three sets of twelve windings in parallel:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1CVkl7a6h_y6Jf3LTaC8vbzQvthLpk_DOxrDWKhOetnsAOWkM8kuZw80oUGD7n1IX8e1MK1ckGGexyjabT5zgP5f0H-3vFQOAMmEQRvPFJZb946lQohYi6FFg-HPiUchCsZ54mcbA-Ssc/s1600/most+important+components+of+this+system+are+the+controller+and+the+motor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="391" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1CVkl7a6h_y6Jf3LTaC8vbzQvthLpk_DOxrDWKhOetnsAOWkM8kuZw80oUGD7n1IX8e1MK1ckGGexyjabT5zgP5f0H-3vFQOAMmEQRvPFJZb946lQohYi6FFg-HPiUchCsZ54mcbA-Ssc/s320/most+important+components+of+this+system+are+the+controller+and+the+motor.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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This is a very powerful arrangement as sending one pulse of current to each of these three chains, only advances the motor by 30 degrees. There is a continuous ring of magnets immediately outside the coils. This motor is used in a Samsung washing machine. A three-phase motor sounds very technical, but it really isn’t. It is just a motor which has three sets of drive coils instead of just one coil:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGQkBHwfUH6LKwDQ0lKReHQy9IkxRDSHfsREcm1HZHHrXTSO8dBbph6plgLAePGc4W6efi14HvBXaRU6jvFXEcqic_ke9_8os5lTSJkhtuY98H-BXDcfIfOuBnOcZV3nU7GkRjQdL3COKP/s1600/drive+coils+instead+of+just+one+coil.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="621" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGQkBHwfUH6LKwDQ0lKReHQy9IkxRDSHfsREcm1HZHHrXTSO8dBbph6plgLAePGc4W6efi14HvBXaRU6jvFXEcqic_ke9_8os5lTSJkhtuY98H-BXDcfIfOuBnOcZV3nU7GkRjQdL3COKP/s1600/drive+coils+instead+of+just+one+coil.gif" /></a></div>
<div>
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So, the motor has effectively just three coils in it and it is made to go round by pulsing the coils in order, that is coil 1, then coil 2, then coil 3, then coil 1 again and so on. The more rapidly the coils are pulsed, the faster the motor rotates, and in this system that rotation can be very fast indeed.<br />
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The pulsing of those three coils sets one after the other in sequence, is done by the “controller” unit which is a key component in this design. The motor is a permanent magnet, synchronous motor which has no sensors built into it. That sounds ever so impressive, but it is actually the cheapest type of three-phase motor, and because it has no sensors, it is the most difficult to drive reliably. There are several varieties of three-phase motors, but the one which we want to use has 36 coils connected as three sets of twelve coils in parallel.<br />
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The controller consists of two parts. The first is an Arduino board which is a general purpose development board - essentially a simple computer which can be programmed from an ordinary PC or laptop. It holds the program in its memory and runs it whenever it is instructed to do so. The second part is an electronics link between the Arduino board and the motor. That link boosts the power fed to the motor using high-power transistors which can feed high currents to the motor, and some other wires which feed information back to the Arduino board to give it full control of what is happening with the motor.<br />
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The Arduino program powers the motor coils in sequence and as well as that, it senses the position of the actual rotor as it spins. It does that by sensing the voltages in each of the three coil sets at all times.<br />
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At the web site <a href="https://www.espares.co.uk/product/es1578438/washing-machine-motor?pageNumber=2&PartTypeId=1752&ManufacturerId=596" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> The motor is offered at £150 and <a href="https://www.buyspares.co.uk/washing-machine/samsung/catalogue.pl?path=495970:496636,127481:496051&page=36" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> also at £150.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-FcH3fZn7g0RYO5obgldG7fo41AD5c7kACZZiD-tsIy9LxBy8-w66y3gjMsFgAbKxRaOp68KlSLG4Z7AhITwoZ_wKC7HUk1uwZhkJio7L7UZUTJaTFw8thvwG69U4TE5zOdmaLcIb3cKy/s1600/motor+is+offered.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-FcH3fZn7g0RYO5obgldG7fo41AD5c7kACZZiD-tsIy9LxBy8-w66y3gjMsFgAbKxRaOp68KlSLG4Z7AhITwoZ_wKC7HUk1uwZhkJio7L7UZUTJaTFw8thvwG69U4TE5zOdmaLcIb3cKy/s1600/motor+is+offered.gif" /></a></div>
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It is not necessary for you to become an expert programmer of an Arduino board as the program used is provided for you here. A good instruction video on programming the Arduino Uno board is shown <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OtMqr5hGjE" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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The Arduino code is shown below is from <a href="https://simple-circuit.com/arduino-sensorless-bldc-motor-controller-esc/" target="_blank">here</a> but can be downloaded as a text file from: <a href="http://www.free-energy-info.com/Arduino.txt" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// Sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor control with Arduino UNO (Arduino DIY ESC).</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// This is a free software without any warranty.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">#define SPEED_UP A0</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">#define SPEED_DOWN A1</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">#define PWM_MAX_DUTY 255</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">#define PWM_MIN_DUTY 50</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">#define PWM_START_DUTY 100</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">byte bldc_step = 0, motor_speed;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">unsigned int i;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void setup() {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">DDRD |= 0x38; // Configure pins 3, 4 and 5 as outputs</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD = 0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">DDRB |= 0x0E; // Configure pins 9, 10 and 11 as outputs</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x31;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// Timer1 module setting: set clock source to clkI/O / 1 (no prescaling)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1B = 0x01;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// Timer2 module setting: set clock source to clkI/O / 1 (no prescaling)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2B = 0x01;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// Analog comparator setting</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR = 0x10; // Disable and clear (flag bit) analog comparator interrupt</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">pinMode(SPEED_UP, INPUT_PULLUP);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">pinMode(SPEED_DOWN, INPUT_PULLUP);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// Analog comparator ISR</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ISR (ANALOG_COMP_vect) {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// BEMF debounce</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if(bldc_step & 1){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if(!(ACSR & 0x20)) i -= 1;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">else {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if((ACSR & 0x20)) i -= 1;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">bldc_move();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">bldc_step++;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">bldc_step %= 6;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void bldc_move(){ // BLDC motor commutation function</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">switch(bldc_step){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">case 0:</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">AH_BL();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BEMF_C_RISING();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">break;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">case 1:</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">AH_CL();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BEMF_B_FALLING();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">break;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">case 2:</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BH_CL();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BEMF_A_RISING();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">break;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">case 3:</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BH_AL();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BEMF_C_FALLING();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">break;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">case 4:</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">CH_AL();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BEMF_B_RISING();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">break;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">case 5:</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">CH_BL();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">BEMF_A_FALLING();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">break;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void loop() {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">SET_PWM_DUTY(PWM_START_DUTY); // Setup starting PWM with duty cycle = PWM_START_DUTY</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">i = 5000;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">// Motor start</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">while(i > 100) {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">delayMicroseconds(i);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">bldc_move();</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">bldc_step++;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">bldc_step %= 6;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">i = i - 20;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">motor_speed = PWM_START_DUTY;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR |= 0x08; // Enable analog comparator interrupt</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">while(1) {</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">while(!(digitalRead(SPEED_UP)) && motor_speed < PWM_MAX_DUTY){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">motor_speed++;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">SET_PWM_DUTY(motor_speed);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">delay(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">while(!(digitalRead(SPEED_DOWN)) && motor_speed > PWM_MIN_DUTY){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">motor_speed--;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">SET_PWM_DUTY(motor_speed);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">delay(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BEMF_A_RISING(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRB = (0 << ACME); // Select AIN1 as comparator negative input</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR |= 0x03; // Set interrupt on rising edge</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BEMF_A_FALLING(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRB = (0 << ACME); // Select AIN1 as comparator negative input</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR &= ~0x01; // Set interrupt on falling edge</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BEMF_B_RISING(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRA = (0 << ADEN); // Disable the ADC module</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRB = (1 << ACME);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADMUX = 2; // Select analog channel 2 as comparator negative input</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR |= 0x03;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BEMF_B_FALLING(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRA = (0 << ADEN); // Disable the ADC module</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRB = (1 << ACME);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADMUX = 2; // Select analog channel 2 as comparator negative input</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR &= ~0x01;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BEMF_C_RISING(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRA = (0 << ADEN); // Disable the ADC module</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRB = (1 << ACME);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADMUX = 3; // Select analog channel 3 as comparator negative input</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR |= 0x03;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BEMF_C_FALLING(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRA = (0 << ADEN); // Disable the ADC module</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADCSRB = (1 << ACME);</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ADMUX = 3; // Select analog channel 3 as comparator negative input</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ACSR &= ~0x01;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void AH_BL(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x04;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD &= ~0x18;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD |= 0x20;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0; // Turn pin 11 (OC2A) PWM ON (pin 9 & pin 10 OFF)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0x81; //</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void AH_CL(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x02;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD &= ~0x18;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD |= 0x20;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0; // Turn pin 11 (OC2A) PWM ON (pin 9 & pin 10 OFF)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0x81; //</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BH_CL(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x02;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD &= ~0x28;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD |= 0x10;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0; // Turn pin 10 (OC1B) PWM ON (pin 9 & pin 11 OFF)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0x21; //</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void BH_AL(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x08;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD &= ~0x28;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD |= 0x10;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0; // Turn pin 10 (OC1B) PWM ON (pin 9 & pin 11 OFF)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0x21; //</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void CH_AL(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x08;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD &= ~0x30;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD |= 0x08;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0; // Turn pin 9 (OC1A) PWM ON (pin 10 & pin 11 OFF)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0x81; //</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void CH_BL(){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTB = 0x04;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD &= ~0x30;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">PORTD |= 0x08;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR2A = 0; // Turn pin 9 (OC1A) PWM ON (pin 10 & pin 11 OFF)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">TCCR1A = 0x81; //</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">void SET_PWM_DUTY(byte duty){</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if(duty < PWM_MIN_DUTY)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">duty = PWM_MIN_DUTY;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if(duty > PWM_MAX_DUTY)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">duty = PWM_MAX_DUTY;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">OCR1A = duty; // Set pin 9 PWM duty cycle</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">OCR1B = duty; // Set pin 10 PWM duty cycle</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">OCR2A = duty; // Set pin 11 PWM duty cycle</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">}</span><br />
<br />
The Arduino board looks like this:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWMDbRFQT0tzJsfcQpa5pI7jczRulmRIUJI6N5RAGrherrl_IlxhoJDX949RANAcpgeiXFyfGhYH65fJkYT3vyeHNPaoRUp8Du3-iyU-wHN9sD9n9CXAo3Onb49uqrdUyOx8NGIxWKUwh_/s1600/Arduino+board+looks.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="583" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWMDbRFQT0tzJsfcQpa5pI7jczRulmRIUJI6N5RAGrherrl_IlxhoJDX949RANAcpgeiXFyfGhYH65fJkYT3vyeHNPaoRUp8Du3-iyU-wHN9sD9n9CXAo3Onb49uqrdUyOx8NGIxWKUwh_/s1600/Arduino+board+looks.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The interface between the Arduino Uno board and the motor, needs the following components:<br />
<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6 x IRF840 FET transistors<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x IR2104 DIP gate driver IC<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x 1.3K ohm 0.55 watt resistors<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x 10K ohm 0.5 watt resistors<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x 33K ohm 0.25 watt resistors<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6 x 100 ohm quarter watt resistors<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x IN5508 diodes<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x 10uF 25 volt capacitors.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3 x 2.2uF 25 volt capacitors.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 x pushbuttons<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>12V source<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Construction board and connecting wires<br />
These components are connected up like this:<br />
<br />
We need to connect this Arduino Uno up to drive one of the three phases of our three-phase motor, so to do that we will use an IR2104 driver chip and an IRF840 Field Effect Transistor (“FET”) to feed our 400 volt power supply to the motor at some 14,800 pulses per second. So, the power drive for the first phase is like this:<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNxyeV73gf1oLrpgtVjFUuOcLEss5syNtMy3ddA4mRWrzfII2H1Y7fGdYqyXQE2MQx0Xo_MbPXqzKBrd627GNOg7R1AY_NrtOsLqunh8R5s8Jveo9HELqMSeOjoyj8Va39SEjgQvoNjlJ/s1600/IRF840+Field+Effect+Transistor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="685" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNxyeV73gf1oLrpgtVjFUuOcLEss5syNtMy3ddA4mRWrzfII2H1Y7fGdYqyXQE2MQx0Xo_MbPXqzKBrd627GNOg7R1AY_NrtOsLqunh8R5s8Jveo9HELqMSeOjoyj8Va39SEjgQvoNjlJ/s1600/IRF840+Field+Effect+Transistor.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The 1N5408 diode can handle high voltages and so protect the 12 volt section of the circuit from the high voltage section feedback. The power drive for the second phase is:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcXBBBsxKc2qKySU4Y8hQ-H5OpPgheOiEDbn8u53-SbyI7SAN5Opujgl6zInKft7viuf846tjVvlZaBpv8q4ouI3Wp9Tm0I1LAqdAkGCQCKM4URD-ljUdjASiM0EGLtVjS4TrdZFaUFBq4/s1600/1N5408+diode+can+handle+high+voltages.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="685" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcXBBBsxKc2qKySU4Y8hQ-H5OpPgheOiEDbn8u53-SbyI7SAN5Opujgl6zInKft7viuf846tjVvlZaBpv8q4ouI3Wp9Tm0I1LAqdAkGCQCKM4URD-ljUdjASiM0EGLtVjS4TrdZFaUFBq4/s1600/1N5408+diode+can+handle+high+voltages.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
And the Power drive for the third phase is:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
But we also need to provide the Arduino board with feedback information to let it know where the motor is in it’s rotation. That is done by sensing the Phase connections to the motor like this:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
First, a word of warning here. You can get a shock from any voltage above 30 volts. If the voltage is Alternating Current at a frequency under 100 cycles per second (as is supplied by your mains wall socket) then that shock can be serious. The power supply described here is very easy to understand and to make BUT if you get a shock from it that shock is very likely to kill you !!<br />
<br />
Disclaimer: You are responsible for your own actions. This document is for information purposes only and if you decide to make or experiment with voltages higher than 12 volts, then you and you alone are responsible for your actions and neither the author, the web hosting service nor anyone else is responsible for what you do or for any damage or injury caused by your own actions.<br />
<br />
Having said that, please understand that if you are careful and sensible, there is no danger in constructing this power generator in spite of the very high 400 volt input to this power driver circuit. To stay safe, you make all the necessary connections and insulate them before you apply power.<br />
<br />
So, we need to construct an electronics component board to connect the Arduino to the phases of the motor. Please remember that this board will be carrying 400 volts and so you need to enclose the board in a plastic box before powering it up.<br />
<br />
The suggestion for a physical layout for the components is based on using stripboard like this:<br />
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<br /></div>
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<div>
<br /></div>
These boards come in many sizes and are very versatile. However, because the pin spacing of integrated circuit is just 0.1 inches, the solder joints can be very close together and that does not suit a beginner to soldering, so ask a friend for help in soldering unless you are already expert.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
We want to place these components on the board, so perhaps a layout like this might be suitable:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
The red circles show where the copper strip on the underside of the board is to be broken. You can make three separate board, one for each phase or you can place all three circuits on a single board. Integrated circuits are heat sensitive so I suggest that you use a socket and solder it in place and then plug the chip into the socket when everything is cool. An 8-pin socket looks like this:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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Here is a possible physical layout for the Arduino / Motor interface using a piece of stripboard with 31 copper strips each with 39 holes in it:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
Thomas Buie describes the power supply method which he has used successfully in the past. It is a very simple arrangement which uses readily available parts which can be purchased easily through the internet:<br />
<div>
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<br />
First, there is a car battery and that feeds an inverter like this particular unit which is an European inverter which produces anything from 220 to 240 volts with powers of 2000 watts continuous and 4000 watts peak output. It is also cheap at £25 delivered and it has two handy USB output power sockets as well:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0gc_iTve_7Fucpz7gO3pGNdDXDcj5M_CU-17Ox-OP9vDR-DTjabdNTw-L9j42Cc2BPyuCSOaHSx1_lHndFKmdyyI1jlAleh16KUNrKuO7HrxE7CzFfAgJFYbH03xbdXBZ3YbM50ZAO3v/s1600/USB+output+power+sockets.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="400" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0gc_iTve_7Fucpz7gO3pGNdDXDcj5M_CU-17Ox-OP9vDR-DTjabdNTw-L9j42Cc2BPyuCSOaHSx1_lHndFKmdyyI1jlAleh16KUNrKuO7HrxE7CzFfAgJFYbH03xbdXBZ3YbM50ZAO3v/s320/USB+output+power+sockets.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
However, we want 400 volts or more at 1 amp or more, and as that is some 800 watts for a 12 volt inverter like this, so Thomas has used a transformer to step the voltage up higher:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKwU72nhRNDgYoyzzNUea-ua7gJvKryKdYN5sIcmjyE63puh_hrPCY09b3QddFsaVfz5HO5xtU2MozQ4UvWwb6IuhgKgm-HRSDnX4PCcBoJIM5r9Z1sROBkoIlXD2bL5aIZZpveYURefT/s1600/Thomas+has+used+a+transformer+to+step+the+voltage+up+higher.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKwU72nhRNDgYoyzzNUea-ua7gJvKryKdYN5sIcmjyE63puh_hrPCY09b3QddFsaVfz5HO5xtU2MozQ4UvWwb6IuhgKgm-HRSDnX4PCcBoJIM5r9Z1sROBkoIlXD2bL5aIZZpveYURefT/s1600/Thomas+has+used+a+transformer+to+step+the+voltage+up+higher.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
Getting a transformer like this is not at all easy as very few people want a 400 volt power supply. The rectification is very straightforward:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4KIl9QMJh8r7B0IqAkokzQ5KxvrvaBBdiQ8sVDwzRa-181dSCLbO3Fy_M70KWLSwc-lzPGy0GRH5rXjOUb5QO7YpLcpXsYIpRB5g3L3CZw5W22Fg1Dkr31viFj1HuJ_ekugfq0rFoxyIm/s1600/rectification+is+very+straightforward.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="362" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4KIl9QMJh8r7B0IqAkokzQ5KxvrvaBBdiQ8sVDwzRa-181dSCLbO3Fy_M70KWLSwc-lzPGy0GRH5rXjOUb5QO7YpLcpXsYIpRB5g3L3CZw5W22Fg1Dkr31viFj1HuJ_ekugfq0rFoxyIm/s320/rectification+is+very+straightforward.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
A possibility which bypasses the need for a transformer of that type would be to use a voltage doubler circuit to raise the inverter output up to 440 volts or so, the diodes being say, 1N5408 or UF5408 which can handle 1000 volts at 3 amps which is a good deal more than is needed for this system:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFp94gpzVZmG-v76Hwwc8jsfCWuutMZJ966qWB6pDnC20sZFHwEsnXovZ9HsAJIzdGqcSy0zXbjV5-xBFLdiG6EyFQDjvK_fIHLPjAreRjZt8GRXdTRXZUJj1P0K7PlsBuq1uc2KEi15H/s1600/A+possibility+which+bypasses.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfFp94gpzVZmG-v76Hwwc8jsfCWuutMZJ966qWB6pDnC20sZFHwEsnXovZ9HsAJIzdGqcSy0zXbjV5-xBFLdiG6EyFQDjvK_fIHLPjAreRjZt8GRXdTRXZUJj1P0K7PlsBuq1uc2KEi15H/s1600/A+possibility+which+bypasses.gif" /></a></div>
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<br />
The disadvantage of doing that is that the output is effectively only a half-wave power supply. The capacitors would be 400 volts each and so the output capacitance would be safe for anything up to 800 volts. The transformer in the diagram is inside the inverter and “V” in the diagram would be 220 volts, giving an output of 440 volts.<br />
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One possibility which avoids the need for a transformer and still provides a full wave rectified 440V output is to use two 220V inverters:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeYLMtH2niGH6E9m8vPozUVS2Luo02MSwHl2SLij6y6Z4-5vlQc4j0ioAvFjzkjm0o7H05zAj6NsJdbwuxXskbt_SlATcCUkwY_Xf0wFEfMRlVEv1dRYfk1nHn4MVV-sSPi5CVDW5QQCm/s1600/possibility+which+avoids+the+need+for+a+transformer+and+still+provides.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="872" data-original-width="630" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeYLMtH2niGH6E9m8vPozUVS2Luo02MSwHl2SLij6y6Z4-5vlQc4j0ioAvFjzkjm0o7H05zAj6NsJdbwuxXskbt_SlATcCUkwY_Xf0wFEfMRlVEv1dRYfk1nHn4MVV-sSPi5CVDW5QQCm/s1600/possibility+which+avoids+the+need+for+a+transformer+and+still+provides.gif" /></a></div>
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<br />
In this arrangement, both inverters are supplied by a single car battery and the output is 440 volts. Each inverter supplies only half of the wattage.<br />
<br />
It is suggested that a method which skips both the inverter and the transformer would be to use a “DC chopper” circuit which could take the 12 volts from the car battery and produce a 400 volt 20 kHz output directly in one operation. A DC chopper of that type looks like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibOTO4thGgYM3gQS3iHrtKRgizYRNWm3OfXna8wO8fwl2O15Nos-eAHTsAWTI3p_sbkuqJKEyOFljeATHvuZ8JfTPzQqzFk-9zaEX4FW0ro9Bmq85mCU527cbanNu8LvA7bkLN1Fj1gBvv/s1600/DC+chopper.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="457" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibOTO4thGgYM3gQS3iHrtKRgizYRNWm3OfXna8wO8fwl2O15Nos-eAHTsAWTI3p_sbkuqJKEyOFljeATHvuZ8JfTPzQqzFk-9zaEX4FW0ro9Bmq85mCU527cbanNu8LvA7bkLN1Fj1gBvv/s320/DC+chopper.gif" width="317" /></a></div>
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<br />
While a DC chopper power supply is not suitable for all applications, it is felt that this cheap unit costing US $35 from https://s.click.aliexpress.com/e/1rHgPQC would be suitable for this generator project.<br />
<br />
While the circuit wiring is shown above, we need a physical board with the electronic components attached to it. The wiring connections are normally soldered joints but making those joints can be quite difficult as some of them are very close together. If you are experienced at soldering, then there should be no problem, but if you have not soldered before, then you should get an experienced friend to do the soldering for you. Here is a suggested board layout using stripboard often called “Veroboard”.<br />
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No matter how the 400 volts is generated, it is necessary to feed some 70 amps back to the battery output and inverter input to sustain the motor indefinitely. While the diagram above just shows a battery charger, the level of feedback is much higher than any ordinary battery charger can supply. So, we are talking about a professional-level charger able to deliver some 700 watts of power continuously. This generator system has a Coefficient Of Performance greater than 14 but even with that high performance it needs an input of about 700 watts for an output of 10,000 watts. Consequently, this “battery charger” link is very important and commercial units which can do the job cost something like £150.<br />
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We come now to the alternator which produces the electrical output which is the whole point of the system. All of the components and methods described so far have the objective of spinning the alternator indefinitely in order to provide electrical power for a household. However, please understand clearly that your local power company is most unlikely to allow you to connect your generator up to their wiring which goes to your fuse box. Consequently, it is better if you use your new supply of electrical power as if it were an emergency back-up generator. That is, you connect it up to your appliances without connecting it to any external power supply or wall socket.<br />
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The system described so far is perfectly capable of driving an alternator of any power level up to ten kilowatts without altering any of the components. So, the size of the alternator which you buy is up to you. Personally, I would consider an output of five kilowatts as being adequate to excessive, but then my electrical needs are probably far lower than yours might be.<br />
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Anyway, in the UK one supplier is MachineMart and they offer three different alternators. They look like this and each needs to be driven at 3000 rpm:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8mai5dQlZDjSwHR-ETmWmbsfe5uqRfl0YSMXAL4FsjqKb8B1JHHYosk2rgneAlwlmJQKT3SLX9jd06r8cynIOUY4rtDVpnyVpR-C1Dgk6zvneGzvpNPgnxXPE32aKIqKN3hQJCITXvPUy/s1600/driven+at+3000+rpm.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8mai5dQlZDjSwHR-ETmWmbsfe5uqRfl0YSMXAL4FsjqKb8B1JHHYosk2rgneAlwlmJQKT3SLX9jd06r8cynIOUY4rtDVpnyVpR-C1Dgk6zvneGzvpNPgnxXPE32aKIqKN3hQJCITXvPUy/s1600/driven+at+3000+rpm.gif" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWeGJXBPb3YYyuZeinw1ZUabT_FRC4sjaDVKyRewvRGdgbhFphXKn3feWDrXoABMyLqMeuDQJz8Ce83yenLG0httgAKNUKpk_JLJYESiDLR8J5l-8DI-L43GbCT2KJ7uhM0q-FBGugGCCm/s1600/MachineMart+and+they+offer+three+different+alternators.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="646" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWeGJXBPb3YYyuZeinw1ZUabT_FRC4sjaDVKyRewvRGdgbhFphXKn3feWDrXoABMyLqMeuDQJz8Ce83yenLG0httgAKNUKpk_JLJYESiDLR8J5l-8DI-L43GbCT2KJ7uhM0q-FBGugGCCm/s1600/MachineMart+and+they+offer+three+different+alternators.gif" /></a></div>
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Looking at the small price difference between the alternators, there seems to be very little reason not to pick the 6.5 KVA unit even if your expected current is likely to be well below that rating. The KVA rating is the same as kilowatts IF the power factor of the load is 1, that is just light bulbs. Generally speaking, a 6.5 KVA alternator is considered to be a 5 kilowatt unit for driving washing machines, vacuum cleaners or the like.<br />
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The final step is to mount the motor unit and alternator unit together so that the motor can drive the alternator to provide the required electrical output:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtWmzvXrdEojx3UJffs_r4opMr2ds2T_ByYO_hQEYB3CETD2FF-_efpOqY31zAyHbNpJkBwceRx-h8vQJ575Pp__ZpuzRPRpkmq9Gp5xf-cOk2ffQRPg7DOoxgeCTOeMZZ81AeI1DOC62I/s1600/motor+can+drive+the+alternator+to+provide+the+required+electrical+output.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="193" data-original-width="358" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtWmzvXrdEojx3UJffs_r4opMr2ds2T_ByYO_hQEYB3CETD2FF-_efpOqY31zAyHbNpJkBwceRx-h8vQJ575Pp__ZpuzRPRpkmq9Gp5xf-cOk2ffQRPg7DOoxgeCTOeMZZ81AeI1DOC62I/s320/motor+can+drive+the+alternator+to+provide+the+required+electrical+output.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Thanks is due to Thomas Buie for sharing his design freely. Thomas has joined with the <a href="http://bit.ly/TeslaGeneratorhtml" rel="nofollow">Free Energy</a> Special Interest Group (“FESIG”) and they are preparing a series of instruction videos and actual physical construction of an a generator via the website <a href="http://www.truevisionofpeace.com/fesig.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> and you can ask questions during the live sessions. Thomas’ own website is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDiOZlHfkioVtHfSzS2qPWg" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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The Arduino code file www.free-energy-info.com/Arduino.txt is a free download and this document is available free from www.free-energy-info.com.<br />
<br />
There is one issue which needs to be dealt with and that is the plastic construction of parts of the motor. The motor was intended to power a washing machine and because that operation is slow and the mechanical stresses involved are fairly low, plastic was used. In this application the stresses are much higher and the usage is all day every day as opposed to the occasional use of a washing machine (my apologies to mothers with children), it would be necessary to replace the plastic parts with mild steel, both for the hub of the rotor and the casing of the stator in order to drive the larger sizes of alternator. Machining by a local steel fabrication shop may be necessary unless you already own a lathe or have access to one. The existing plastic rotor boss:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3F7YHfrOqiHM7nebpJmkQ28tvY_IlZ7EfhDWIFH8XsCcw2fsWZjLIcrZhDS7l_lqXg_dCs9EY2oynod7etM1k1TfSrtr7UKohaA_7cNexEtV3w0uyyy_AG58lBL5woa6qDq4BLKngLmlo/s1600/plastic+rotor+boss.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="348" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3F7YHfrOqiHM7nebpJmkQ28tvY_IlZ7EfhDWIFH8XsCcw2fsWZjLIcrZhDS7l_lqXg_dCs9EY2oynod7etM1k1TfSrtr7UKohaA_7cNexEtV3w0uyyy_AG58lBL5woa6qDq4BLKngLmlo/s320/plastic+rotor+boss.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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is replaced with a metal unit:<br />
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and the motor effectively rebuilt until only the original coils and magnets remain:<br />
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While doing that adds considerable extra cost and effort, it does result in a very robust and powerful motor which is ready to drive a large alternator. The rotor is the metal casing with the magnets attached to it while the section containing the coils is stationary.<br />
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Let me stress that if you were to construct a generator system like this, you do not connect it to the wiring of the local electricity power supply company. For example, the electrical mains supply wiring will come into your household fuse box or contact breaker box. Do not connect your generator wiring to that same box but instead treat your generator in the same way as an emergency generator, feeding the generator output directly to your washing machine, electric heater, vacuum cleaner or whatever through an extension cable and not through a wall socket.<br />
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If you are very keen to have your new generator connected to your fuse box, then be sure to install a “Break-before Make” heavy duty switch to disconnect the outside power supply cable before your generator output is connected to the fuse box. This is important because if a fault occurs in the mains wiring and they turn off the mains power while they fix it, the workmen might get a fatal shock from your generator even though their wiring is supposed to be switched off.<br />
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<b>Update 17th March 2019</b><br />
It has been pointed out that this possible version of the interface board which goes between the Arduino and the 400-volt drive to the 3-phase motor has one feature which could be considered to be a potential weakness. The three red arrows show a copper strip which passes from the 12-volt Arduino area into the 400-volt motor area and it is felt that there is the potential for a back-EMF voltage spike to be fed back along that copper track and damage the IR2104 chip or even the Arduino board itself. It is suggested that the introduction of a fast Schottky diode in those links would block that possibility. For that we would need a Schottky diode which can withstand the 400 to 500 volts which gets fed to the motor and the current needed by the motor.<br />
<br />
The Mouser supplier of electronic components has a range of such diodes. For example:<br />
<br />
SCS306AHGC9 rated at 650 volts, 6 amps and 46 watts, sells for £2.91<br />
SCS308AHGC9 rated at 650 volts, 8 amps and 57 watts, sells for £3.47<br />
SCS310AHGC9 rated at 650 volts, 10 amps and 71 watts, sells for £4.04<br />
SCS312AHGC9 rated at 650 volts, 12 amps and 78 watts, sells for £4.76<br />
SCS315AHGC9 rated at 650 volts, 15 amps and 93 watts, sells for £5.08<br />
SCS320AHGC9 rated at 650 volts, 20 amps and 115 watts, sells for £6.17<br />
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The packaging is like this:<br />
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So, if we are to take the advice which recommends one of these diodes placed in line with lines which lead out to each phase of the motor, then the board layout would change to this:<br />
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However, please understand that the FESIG presentation deals with the construction of a multi-kilowatt generator in far greater detail than this and that includes the construction of a much more robust interface between the Arduino and the 3-phase motor. That interface does not use the IR2104 chip but instead constructs the interface using discrete components which are believed to be much more robust than the IR2104 chip. The FESIG presentation is to cover the operation and other relevant details of each component used in the construction and so the people being trained should understand clearly how every part of the generator works and so be able to perform maintenance if that should ever prove to be necessary.<br />
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James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-pump Generator. There is a video on Google which shows a self-powered electrical water-pump driven, electrical generator at this <a href="http://video.google.com.au/videoplay?docid=-3577926064917175403&ei=b1_BSO7UDILAigKA4oCuCQ&q=self-powered+generator&vt=lf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">location</a>.<br />
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This is a very simple device where the jet of water from the pump is directed at a simple water-wheel which in turn, spins an electrical alternator, powering both the pump and an electric light bulb, demonstrating the capture and use of free-energy.<br />
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Initially, the generator is got up to speed, driven by the mains electrical supply. Then, when it is running normally, the mains connection is removed and the motor/generator sustains itself and is also able to power at least one light bulb. The generator output is normal mains current from a standard off-the-shelf alternator.<br />
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James has Patent Application US 2007/0018461 A1 published in 2007 on his design. In that application he points out that a major advantage of his design is the low noise level produced when the generator is running. In the video and the pictures above, the demonstration has the housing opened up in order to show how the generator system works, but during normal use, the compartments are completely sealed.<br />
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In his document, James shows the overall system like this:<br />
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The housing is divided into three separate compartments. The first compartment has a strong axle shaft running through it, supported on ball or roller bearings – possibly ceramic for this environment. The bearings are protected by being covered by splash guards which keep the water (or other liquid) off them. A waterwheel of almost any type is mounted on the shaft and a high-capacity water pump directs a stream of liquid on to the waterwheel, striking the paddles at right angles in order to provide the maximum impact.<br />
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This first compartment is sealed in order to contain all of the liquid inside it and the bottom is effectively a sump for the liquid. A pipe located near the bottom of the compartment feeds the liquid to the pump which is located in the second compartment. The pump boosts the liquid through a nozzle, directing it at the waterwheel. While almost any nozzle will work, it is usual to choose one which produces a concentrated jet of liquid in order to generate the largest possible impact. One would expect that the larger the diameter of the waterwheel, the more powerful the system would be. However, that is not necessarily the case as other factors such as the overall weight of the rotating members might affect the performance. Experimentation should show the most effective combination for any given pump.<br />
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The rotating shaft is given a third bearing supported by the side of the final compartment. The shaft then has a large diameter belt pulley mounted on it, the belt driving a much smaller pulley mounted on the shaft of the generator. This raises the rate at which the generator shaft is rotated. If the pump operates on AC mains voltage, then the generator will be one which generates mains voltage AC. If the pump operates on, say, 12 volts, then the generator will be one which generates 12 volts DC. The diagram above, shows the arrangement for a mains voltage system as that is probably the most convenient. If a 12-volt system is chosen, then the inverter can be omitted.<br />
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The generator is started by pressing the ‘normally open’ press-button switch marked “A” in the diagram. This passes the battery power through to the 1-kilowatt inverter which then generates AC mains voltage. The switch marked “B” is a “changeover” switch, and for starting, it is set so that it passes the AC power through switch “A” to the pump. This causes the pump to turn on and direct a powerful jet of liquid at the waterwheel, forcing it around and so powering the generator. When the generator gets up to full speed, switch “B” is flipped over, disconnecting the inverter and feeding the generator power through to the pump, keeping it running and supplying additional power to the output power sockets mounted on top of the housing. The press-button switch is released, disconnecting the battery which is no longer needed. Switch “C” is an ordinary On/Off mains switch which is needed if you want to turn the generator off.<br />
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A major advantage of this generator system is that the main components can be bought ready-made and so only very simple constructional skills and readily available materials are needed. Another advantage is that what is happening can be seen. If the pump is not working, then it is a simple task to discover why. If the generator is not spinning, then you can see that and sort the problem. Every component is simple and straightforward.<br />
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James suggests that a suitable pump is the 10,000 gallons per hour “Torpedo Pump” from Cal Pump web <a href="http://www.calpumpstore.com/products/productdetail/part_number=T10000/416.0.1.1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">site</a>:<br />
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<b><span style="color: #0c343d;">Georges Mourier’s COP=10,000 Motor/Generator Patent</span></b><br />
This patent from Frenchman Georges Mourier is quite remarkable in that it states clearly in the patent that it has a Coefficient Of Performance of 10,000 with an input power of just 10 watts producing an output of 100 kilowatts, which, considering the massive opposition of the US Patent Office to any claim of output power being greater than the input needed to produce that output, is little short of amazing. This patent contains a fair amount of mathematics where Georges goes about showing why there is a power amplification. This can be ignored by most people as the point to concentrate on is how to build a power-amplifying motor/generator.<br />
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The RotoVerter. Not all pulsed-drive systems use permanent magnets as part of their drive mechanism. For example, the RotoVerter systems uses standard three-phase electric motors instead of magnets. In addition, some of the electrical driving power can be recovered for re-use.<br />
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This system has been reproduced by several independent researchers and it produces a substantial power gain when driving devices which need an electrical motor to operate. The outline details are as follows:<br />
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The output device is an alternator which is driven by a three-phase mains-powered, 3 HP to 7.5 HP motor (both of these devices can be standard ‘asynchronous squirrel-cage’ motors). The drive motor is operated in a highly non-standard manner. It is a 240V motor with six windings as shown below. These windings are connected in series to make an arrangement which should require 480 volts to drive it, but instead, it is fed with 120 volts of single-phase AC. The input voltage for the motor, should always be a quarter of its rated operational voltage. A virtual third phase is created by using a capacitor which creates a 90-degree phase-shift between the applied voltage and the current.<br />
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The objective is to tune the motor windings to give resonant operation. A start-up capacitor is connected into the circuit using the press-button switch shown, to get the motor up to speed, at which point the switch is released, allowing the motor to run with a much smaller capacitor in place. Although the running capacitor is shown as a fixed value, in practice, that capacitor needs to be adjusted while the motor is running, to give resonant operation. For this, a bank of capacitors is usually constructed, each capacitor having its own ON/OFF switch, so that different combinations of switch closures give a wide range of different overall values of capacitance. With the six capacitors shown above, any value from 0.5 microfarad to 31.5 microfarad can be rapidly switched to find the correct resonant value. These values allow combined values of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, .....by selecting the appropriate switches to be ON or OFF. Should you need a value greater than this, then wire a 32 microfarad capacitor in place and connect the substitution box across it to test higher values step by step to find the optimum value of capacitor to use. The capacitors need to be powerful, oil-filled units with a high voltage rating - in other words, large, heavy and expensive. The power being handled in one of these systems is large and setting one up is not without a certain degree of physical danger. These systems have been set to be self-powered but this is not recommended, presumably because of the possibility of runaway with the output power building up rapidly and boosting the input power until the motor burns out.<br />
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The Yahoo EVGRAY Group at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/EVGRAY has a large number of members, many of whom are very willing to offer advice and assistance. A unique jargon has built up on this forum, where the motor is not called a motor but is referred to as a “Prime Mover” or “PM” for short, which can cause confusion as “PM” usually stands for “Permanent Magnet”. RotoVerter is abbreviated to “RV” while “DCPMRV” stands for “Direct Current Permanent Magnet RotoVerter” and “trafo” is a non-standard abbreviation for “transformer”. Some of the postings in this Group may be difficult to understand due to their highly technical nature and the extensive use of abbreviations, but help is always available there.<br />
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To move to some more practical construction details for this system. The motor (and alternator) considered to be the best for this application is the “Baldor EM3770T” 7.5 horsepower unit. The specification number is 07H002X790, and it is a 230/460 volts 60Hz 3-phase, 19/9.5 amp, 1770 rpm, power factor 81, device.<br />
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The Baldor web site is here and the following details should be considered carefully before trying any adaption of an expensive motor. The following constructional photographs are presented here by kind permission of Ashweth Palise of the EVGRAY Group.<br />
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The end plate of the drive motor needs to be removed and the rotor lifted out. Considerable care is needed when doing this as the rotor is heavy and it must not be dragged across the stator windings as doing that would damage them.<br />
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The second end-plate is then removed and placed on the opposite end of the stator housing.<br />
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The fan is removed as it is not needed and just causes unnecessary drag, and the rotor is inserted the opposite way round to the way it was removed. That is, the housing is now the other way round relative to the rotor, since the rotor has been turned through 180 degrees before being replaced. The same part of the shaft of the rotor passes through the same end plate as before as the end plates have also been swapped over. The end plates are bolted in position and the rotor shaft spun to confirm that it still rotates as freely as before.<br />
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To reduce friction to an absolute minimum, the motor bearings need to be cleaned to an exceptional level. There are various ways of doing this. One of the best is to use a carburettor cleaner spray from your local car accessories shop. Spray inside the bearings to wash out all of the packed grease. The spray evaporates if left for a few minutes. Repeat this until the shaft spins perfectly, then put one (and only one) drop of light oil on each bearing and do not use WD40 as it leaves a residue film. The result should be a shaft which spins absolutely perfectly.<br />
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The next step is to connect the windings of the two units. The motor (the “Prime Mover”) is wired for 480 volt operation. This is done by connecting winding terminals 4 to 7, 5 to 8 and 6 to 9. The diagram shows 120 volts AC as being the power supply. This is because the RotoVerter design makes the motor operate at a much lower input than the motor designers intended. If this motor were operated in the standard way, a 480 volt 3-phase supply would be connected to terminals 1, 2 and 3 and there would be no capacitors in the circuit.<br />
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It is suggested that the jumpering of the motor windings is more neatly done by removing the junction box cover and drilling through it to carry the connections outside to external connectors, jumpered neatly to show clearly how the connections have been made for each unit, and to allow easy alterations should it be decided to change the jumpering for any reason.<br />
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The same is done for the unit which is to be used as the alternator. To increase the allowable current draw, the unit windings are connected to give the lower voltage with the windings connected in parallel as shown below with terminals 4,5 and 6 strapped together, 1 connected to 7, 2 connected to 8 and 3 connected to 9. This gives a three-phase output on terminals 1, 2 and 3. This can be used as a 3-phase AC output or as three single-phase AC outputs, or as a DC output by wiring it as shown here:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid8-ODAJwrW9Kf0n9H2X6v5M_rbBIlBd45DUIE_19Dor3njrOgwXu8U-cIKZRht7aKqaMT0x5UqcouXhwrsU47ifnzXBtJ7J5z0XZFnHk8KBk3hNDwBQ54aBdeD6ukx9NMxd54vPnmYSm9/s1600/three+single-phase+AC+outputs.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="173" data-original-width="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid8-ODAJwrW9Kf0n9H2X6v5M_rbBIlBd45DUIE_19Dor3njrOgwXu8U-cIKZRht7aKqaMT0x5UqcouXhwrsU47ifnzXBtJ7J5z0XZFnHk8KBk3hNDwBQ54aBdeD6ukx9NMxd54vPnmYSm9/s1600/three+single-phase+AC+outputs.gif" /></a></div>
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The motor and the alternator are then mounted securely in exact alignment and coupled together. The switching of the direction of the housing on the drive motor allows all of the jumpering to be on the same side of the two units when they are coupled together, facing each other:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNIlbochr4ospmHiGQ0Nbm1zsyu91tyg4AtZPMwHgH5QkhJt0e-y-Av_ChkeV_0xe10lQclJ5on76P3fJlRKep8N3eZpFlGrjWuKpKB416NuamBG-S79WZ2imfBXm6_FXJthWIUZi9ZJ4d/s1600/drive+motor+allows+all+of+the+jumpering+to+be+on+the+same+side+of+the+two+units+when+they+are+coupled+together%252C+facing+each+other.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="573" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNIlbochr4ospmHiGQ0Nbm1zsyu91tyg4AtZPMwHgH5QkhJt0e-y-Av_ChkeV_0xe10lQclJ5on76P3fJlRKep8N3eZpFlGrjWuKpKB416NuamBG-S79WZ2imfBXm6_FXJthWIUZi9ZJ4d/s1600/drive+motor+allows+all+of+the+jumpering+to+be+on+the+same+side+of+the+two+units+when+they+are+coupled+together%252C+facing+each+other.jpg" /></a></div>
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The input drive may be from an inverter driven from a battery charged via a solar panel. The system how needs to be ‘tuned’ and tested. This involves finding the best ‘starting’ capacitor which will be switched into the circuit for a few seconds at start-up, and the best ‘running’ capacitor. Help and advice is readily available from the EVGRAY Group as mentioned above.<br />
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To summarise: This device takes a low-power 110 Volt AC input and produces a much higher-power electrical output which can be used for powering much greater loads than the input could power. The output power is much higher than the input power. This is free-energy under whatever name you like to apply to it. One advantage which should be stressed, is that very little in the way of construction is needed, and off-the-shelf motors are used. Also, no knowledge of electronics is needed, which makes this one of the easiest to construct free-energy devices available at the present time. One slight disadvantage is that the tuning of the “Prime Mover” motor depends on its loading and most loads have different levels of power requirement from time to time. A 220 Volt AC motor can also be used if that is the local supply voltage.<br />
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If an alternator is being driven by the RotoVerter motor (the “Prime Mover”) but although the shaft is being rotated rapidly there is no output voltage, then it is likely that the alternator has been sitting around unused for a long time and has lost the magnetic properties which it needs at start-up. To fix this, connect each of the three output windings, one at a time, across a car battery for about five seconds to develop some magnetism and the alternator will then work. This is a one-off thing only needed after a long period of inactivity.<br />
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It is not essential to construct the RotorVeter exactly as shown above, although that is the most common form of construction. The Muller Motor mentioned earlier, can have a 35 kilowatt output when precision-constructed as Bill Muller did. One option therefore, is to use one Baldor motor jumpered as the “Prime Mover” drive motor and have it drive one or more Muller Motor style rotors to generate the output power:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8pjEetpTwMhR8HBokmSmKE039D3_h_yn7BfxIZ0r6HsBqA0epfgOl-XDjaEDj0_z_vldMdJbwmgvZ3-NJf59vBnMOSsmwcPfvGtyCoso9haeI83-kF9uXPL0PDzRF8Z-lXnLmbrsTHkxX/s1600/The+Muller+Motor+mentioned+earlier.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="531" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8pjEetpTwMhR8HBokmSmKE039D3_h_yn7BfxIZ0r6HsBqA0epfgOl-XDjaEDj0_z_vldMdJbwmgvZ3-NJf59vBnMOSsmwcPfvGtyCoso9haeI83-kF9uXPL0PDzRF8Z-lXnLmbrsTHkxX/s1600/The+Muller+Motor+mentioned+earlier.gif" /></a></div>
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<b>Coil-Shorting. </b><br />
The RotoVerter output and the Muller Motor/Generator output (and possibly, the Adams Motor output) can be increased very substantially by a technique developed by "Kone" the moderator of the EVGRAY Yahoo forum already mentioned. The technique is to place a dead short-circuit across each output coil, just as the magnetic field of that coil reaches a maximum. This is done five times in rapid succession and can boost the output power by an estimated factor of 100 times.<br />
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On the surface, it appears complete madness to place a short-circuit across the very output which you are generating as the whole point of the exercise. However, it is not as mad as it seems. At the peak point, the coil itself contains a large amount of energy and when a short-circuit is placed across it, the result is quite unusual. The effect of short-circuiting an iron-cored coil has been demonstrated by Ron Pugh of Canada with a bench test using this equipment:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WJkFoGCuA5G7Mfk3AtoYxpKTzv1G_HF4oujfKDV__xOnu1t_CrOvTX0Jef13QMP_9zMbUvW59PlKbxtaRBg-fShrW38bvn7P_bdn0QYw4ECBvfISjq_A3_GZcP8nyUTfQ3tWch3rDS1M/s1600/short-circuiting+an+iron-cored+coil+has+been+demonstrated.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WJkFoGCuA5G7Mfk3AtoYxpKTzv1G_HF4oujfKDV__xOnu1t_CrOvTX0Jef13QMP_9zMbUvW59PlKbxtaRBg-fShrW38bvn7P_bdn0QYw4ECBvfISjq_A3_GZcP8nyUTfQ3tWch3rDS1M/s1600/short-circuiting+an+iron-cored+coil+has+been+demonstrated.jpg" /></a></div>
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Here, a device for measuring magnetic fields is sensing the magnetic field of the coil as the rotor magnets move past the coil. The measurement is done with the coil operating normally and then again, with the coil short-circuited. The results are shown in these oscilloscope displays:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgySs_aATo7KDQozCXYuQCltDPsbV3O9GgXrz8SEvSRcPVK11hycfit6sBurBLmHUhLzHR0ny1DSGDCGKxwUMjPPrRImKvIkVJEGKanULCyqbTv_xhy-ZGn7KzgZCdn8v0y3zg2wogds4ph/s1600/these+oscilloscope+displays.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="551" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgySs_aATo7KDQozCXYuQCltDPsbV3O9GgXrz8SEvSRcPVK11hycfit6sBurBLmHUhLzHR0ny1DSGDCGKxwUMjPPrRImKvIkVJEGKanULCyqbTv_xhy-ZGn7KzgZCdn8v0y3zg2wogds4ph/s1600/these+oscilloscope+displays.gif" /></a></div>
Quite surprisingly, the magnetic field is reversed by the short-circuit. If we consider just the first half of the cycle:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYsYlMHn_fQunmh5jYBp3WNLECvqE7X798G3KAbNtgkvPIFwhedGLIi_qAteu0CVwOEd9d8FhkY-r9QGDXXWIXfAK3vy-rkSl9eFTrqpvzIQ7zL3y1szdz4VP5S5yDbMFxZBgXyp8NvWqI/s1600/magnetic+field+is+reversed+by+the+short-circuit.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYsYlMHn_fQunmh5jYBp3WNLECvqE7X798G3KAbNtgkvPIFwhedGLIi_qAteu0CVwOEd9d8FhkY-r9QGDXXWIXfAK3vy-rkSl9eFTrqpvzIQ7zL3y1szdz4VP5S5yDbMFxZBgXyp8NvWqI/s1600/magnetic+field+is+reversed+by+the+short-circuit.gif" /></a></div>
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You will notice that when the open coil has a very strong positive position (relative to a North magnetic pole), the short-circuited coil has a strong reading of the opposite polarity. Therefore, at any given instance near the peak, there is the potential for a major magnetic reversal if the coil were to be switched from the red area into the blue area and back again. You might imagine that if the coil short-circuiting were performed very rapidly, that there would be a result like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8jWZirz1d9hhJ_Fg91HO2JQhljEmo-gXx1iLWZbv6BaroWX461Qr6VajYwmjPHGnESs03_BzLdBRvmznUlC-vR6E9DTCHqCiqLiLdAG0_t9bBBxFnyh6-cDwN8QEqNZ90etMlvdrWPyt1/s1600/might+imagine+that+if+the+coil+short-circuiting.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8jWZirz1d9hhJ_Fg91HO2JQhljEmo-gXx1iLWZbv6BaroWX461Qr6VajYwmjPHGnESs03_BzLdBRvmznUlC-vR6E9DTCHqCiqLiLdAG0_t9bBBxFnyh6-cDwN8QEqNZ90etMlvdrWPyt1/s1600/might+imagine+that+if+the+coil+short-circuiting.gif" /></a></div>
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However, this is not really possible with an iron-cored coil as it is not able to reverse it's magnetisation rapidly enough to produce this effect. Coils with iron cores might get up to 3,000 reversals per second although 1,000 would probably be a more realistic figure. For higher frequencies, a ferrite core could be used and for yet higher frequencies again, an iron-dust epoxy-encapsulated core is needed. For unlimited frequencies, an air-core coil is used.<br />
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In the RotoVerter / Muller Motor example where Kone has demonstrated major energy gains, the arrangement is different to Ron Pugh's bench-test example. Firstly, the magnets on the rotor present two poles to the coil as they pass by, giving a full, even sine wave output. Secondly, Kone uses an air-core coil and he has the fast switching implemented to take advantage of that coil type:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0tqGZxE_9w5RCi6WNR_IakFEAShTKjm4sHD7Jnx8d1pCvOZw1CvsPAmpLh-UMjfMdk4g454Y1qaH_dW4FgKiqU_P4fFyZacu_j68S7LUE9RMHMl_ugk5ejRatYduYpBbhHCkmskpP_EID/s1600/air-core+coil+and+he+has+the+fast+switching+implemented.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0tqGZxE_9w5RCi6WNR_IakFEAShTKjm4sHD7Jnx8d1pCvOZw1CvsPAmpLh-UMjfMdk4g454Y1qaH_dW4FgKiqU_P4fFyZacu_j68S7LUE9RMHMl_ugk5ejRatYduYpBbhHCkmskpP_EID/s1600/air-core+coil+and+he+has+the+fast+switching+implemented.jpg" /></a></div>
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This screen shot shows exactly the same effect with the oscillating pulses plunging down to exactly where the negative trace would be at that time during each of the short-circuited periods. The display is showing a twenty-volt peak-to-peak waveform with each complete sine wave cycle taking 2 milliseconds.<br />
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Instead of the original gradual magnetic rise to a single peak, there are now five very sharp magnetic reversals, each of which are substantially larger that the original peak. It is the change of magnetic flux in the pick-up coil which produces the output power, so it can be seen that with this additional switching, a massive increase in flux change has been produced in the output coil. This increase is both a larger magnetic swing and a much greater rate of change of the flux, and as the rotor is spinning at some 1,800 rpm and has many magnets in it, the overall magnetic power increases by a major factor. Please not that in the following diagrams produced by Kone, the rotor magnet has a South pole which reaches the pick-up coil first, followed by a North pole passing the coil. This produces an excellent sine wave output in the coil.<br />
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The additional switching is performed by a mechanical brush and contact system and the power collection circuit used for the short-circuited coil is:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifD3r-7m1kw8j-zLNYgPPXMg-Ei6KuJoNEG-UJlSszV2U7hjQW18BmvQ4wPFooV6l8UDm9mUD3hHTtreGmG9qVd67nneGgLhVaxxRJBHbG91FXiGAeTFXHcrKKiFXnT1wad4y5ifCpIfmj/s1600/collection+circuit+used+for+the+short-circuited+coil.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifD3r-7m1kw8j-zLNYgPPXMg-Ei6KuJoNEG-UJlSszV2U7hjQW18BmvQ4wPFooV6l8UDm9mUD3hHTtreGmG9qVd67nneGgLhVaxxRJBHbG91FXiGAeTFXHcrKKiFXnT1wad4y5ifCpIfmj/s1600/collection+circuit+used+for+the+short-circuited+coil.gif" /></a></div>
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and when the coil is not short-circuited, the circuit is:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhupt_CYVgPfoql4IRdGPa0jpi_hW0KhkHoyh2KGi-XEeBMlsgwbvBtGS8QNjGxO2ed9fFZUhMX3xmJA_n2awq5OhDTj4fkpHH0rnT-32ea3x2DhXLLpH1Yy9W6jQIJomOyxhQBxAhVH8SE/s1600/not+short-circuited.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="473" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhupt_CYVgPfoql4IRdGPa0jpi_hW0KhkHoyh2KGi-XEeBMlsgwbvBtGS8QNjGxO2ed9fFZUhMX3xmJA_n2awq5OhDTj4fkpHH0rnT-32ea3x2DhXLLpH1Yy9W6jQIJomOyxhQBxAhVH8SE/s1600/not+short-circuited.gif" /></a></div>
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Doug Konzen has been developing this circuitry and generously sharing his results freely. His web site is <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/alternativeworldenergy/shorting-coils-circuits" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> and his most recent practical circuit is:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyyBB2LTT0q4joX6CRaAxW5FLnEaGoAoaubCSyZwmVIDwHwhWqwG6yd0dg1bmDs6WeKMoixcf4uLi1CToeOtkI5nBCgtobG7Vq0FEwdel56oENfWGxrRU0CsfO0XVVTALpPCzri2f4rSo/s1600/Doug+Konzen+has+been+developing+this+circuitry.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyyBB2LTT0q4joX6CRaAxW5FLnEaGoAoaubCSyZwmVIDwHwhWqwG6yd0dg1bmDs6WeKMoixcf4uLi1CToeOtkI5nBCgtobG7Vq0FEwdel56oENfWGxrRU0CsfO0XVVTALpPCzri2f4rSo/s1600/Doug+Konzen+has+been+developing+this+circuitry.gif" /></a></div>
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There is a video on the web where coil-shorting is used on the output from a replication of John Bedini’s Window Motor. John’s Window Motor is a cylinder with magnets mounted in it, spun inside a large coil by a pulsed motor:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1162r42b7gY7hsUFxg4F0cFFo3rvR74V9Rae3vBHmhk1VVdRFaIZyRs2Q-2HBXty8uUB-nKXcXBapR8wzRboJnShZlFr8Bt5F4_tBRilbeJC4fdr5ikIISVNenNLNViCuJzmBykrxDx7I/s1600/pulsed+motor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1162r42b7gY7hsUFxg4F0cFFo3rvR74V9Rae3vBHmhk1VVdRFaIZyRs2Q-2HBXty8uUB-nKXcXBapR8wzRboJnShZlFr8Bt5F4_tBRilbeJC4fdr5ikIISVNenNLNViCuJzmBykrxDx7I/s1600/pulsed+motor.jpg" /></a></div>
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The motor can be a self-runner, but for the coil-shorting demonstration, it was just spun briefly by hand, producing voltage pulses of about 16 volts. When the coil-shorting is switched on, those pulses rise to about 440 volts even though the coil shorting was not the optimum five times at peak (which would probably have raised the voltage pulses to about 1,600 volts). The oscilloscope displays of the test shown on video are:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYzYpYlEWNIwZ1TGL-YLCBHsXskS3umv1AzFAvLXQY4gVb3YooTWSdemTzbW5x39kAjX8og_fhEREq0244UBJabWQ4VUtpC-RAq15_AekCQUgeKSkOr-caPh5-ZdfP_1EzvS7rZeLpHFZ/s1600/motor+can+be+a+self-runner.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYzYpYlEWNIwZ1TGL-YLCBHsXskS3umv1AzFAvLXQY4gVb3YooTWSdemTzbW5x39kAjX8og_fhEREq0244UBJabWQ4VUtpC-RAq15_AekCQUgeKSkOr-caPh5-ZdfP_1EzvS7rZeLpHFZ/s1600/motor+can+be+a+self-runner.gif" /></a></div>
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I’m told that this coil-shorting technique is used in industry but is consider to be a ‘trade secret’. Details of John Bedini’s Window Motor can be found at www.fight-4-truth.com/Schematics.html.<br />
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<b>Raoul Hatem.</b> <br />
Generally, the RotoVerter gives very low input power when not loaded and about a 90% energy reduction when under load. The ideal situation is where there is a constant load as the tuning of the RotoVerter does depend to some degree on the load. However, the RotoVerter performance can be increased very substantially by using the techniques introduced by Raoul Hatem in 1955, which conventional science will not accept because according to current theory, any such energy gain has to be “impossible” and so, cannot happen no matter what evidence there is (<a href="http://quanthomme.free.fr/qhsuite/hatemCUdu%20brevet.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">web site</a>):<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuEEFcoL9ekbMukvd4jvUZBWSHgSnb61ymPnwhWUmrJulLkAZZkSQmCIatNzPvRZnHpLe2XxidzsPUy2RgUH5hufSK6Ppy42I6ZtltEgOHSKaU507uM1tztNld4_pt4JWQZTEERae6K6Ps/s1600/Raoul+Hatem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuEEFcoL9ekbMukvd4jvUZBWSHgSnb61ymPnwhWUmrJulLkAZZkSQmCIatNzPvRZnHpLe2XxidzsPUy2RgUH5hufSK6Ppy42I6ZtltEgOHSKaU507uM1tztNld4_pt4JWQZTEERae6K6Ps/s1600/Raoul+Hatem.jpg" /></a></div>
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Raoul Hatem’s heretical statement is that using spinning magnets draws in energy from the environment, allowing a system to have COP>1 (ever heard of John Searle’s spinning magnet systems?). His method is to use a motor (whether RotoVerter or not) to spin a heavy rotor disc with 36 powerful rare-earth magnets mounted on it. Then, using an identical heavy disc with magnets mounted on a generator to give a magnetic coupling between the motor and the generator can give not just coupling, but an energy gain as well:<br />
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The heavy rotor provides some flywheel effect which helps with the operation of the system. Even with one motor as shown above, there is an energy gain as demonstrated in a recent video demonstration of the effect here where a simple system produces 144 watts of excess power. However, the really big gains are got when several generators are driven by just the one motor. In passing, it may be remarked that there are two separate energy gain systems operating here. Firstly, the rotating magnetic field acts directly on the excess electrons in the local environment, drawing them into the system just as the fluctuating magnetic field of the secondary winding of any transformer does. Secondly, the rotors are receiving a rapid stream of drive pulses, and as Chas Campbell has demonstrated, that draws in excess energy from the gravitational field.<br />
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Anyway, you will notice that the powerful magnets used have their North poles outwards on one rotor while the adjacent rotor has the South poles outwards. The very strong attraction between these opposite poles cause the generator disc to rotate in step with the motor disc. This process allows many generators to be driven by just the one motor as shown here and in the photograph above:<br />
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For ease of drawing, the diagram above shows only eight magnets per rotor disc, but you will notice in the photograph (and in the video) that there are three stepped rows of magnets on each rotor:<br />
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You will also notice that direction of the stepping is reversed on every second rotor disc in order for the magnets to match each other in position as they rotate in opposite directions. The relevant patent on this is FR2,826,800 of January 2003. Hatem has an interesting video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UJZ9hDQnyA&ebc=ANyPxKp3VkSBvwv2Iy9UZEWfogEY_TYOSbbmUFDqYa5zZ88hiyiitlyUlniyVjlUzu6hUluHgoT2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<b>Lawrence Tseung.</b> <br />
Lawrence has been presenting his theory of lead-out energy which indicates that excess energy is drawn from the environment when there is an impact. The method of producing this effect which he has followed is to create an unbalanced wheel and demonstrate that excess energy is produced. It should be stressed that energy is never created or destroyed and so, when he measures more energy in his device than the energy which he uses to power it, energy is not being created but is instead, being drawn in from the local environment. Lawrence has recently demonstrated a prototype to members of the public:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkYqmf5j_GS-T0OMqd_W4gC2rsdw9ny32Vft-JLcYCkNMT-dIKgoeSdRMRii4BJNrcSUn4lsvvNqWlj4ZuuXAGuhCiI1tqy23Mtew4i5sqCzObh3_5lpkkbtv03hxC4Vf-HFxEtq5J71q/s1600/Lawrence+has+been+presenting+his+theory+of+lead-out+energy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkYqmf5j_GS-T0OMqd_W4gC2rsdw9ny32Vft-JLcYCkNMT-dIKgoeSdRMRii4BJNrcSUn4lsvvNqWlj4ZuuXAGuhCiI1tqy23Mtew4i5sqCzObh3_5lpkkbtv03hxC4Vf-HFxEtq5J71q/s1600/Lawrence+has+been+presenting+his+theory+of+lead-out+energy.jpg" /></a></div>
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This simple device was demonstrated to have 3.3 times as much output power as the input power needed to make it operate. This is an early prototype which was demonstrated in October 2009 and Lawrence and his helpers are working on to produce more advanced models which have kilowatts of excess electrical power.<br />
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Mr Tseung remarks: "The Lee-Tseung Lead-Out Energy Theory was first disclosed to the world on 20th December 2004 at Tai Po, in Hong Kong. The Lead-Out Energy Theory basically says that one can lead-out (or bring-in) Energy from the surrounding environment into a Lead-Out Energy Machine. The total Input energy is equal to the sum of the Supplied Energy plus the Lead-Out Energy. For example, if the supplied energy is 100 units and the lead-out energy is 50 units, the device's total Input Energy will be 150 units. This means that the Output Energy can be more than the Supplied Energy of 100 units provided by the person using the device.<br />
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If we ignore the small loss of energy caused by less than 100% efficiency of the device itself, then the Output Energy will be the whole of the 150 units. If we use 50 of the output energy units and feed back 100 of the output units as the Supplied Energy, then that Supplied Energy can again lead-out another 50 units of excess output Energy for us to use. Thus a Lead-Out Energy Machine can continuously lead-out pollution-free, virtually inexhaustible and readily available energy for us to use. We do not need to burn any fossil fuel or pollute our environment. The two examples of Lead-Out energy which we access are Gravitational and Electron-Motion energy.<br />
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The Lead-Out Energy theory does not violate the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy has been used as a roadblock for the so called “Overunity” devices. The patent offices and the scientific establishment routinely dismiss an invention as belonging to the impossible “perpetual-motion machine” category if the inventor cannot identify the energy source of his invention.<br />
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We got the help of Mr. Tong Po Chi to produce a 60 cm diameter Lead-Out Energy machine in October 2009. The Output Energy of that device is greater than the Input Energy by a factor of 3 times. These results are confirmed by voltmeters and ammeters measuring the Input and Output energies.<br />
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The Tong wheel has been shown at two Open Shows in Hong Kong (Inno Carnival 2009 and Inno Design Tech Expo) in November and December 2009. Over 25,000 people have seen it. The Better Hong Kong Radio Show has video recorded it, the discussions being conducted in Chinese. At this time, the Tong wheel is at the Radio Studio available for experts to view and examine with their own instruments."<br />
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The Tong wheel has a diameter of 600 mm, 16 permanent magnets mounted on its rim and 15 air-core coils mounted around it on the stator. There is one position sensor. The coils can be switched to act as drive coils or as energy collection coils:<br />
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With this arrangement, if the positions the switches as shown for ten of the fifteen coils shown here, then they act as drive coils. The sensor is adjusted so that the drive circuit delivers a brief energising pulse to those coils just after the magnets have passed their exact alignment position with the coils. This causes them to generate a magnetic field which repels the magnets, thrusting the rotor around.<br />
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The pulse is very brief, so very little power is needed to accomplish this pulsing. As mentioned before, any number of coils can be switched to provide this driving force. With this particular wheel construction by Mr Tong, the best number has been found to be ten drive coils.<br />
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The power pick-up is achieved by gathering the electricity generated in some of the coils as the magnets move past them:<br />
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In this particular arrangement, five of the coils gather energy while ten provide the drive. For the sake of simplicity, the diagram shows the five collection coils adjacent to each other and while that would work, the wheel is better balanced if the drive coils are evenly spaced out around the rim. For that reason, this switching would actually be selected to give five sets of two drive coils followed by one pick-up coil as that gives a perfectly balanced thrust on the wheel.<br />
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The two diagrams above are shown separately in order to make it clear how the drive switching and the power pick-up switching are arranged. The full design arrangement and the balanced switching are shown in the following diagram which indicates how the full design is implemented on this particular implementation of the wheel design. The sensor can be a coil feeding a semiconductor switching circuit, or it can be a magnetic semiconductor called a Hall-effect device which can also feed a semiconductor circuit. An alternative would be a reed switch which is a simple mechanical switch encased in an inert gas inside a tiny glass envelope. Suitable switching circuits are described and explained in chapter 12 of this eBook.<br />
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Mr Tseung remarks that the large wheel size is due to the fact that the Pulse Force takes time to impart the impulse to the wheel and lead-out energy from the environment into the system. If you want to see this actual wheel, you can email Dr. Alexandra Yuan at ayuan@hkstar.com to make an appointment. The Tong wheel is located at the Better Hong Kong Radio Studio in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. Just say that you want to see the Lead-Out Energy Machine. The demonstration can be in English or in Chinese. Ideally, there should be a group of at least six visitors with one or more being a qualified engineer or scientist, and you are welcome to bring your own cameras and/or test equipment. It is planned to produce a version which has a 300 watt output, and another with a 5 kilowatt output. Educational kits are also planned.<br />
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If you decide to replicate this particular design, then to raise the output power level you might consider putting another set of coils around the wheel and either using them as fifteen additional energy pick-up coils or alternatively, pulsing the wheel twice as often. Adding one or more additional rotor discs to the same rotating shaft is also an option and that has the advantage of increasing the rotor weight and improving the effect of the impulses on the rotor.<br />
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The diameter of the wire used to wind the coils is a design choice which has a wide scope. The thicker the wire, the greater the current and the larger the impulse given to the wheel. The coils are normally connected in parallel as shown in the diagrams.<br />
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Because of the way magnetic field strength drops off with the square of the distance, it is generally considered good design practice to make the coils one and a half times as wide as they are deep, as indicated in the diagrams above, but this is not a critical factor. This design is, of course, a version of the Adams motor described at the start of this chapter. Although motors of this kind can be built in many different ways, the construction used by Mr Tong has some distinct advantages, so here is a little more detail on how I understand the construction to be carried out.<br />
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There are two side pieces which are attached together by sixteen cross timbers, each of which are held in place by two screws at each end. This produces a rigid structure while the construction method is as simple as is possible, using readily available materials which are worked with the most basic of hand tools. The construction also allows the motor to be taken apart completely without any difficulty, transported as a “flat-pack” package and then assembled at a new location. It also facilitates people who want to see the motor taken apart after a demonstration in order to assure themselves that there is no hidden power source.<br />
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Each of the cross timbers provide a secure mounting platform for an electromagnet and it’s associated switch. In the implementation by Mr Tong, there appears to be just the one rotor, configured as shown above with sixteen permanent magnets mounted in it’s rim. The magnetic poles of these magnets are all orientated in the same direction. That is to say, the magnetic poles facing outwards are all either South or all North poles. It is not critical whether the outward facing poles are North or South as Robert Adams used both arrangements with great success, but having said that, most people prefer to have the North poles facing outwards.<br />
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Robert has always said that one rotor was enough, but his techniques were so sophisticated that he was able to extract kilowatts of excess power from a single small rotor. For us, just starting to experiment and test a motor of this type, it seems sensible to stick with what Mr Tong has experienced success. However, this build by Mr Tong is not his final motor but just one in a series of continuously improved motors.<br />
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The following diagram shows an arrangement which has three rotors attached to a single shaft and while you may choose to construct this with just one rotor, if the cross timbers are long enough, then one or two extra rotors can be added in very easily at a later date.<br />
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Here, just two of the cross timbers are shown. The electromagnet coils used by Mr Tong are air-core as that type have the least effect on the passing magnets. However, electromagnets with cores tend to be much more power for any given current flowing through them. In theory, the core should be made of lengths of insulated iron wire as that would reduce power loss through eddy currents flowing in the core, but Robert actually recommends solid metal cores, and as he was the most experienced person in this field, paying attention to what he said seems sensible.<br />
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The core material needs to be a metal which magnetises easily and powerfully, but which does not retain any of its magnetism when the current stops flowing. Not many metals have those characteristics and soft iron is usually recommended. Nowadays, soft iron is not always readily available and so a convenient alternative is the central bolt of a masonry anchor which has excellent properties:<br />
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The shaft of the bolt can be cut quite easily with a hacksaw, but be sure to remove (or file down) the head of the bolt as the increase in diameter has a marked effect on the magnetic properties of the electromagnet core if it is left in place. The bolt shown above is a M16 x 147 mm masonry anchor bolt with a bolt diameter of 10 mm. Some makes of dry-ink felt white-board markers have a rigid body which fits the 10 mm bolt exactly and provide an excellent tube for constructing an electromagnet bobbin.<br />
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With a core in the electromagnets, the rotor gets additional rotating power. Initially, the magnets on the rotor are attracted to the electromagnet cores, giving the rotor a turning force which does not require any current to be supplied. When the rotor magnets are at their closest point to the electromagnet cores, the windings are powered up briefly and that gives the rotor magnets a strong push away, causing the rotor to spin.<br />
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There are many different designs of simple drive circuits and it is probably worth trying out different types to see which works best with your particular build of motor. In the same way, there are many kinds of collection circuits for taking off some of the excess power generated. The most simple of these is just a diode bridge, perhaps feeding a battery and charging it up for use at a later time. If you get sophisticated with the collection circuit and just take power off for a very short period of time at the correct moment, the cutting off of the current draw, causes a back-EMF magnetic pulse in the collection electromagnet which causes it to give the rotor an extra drive push – both current collection and rotor drive in one combined package.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwZK4zhyphenhyphenXyE4IoNVPs0W6WEYvV7ctR5TeZJQTxUj0XcOXz8Nv_JMWItRTJ8GtJvQzOrN36nTRj4ncvVf8Ci5-YZvrbx-jOoZ2NhmFFniB_Qkgfk-q2J0Nnp_LSDP1UusPjOrghT2v60rCq/s1600/back-EMF+magnetic+pulse+in+the+collection+electromagnet+which+causes+it+to+give+the+rotor+an+extra+drive+push.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwZK4zhyphenhyphenXyE4IoNVPs0W6WEYvV7ctR5TeZJQTxUj0XcOXz8Nv_JMWItRTJ8GtJvQzOrN36nTRj4ncvVf8Ci5-YZvrbx-jOoZ2NhmFFniB_Qkgfk-q2J0Nnp_LSDP1UusPjOrghT2v60rCq/s1600/back-EMF+magnetic+pulse+in+the+collection+electromagnet+which+causes+it+to+give+the+rotor+an+extra+drive+push.gif" /></a></div>
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Here are two of the most simple circuits possible, one for drive and one for power collection. The drive circuit transistor is switched on by a voltage generated in the grey coil by a rotor magnet passing by. The transistor then feeds a large current pulse to the black coil, driving the rotor on its way. The neon and the diode are there to protect the transistor and a physical layout for this circuit might be:<br />
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The 1K variable resistor is adjusted to give the best performance and the On/Off switch is optional. More advanced circuits, such as the one on page 2 - 9 can also be tried and the performance compared. Generally speaking, I would expect a three-rotor version to give a better performance than a single rotor implementation, but experimentation is needed.<br />
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<b>DC Motor Efficiency Commercially</b> available DC motors are deliberately designed and manufactured to have extremely poor performance. In my opinion, the reason for this is that a properly designed electric motor could easily do away with the need for using internal combustion engines in vehicles and that would not suit the oil companies or their owners, the New World Order cartels. Worse still, electric motors with COP>1 open the way to self-powered free-energy systems and that would never do !!<br />
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Peter Lindemann’s <a href="http://torrentdb.in/95d95cff2bbC8039ed9/Peter-Lindemann-Electric-Motor-Secrets.torrent" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">video</a> is available on the web and I strongly recommend that you watch all of it. I have only just seen it and it presents the basic facts very nicely. In brief outline, present day motors act both as a motor and as a generator of electrical power, but they are deliberately wound so that the power generation is used to oppose the input power and so produce a completely crippled output. During World War II, a German Engineer re-wired a standard electric motor and made it self-powered, that is, it ran and produced mechanical output power without the need for any input power once it had been started. That shows the potential of a properly constructed electric motor with the same size and general structure of any commercial electric motor.<br />
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The con job which has been run on us for many decades now is to wind the motor in such as way that the magnetic fields inside the motor oppose each other. When a current is passed through a coil of wire, it stores energy in that coil, and when the current flow is cut off, that energy needs to flow back out of the coil and it will do so in the reverse direction. This is sometimes called back-EMF (“Electro-Motive Force”) although many people are not happy with that description. However, no matter what you call it, there is energy stored in the coil and that energy can be used to do useful work. But, the motor manufacturers choose to wind the motor so that instead of extracting that useful power, they use it to oppose a major part of the input power, creating a weak motor which heats up due to the wasted energy.<br />
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Contributor “UFOpolitics” points out that a deliberate mis-design of electric motors has, for the last 130 years, been presented to us as the only way to make and operate such motors. He states that because the windings are arranged in a symmetrical way, that a braking effect is produced which reduces the output power of the motor by anything from 50% to 90%. That is, a properly wound motor would have anything from twice to ten times the output power for the same input power. This mis-design guarantees that present day motors are always less than 100% efficient and always heat up when run. This mis-design is caused by using symmetrical windings in the motor.<br />
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Presumably, he did that by adding extra brushes and using some of the windings in <a href="http://bit.ly/TeslaGeneratorhtml" rel="nofollow">generator mode</a> with their output powering the drive windings which were arranged asymmetrically. There was also one other man who achived self-powered re-wiring of a motor, but neither of those men shared their information publicly.<br />
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Standard motor wiring is quite different and the killer effect is caused by having two windings which face each other, powered simultaneously with currents flowing in opposite directions. This causes a complete conflict between the magnetic fields and that destroys the efficiency of the motor: A very experienced experimenter has started a forum thread on the energetic-forum, both to explain this and to show new and more advanced construction methods and to answer questions and encourage replications and further developments. The forum is <a href="http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/11885-my-asymmetric-electrodynamic-machines.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> and is definitely worth visiting, especially if you are good with mechanical devices. The experimenter uses the forum ID of “UFOpolitics” and he has produced an animated <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj4rV0AoI-Q&feature=channel&list=UL" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">video</a> in an attempt to explain the basic problems with present day DC electric motors: video. He points out that a problem winding in the standard DC motor looks like this:<br />
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The input current for any winding is fed in through a single pair of brush contacts. The generated electrical power “Ec” is not extracted and is forced to oppose the input energy “Ea”, leaving only a fraction of the input power to actually run the motor. It is likely that a motor of this type will only operate at 25% of it’s potential efficiency.<br />
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“UFOpolitics” has produced and demonstrated a simple way of overcoming this problem while using the existing motor housing, magnets and brush contacts. He does this by extracting the generated electrical power as a useful output and so preventing that useful power being used against the motor’s operation. To implement this, he adds one additional pair of brushes and re-winds the motor coils like this:<br />
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Here, one pair of brushes is at the top and one pair at the bottom of the ‘armature’ (the bit that rotates inside the motor housing and provides the mechanical power output). The coils are rewound to form a series of separate vertical coils, connecting to one brush terminal at the top and one brush terminal at the bottom as shown above.<br />
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The input power is between the terminals on the left and flows through the coil shown in brown. The current flow generates a magnetic field, causing rotation because of the Permanent magnets marked “N” (for a magnet which has it’s North pole facing the coils) and “S” (for a magnet which has it’s South pole facing the coils). The black zig-zag line represents the resistance to current flow of the wire and brush contacts.<br />
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The coil shown in green on the right represents that same coil at a later moment when it has been disconnected from the power supply and rotated until it reaches that position, at which point, the energy stored in it is taken off as a useful output via the right hand pair of brushes. However, this is just an explanatory diagram and it does not show the very important fact that the discharging coil must not directly face a driving coil, because if it does, then the energy discharge would create a magnetic field which would interfere with the magnetic field of the driving coil and create a major problem.<br />
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Right, to say that again, any one coil is powered on the left hand side to drive the armature around and provide the output shaft with turning power (“torque”). Then that rotation disconnects that coil from the input power, leaving the coil charged with energy which has nowhere to go. That charged coil continues round until it hits the second set of brushes, which allow it to discharge through a load and do useful work.<br />
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The really clever part of the adaption of the motor is best seen from above the vertical rotor. If, for example, you were to take a five-pole DC motor apart and remove the windings, the shaft and armature body might look like this:<br />
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When making an asymmetrical wound rotor, the windings go like this.<br />
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The start of the wire is secured at the top and then fed downwards through the opening “A” and back up through the opening “B”. For the small Radio Shack motor, this winding would be 25 turns of # 30 AWG wire (described as radio Shack ‘red’ wire, with a copper wire diameter of 0.255 mm).<br />
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The end of the wire marked “FINISH” is not cut, but is taken down through opening “A” and this time, up through opening “C”. For clarity, these continuing turns are shown in a different colour, but please realise that it is the same single strand of wire being used throughout:<br />
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The final wire turn goes down through opening “A” and finishes at the other end of the body of the armature. In these views, the wire runs down into the paper, each turn forming a cylinder. This view may give you a better visual picture of what the coils are wound on:<br />
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The next step is to connect the START and FINISH wire ends of this V-shaped double coil to the “commutator” slip rings which allow current to be passed through the coil at just the right moment. Seen again from one end of the armature, the connections are like this:<br />
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The commutator slip rings are connected further up on the drive shaft and the start of the winding wire (shown previously in dark green) is connected to the top commutator sector in the position shown here. The finishing end of the wire is connected to the corresponding commutator sector at the far end of the shaft – that is, the sector directly in line with the upper sector just connected to the start of the wire. </div>
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This completes the first of five identical V-shaped coils. The next coil is wound in the same way. The armature is rotated one sector counter-clockwise so that sector “D” replaces “A” at the top and the next coil is wound with the wire starting at the top and going down through opening “D” and up through opening “E”, repeating the same number of turns, and then, without cutting the wire the next set of wires are wound going down through opening “D” and back up through opening “F”. The start of the wire is then connected to the commutator sector which spans between openings “A” and “E” and the end connected to the corresponding commutator sector at the other end of the shaft.. </div>
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For each of the remaining three windings, the shaft is rotated one position counter-clockwise and the same winding and connecting procedure carried out. When completed, no matter which opening is placed at the top of the view along the shaft, the windings and commutator sector for the wire connections will be identical. </div>
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<b>3-Pole Motors</b></div>
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The winding arrangement is slightly different for motors which have three poles (or multiples of three poles such as 6, 9, 12, etc poles). For the very simple 3-pole motors, the armature looks like this: </div>
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and with this style of armature, the winds are around the three arms, like this: </div>
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And as before, the commutator sectors at the top are duplicated at the bottom, allowing separate input and output circuits for each of the three coils. The windings have many turns, filling the available space and each winding is connected to the slip ring sector directly opposite it, like this: </div>
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The Start of each winding is connected to the commutator slip ring sector at the top of the armature and the Finish is connected to the slip ring sector directly below it, that is, the sector which is at the same angle as the top one where the Start of the wire is connected. This allows the brushes which press against the slip ring sectors to connect to both ends of each coil in turn as the armature rotates. Three pole motors are particularly powerful and motors with six poles can be re-wound with pairs of adjacent sectors amalgamated to give three larger sectors. Nine pole motors can have three adjacent sectors wound as a single coil to provide the same effect as a three pole motor, and twelve pole motors can have four adjacent sectors wound as a single coil. </div>
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The positioning of the brushes is important. With the three-pole and five-pole arrangements, the brushes are aligned with the gaps between the magnets which surround the armature. However, the re-wound motor can be ‘tuned’ for improved torque and reduced drive current by adapting the motor housing to allow some adjustment of the position of the brush and commutator slip rings relative to the coils. This adjustment need only be slight as the angular movement of the brushes will be small. It is, of course, essential that the upper and lower adjusted positions move by exactly the same angular amount so that every upper commutator slip ring sector remains exactly above it’s corresponding lower slip ring sector. In other words, the commutator slip ring sector at the top and bottom of each coil, must be exactly aligned vertically so that the electrical connections are made and broken at exactly the same instant </div>
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The commutator and brush arrangement are shown here in UFOpolitics’ diagrams: </div>
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The Commutator brush marked “G” (for “Generator”) takes away the energy stored in each coil and passes it to an electrical load. The Commutator brush marked “M” (for “Motor”) feeds energy into the coil from the battery which is driving the motor. The red and blue stripes surrounding the armature are two permanent magnets. The magnet shown in red has it’s South pole facing the armature and the magnet shown in blue has it’s North pole facing the armature. This creates a magnetic field flowing horizontally across the armature. The five-pole arrangement is like this: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyLO8ZWA7VeaEf15G-bArCiRSvexbzcSAXk0J58YFmiK0dTEeTix3nNqhCKX8DLml3KoYXWDvJE8IJ8Rd8fvAU15kkCbSiwazTJn-8iTlr823bnYu3DRYjcV4gvT_3q7na36AVPjSISpxW/s1600/five-pole+arrangement.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="646" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyLO8ZWA7VeaEf15G-bArCiRSvexbzcSAXk0J58YFmiK0dTEeTix3nNqhCKX8DLml3KoYXWDvJE8IJ8Rd8fvAU15kkCbSiwazTJn-8iTlr823bnYu3DRYjcV4gvT_3q7na36AVPjSISpxW/s1600/five-pole+arrangement.gif" /></a></div>
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Here, the designation “R/S” stands for “Radio Shack” which is a chain of stores in America. In the forum, that is sometimes changed to “RS” and should not be confused with the large electronics outlet “Radio Spares” whose trademark is “RS”. UFOpolitics has suggested that the cheap 5-pole DC motor available from Radio Shack should be used by experimenters to become familiar with re-winding DC motor coils. Being a cheap product, those motors do not have a particularly high build quality, but they are suitable motors for experiments. Forum members share the details of how they dealt with adapting these and other motors. </div>
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I have to admit that motor windings and operation tend to confuse me and I sometimes find it difficult to understand what ‘UFOpolitics’ means when he talks about different winding strategies. However, it seems reasonably clear at this early stage of forum development, that his objective is to produce two things: </div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A very powerful electric motor which can be used in serious forms of road transport as well as for other practical applications, and</li>
<li>A powerful motor/generator combination which can produce useful generated electrical power.</li>
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While ‘UFOpolitics’ is very patiently going through many of the possible variations on how a DC motor can be wound and connected, and showing various forum members where they have failed to get some of their windings positioned correctly, he has also shown some of the best ways of connecting a re-wound motor used as a driver or “Prime Mover” as some people like to call it, and a re-wound motor which is to be used as an electrical generator. He shows two important ways for making a very effective Motor/Generator combination, as shown here: </div>
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It needs to be realised that these arrangements are not conventional arrangements and that the re-wound motors operate in a different way to motors bought ‘off the shelf’. For this reason, it is necessary to isolate the electrical output to prevent current flowing through the load from affecting the operation of the Motor/Generator combination. This can be done by placing a diode in each of the output lines and charging a capacitor bank which is then used to feed whatever load is to powered. If my understanding is correct, then feeding any cold electricity produced into a capacitor causes the current to become conventional hot electricity. It is not clear if that action is part of this arrangement although the circuitry shown should be used. This is the second version: </div>
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‘UFOpolitics’ comments on these arrangements as follows: As we excite the input of the Motor, the Generator will start producing energy and that additional energy will flow through the Motor Output side because they are connected in series here. Two rectifiers must be connected at both output terminals, Positive and Negative, to avoid back flow from closing the circuit through the load. </div>
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As the Motor accelerates, the Generator boosts the energy flow which then runs through the Motor augmenting the Output Fields and when the output is loaded then an ‘Engagement’ of both Machines occurs as they start to compensate each other through their output flows. It should be understood that the Output should Capacitor Banked in a dedicated Reservoir. </div>
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When designing a Generator for a specific, existing Asymmetric Motor machine, it must be understood that Generator Interactions should be considered to run as “Counter Rotation” to the Motor Machine’s originally conceived rotation (which is easily done by just moving brush-lines passing stator bisector angles to the opposite of those needed for a Motor, or alternatively, setting the timing backwards). This will definitively enhance the assisted rotation of both Machines when connected together in this Face-to-Face mode. </div>
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As I do not find the forum comments easy to understand, I recommend that you visit the forum and read the posts as you may well understand the conversations easier to follow than I do. </div>
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On the forum, ‘Sanskara316’ states “I have re-wound a small 3-volt 3-pole motor. I used an almost dead, 6-volt sealed lead-acid battery to power the motor. This battery just sits at around 4 volts and if given a load, even a small LED, it’s voltage drops to 1 volt. The re-wound motor started very slowly - barely spinning, then after a minute or two it started to spin faster, and I noticed that the voltage on the battery was slowly climbing. I connected a small LED flashlight to the generating side and it lit up. Now the battery voltage under load is around 2+ volts. It’s been running for an hour now and the machine squeals a lot. It is conditioning the battery and the meter cannot be showing what really is happening. The motor draws 300 ma?? – That’s not possible as the battery just doesn't have that power”. To which ‘UFOpolitics’ remarks: “Well I am glad you have witnessed some of the ‘Effects’... these re-wound motors do recondition batteries...remember, Radiant Energy is taking over the Machine...so Radiant Energy comes out through the Input also… which is the reason why we get high Volts-Amps reading on a meter ...these motors use very small amounts of current and volts. Inside the motor, every coil is being ‘Self-Electromagnetically-Pulsed’ because they auto-disconnect from the power source, then the next coil in the sequence is assisted by the first coil when it has rotated to it’s next position, and so on. The commutator switching has become a ‘Self-Oscillator’ for every independently-energised coil.” </div>
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‘prochiro’ says: “I have also replicated the battery-charging events that 'Sanskara316' indicated. I started with a 12-volt 4 Amp-Hour battery which I had been using with another circuit two weeks ago and had not recharged it after using it for hours. It was sitting at 12.40 volts. I took my best-running re-wound motor, plugged it in direct and ran it. The battery voltage dropped to 12.24 volts and stayed at that level for 30 seconds. The battery voltage then started to rise 1/100 of a volt per minute. When it was at 12.27 volts, I disconnected the motor (the total run time was less than 5 minutes). I then let it rest for five minutes. At the end of the five minutes, the battery voltage had risen to 12.43 volts and is still at that voltage now. Just think what a larger motor would do on a big battery bank. Everybody needs to document this test as it proves what ‘UFOpolitics’ said.” </div>
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New DC motors, and particularly cheap motors, will have brushes which do not mate cleanly with the commutator slip ring sectors and so, when the modification has been made, running the motor for some time allows the brushes to wear in and that raises the efficiency of the electrical connections which in turn, improves the performance of the motor. If you wish to build and test one of these motors, then you can find help and support in the forum with your questions answered and numerous videos and photographs from different experimenters to help you. </div>
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<b>The Infinity SAV Motor / Generator</b></div>
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A <a href="http://bit.ly/TeslaGeneratorhtml" rel="nofollow">Motor/Generator</a> which demonstrates clearly that it outputs substantial power as well as generating its own input power is seen operating at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmdKVecQhXs&feature=iv&src_vid=Qrw6Xj5a0nM&annotation_id=channel%3A56c3cdf0-0000-2004-bcb5-94eb2c062a9c" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">YouTube</a>. </div>
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I certainly don’t understand their statement that spinning a magnet past a coil does not produce a force which opposes the passing magnet. However, if this South Korean video is genuine, and it certainly seems to be, then it is a most encouraging step forward. This particular design has 25 rows of 10 neodymium magnets spinning past 250 bi-filar coils of wire and it is demonstrated powering itself while lighting 100 bulbs, driving a fan and operating a heater. </div>
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<b>The Homopolar or “N-Machine”.</b></div>
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This device was the brainchild of Michael Faraday in 1831 and has an intriguing method of operation and a remarkably large output. </div>
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The principle of operation is incredibly simple: </div>
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If a copper disc is rotated in a magnetic field, then power is developed between the shaft and the outer edge (or any intermediate position). It was then found that the device will still operate even if the magnet is attached to the copper disc and rotates with it - not something which is intuitively obvious. The power output is tremendous with the capability of extracting 1000 Amps but at a low voltage of less than 1 Volt. The power take-off can be from one face of the disc near the shaft rather than having to have a copper shaft integral with the copper disc. This device also works with a magnet just attached to the copper disc and rotating with it. </div>
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This looks like a very viable starting point to develop a device which can run itself and provide useful additional output, since a motor to rotate the disc will not require anything remotely like 1000A to drive it. The snag is, it is very difficult to provide reliable sliding contacts capable of handling large currents for extended periods of time. The second picture above shows the disc with its outer edge immersed in a bath of mercury. This is sufficient for a brief demonstration at low power but not realistic for a serious working device. </div>
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It might just be possible to get a reasonable working device by accepting that the current output is not going to be anything like 1000A. Long-life brushes could be made from solid copper bar and spring-loaded against the copper disc in matching pairs so that the brush thrusts oppose each other and so do not generate a sideways load. These could be made in multiple sets for each disc, say four or eight per disc, so that the effective electrical resistance between the brushes and the disc is reduced and the possible current draw increased. </div>
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Similar multiple brushes could be applied to the central shaft cylinder. Multiple discs could then be mounted on a non-conducting, non-magnetic shaft and their brushes wired in series as shown, to raise the output voltage: </div>
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It is said that in India, Professor Tewari used homopolar generators to extract hydrogen from water and that bus services were run on hydrogen as the fuel, but I have not managed to find confirmation of that. The main difficulty in using the design is the difficulty in drawing off the very high low-voltage currents produced without creating a major drag factor which is a serious problem. Bruce DePalma managed to overcome this problem but he assigned his development to the US Military </div>
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In 1987, three of the Borderlands Science team, Michael Know, Peter Lindemann, and Chris Carson experimented with the homopolar design and found that a much more satisfactory version could be produced. Their version produces sawtooth AC instead of DC and so the output could be fed directly into a step-up transformer. Their design has four ferrite magnets glued between two metal discs, and for additional mechanical strength, copper wire wound around the outer edges of the magnets in order to prevent magnets flying outwards if the glue bond should fail. Their arrangement is like this: </div>
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This appears to contradict the “laws” of conventional electricity as there is a very low resistance short-circuit directly across the brushes which pick up the AC voltage output. The output current from a small prototype was estimated at 100 amps. The frequency of the AC is directly proportional to the shaft speed of the motor, but the output voltage was almost independent of the shaft speed of the motor, increasing only very slightly with much greater speed. It was also found that putting the brushes at 90 degrees apart on the metal shaft of the motor gave the same output in spite of the contacts nearly touching each other. This design appears to have considerable potential for construction in a larger size and further investigation. </div>
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While the operation of these devices looks impossible at first glance, it needs to be understood that copper has some very unusual characteristics when interacting with magnetic fields. This is explained in the web site http://magnetism.vfedtec.com/SpinningCylinder.htm where it can be seen that a spinning copper cylinder exerts a large sideways force on a permanent magnet placed near it. This does not happen with spinning cylinders made from other metals. </div>
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Nikola Tesla took Faraday’s 1831 design further as can be seen from his 1889 US patent No. 406,968. He remarked that to get any kind of useful power from the device would require a copper disc of very large diameter, or a disc which is spun very fast. A large copper disc would be an inconvenient size, and a high rate of rotation makes it very difficult to get a good, long-lasting, sliding contact at the outside edge of the disc. He also pointed out that current flowed from the shaft out to the outside edge if the magnetic field passing through the disc was in one direction, but if the direction of the magnetic field were reversed, then the current flow would be from the outer edge inwards to the shaft. The same change of direction of the current flow also happens if the direction of rotation of the disc is reversed. </div>
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Using those facts and considerable ingenuity, Tesla proposed an arrangement where the power take-off is from the axle alone, by using two separate copper discs and magnetic fields which moved in opposite directions. This arrangement has the advantage that it has an output voltage which is the sum of the two separate voltages. This basic concept uses four ring-shaped magnets and two discs of copper, brass or iron. Both of the discs are given a wide flange, as shown here: </div>
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The circuit shown here is broken by the gap between the discs and Tesla dealt with that by using a flexible metal belt linking the two discs together: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-AYfg5udRqb10rWC6bZdjjIIDiJkIU94FktzwGBOeUOP1ZlUb_G0G6iLf_HK68gFOqE7yXCsE2JRMlYEVyXHLL6M-8FsNVz_nc5Y46R1xk9A3XmTRZvfHfEKF6N-WJsK07HcacxmWlWxH/s1600/Tesla+dealt+with+that+by+using+a+flexible+metal+belt+linking+the+two+discs+together.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-AYfg5udRqb10rWC6bZdjjIIDiJkIU94FktzwGBOeUOP1ZlUb_G0G6iLf_HK68gFOqE7yXCsE2JRMlYEVyXHLL6M-8FsNVz_nc5Y46R1xk9A3XmTRZvfHfEKF6N-WJsK07HcacxmWlWxH/s1600/Tesla+dealt+with+that+by+using+a+flexible+metal+belt+linking+the+two+discs+together.gif" /></a></div>
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While it is possible to use the belt to drive one of the discs, Tesla did not use that method. The belt overcomes the need for a sliding contact at the outside edge of the discs and so both sliding contacts are at the axles which is an easy place to have a sliding contact. Tesla shows the contact against the end of the axles as that is just a rotary movement with respect to the stationary contact, but even if the contact pressed against the outer face of the axle, the sliding movement would still be relatively slow. In spite of this clever design from Tesla, I have never heard of anybody building this style of generator in spite of the large currents which it can generate. </div>
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A developer who prefers to remain anonymous, says “For people who have an interest in homopolar generators of the type experimented with by Tewari, Trombly-Kahn, DePalma and others:” </div>
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What if there were another configuration to the engineering of a homopolar generator than the standard method of running a magnetic field parallel to a rotating shaft and through a conducting spinning disk? Though someone may have formulated this alternate type of a homopolar generator, I have never read nor am I aware of anyone having put forth this idea nor having constructed any such homopolar generator mentioned below. The below design information is Public Domain information and so anyone is free to construct a device and/or make use of this information however they wish without royalty demands. In principle it is no more complex than the Faraday model. </div>
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Having made some study of these above mentioned devices by Tewari and de Palma and learning of some of their shortcomings I kept wondering why it is that at this point in time (since the coming of the age of neodymium magnets which were not available in their time) no one has considered their use in an alternate configuration. Neodymium magnets can be had in what is termed as “arc magnets”. These magnets are designed to be mounted on drums or cylinders to serve as poles on a rotor in a motor or generator. The Faraday Dynamo or standard homopolar generator was made such that the magnetic field is parallel to the rotating axle through a rotating and conducting disc. With arc magnets we can mount them so that the field is now perpendicular to the axle, in other words on a drum circular about the axle with one magnetic field directed outward and the other inward to the axle. Let us say the north pole is going outwards and the south pole going inwards toward the axle and then curving out of the ends of the drum as shown here in Fig.1. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe9PnpX-zYI3IqNOrVdbrKY0b_y_XJAsh1c_wdNs6wp5CJDXtqTOe1KqDJOxX7QiOoWyfhr2X8xZsMzLc5qUxT07uVCz6oZMFmHLnlJ_2Vutaf8h1gaIlwg16EFGze_Rvl1lTpKFZVZGYa/s1600/outwards+and+the+south+pole+going+inwards+toward.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="615" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe9PnpX-zYI3IqNOrVdbrKY0b_y_XJAsh1c_wdNs6wp5CJDXtqTOe1KqDJOxX7QiOoWyfhr2X8xZsMzLc5qUxT07uVCz6oZMFmHLnlJ_2Vutaf8h1gaIlwg16EFGze_Rvl1lTpKFZVZGYa/s1600/outwards+and+the+south+pole+going+inwards+toward.gif" /></a></div>
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At this point it is interesting to note that the axle is serving as a magnet and since the south pole is directed out the ends of the drum the axle itself has become a magnet that has a south pole at each end of the axle. Where the north pole might be in the axle I‘ll leave to the debating society. A tubular conductor is placed over or under the magnets (the magnets can be difficult to mount in this fashion as they will not want to be mounted that way) the charge (also referenced to as a space charge) will separate to the ends of a conducting tube or copper sheet wrapped over or under the set of magnets where brushes at the ends can tap the current when the device is rotated. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhizt2SX4RFrR92_xVIEPFmvc0wvtiM0I1OCuoZDkXWw1Q73krXo6z3A_MQ7uZp3p4bQprD1OCRMAVYyRsXd55bJ0OAKGfJj3tplP7RCicSAR1YpQdO0zfS0O64FVTRe1RQwCQ20sdm-sIh/s1600/device+is+rotated.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="645" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhizt2SX4RFrR92_xVIEPFmvc0wvtiM0I1OCuoZDkXWw1Q73krXo6z3A_MQ7uZp3p4bQprD1OCRMAVYyRsXd55bJ0OAKGfJj3tplP7RCicSAR1YpQdO0zfS0O64FVTRe1RQwCQ20sdm-sIh/s1600/device+is+rotated.gif" /></a></div>
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This new arrangement opens up multiple manner of possibility. It can allow for a lengthy drum - the addition of added drum segments of magnet sets which should increase voltage. It is should also be possible to mount magnets on the drum that alternate magnetic poles- in common fashion similar to a common motor and use back and forth wiring over the poles faces to multiple voltage, of course this can not be considered homopolar but rather polypolar. The reason for attempting this is to raise voltage to the point that exotic brushes need not be considered as much higher voltages can be achieved. </div>
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For those not familiar with this form of homopolar generator the reason for rotating the conductor with the field is to overcome the effect of the counter electromotive force of the generator or circumvent undesired effect of Lenz‘s Law. </div>
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While I do not have the machine tools to make a good homopolar generator I was able to hand make parts that I assembled into a proof of concept generator. I was able to prove to my satisfaction that this tubular type of homopolar generator does work but I cannot say how well. I have reason to think that it should prove just as valid a method as the standard Faraday Dynamo. Anyone with the tools is free to make his own. I would like to learn the outcome of your work. Here are some pictures of my construction: </div>
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The builder states that in his opinion, the voltage will be increased if the device is built with a longer cylinder containing more magnets, and so the sliding brushes which take off the output current are further apart. He is also of the opinion that if the diameter of the device is increased that the output voltage will also be increased. He does not have the necessary equipment nor the finance required to develop this further but he invites you to build this design and take the design further. </div>
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In my opinion, it should be possible to use ordinary rectangular magnets positioned so that they touch along their inner ends and have a slight gap at the upper face all along their length. It should be possible to mount them securely on a non-magnetic cylinder before wrapping copper sheet around them to form the copper cylinder of the device. </div>
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Art Porter. Art uses an electromagnet with a ring magnet mounted on the core. When the coil is pulsed so as to augment the field of the permanent magnet, Art says that his prototype produces 2.9 times the field strength of the permanent magnet on it’s own. When the coil is pulsed in the direction which opposes the field of the permanent magnet, the resulting magnetic field is zero. </div>
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This is a very serious change of magnetic field which can be used in different applications. One which Art has implemented is using the arrangement to power a crankshaft motor. Art shows several different motor builds including this one: </div>
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With this arrangement, Art states that 95% of the motor power comes from the permanent magnet. Art’s website is <a href="http://www.gap-power.com/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> and he has a very interesting, lengthy video showing all of the details <a href="http://www.gap-power.com/videos/Full%20Length%20Video.wmv" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. </div>
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In the video, Art attempts to apply Ohm’s Law in an attempt to analyse the operation and is puzzled when the oscilloscope readings do not match his Ohm’s Law calculations. He thinks that there is a contradiction between the oscilloscope and Ohm’s Law, which he repeatedly stresses is a law of Nature, and he concludes that one of them has to be wrong. In actual fact, neither are wrong because Ohm’s Law only applies to DC current flow in resistive circuits, and Art is not using steady DC current or a resistive load. </div>
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Applying short DC pulses to a substantial coil of wire is the equivalent of applying AC to that inductor. Ohm’s Law does not apply due to the inductance of the coil. There is a Power Factor involved and Back EMF voltage pulses, so the oscilloscope readings are what is needed to calculate the input and output powers. </div>
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This arrangement is almost identical to that used in the Charles Flynn magnet motor described in chapter 1, and very close to the techniques used by Robert Adams in a properly tuned Adams Motor as shown at the start of this chapter. In my opinion, the effect which Art is exploiting would best be used if a large pick-up coil is placed against the end of the electromagnet core and the drive coil pulsed at the coil’s (high) resonant frequency as that will minimise the input power and maximise the output power. Stacking those units in a bank could well produce a very sizeable excess electrical output. Our thanks are due to Art and his colleagues for sharing their research work freely for others to replicate and progress further.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0903 Long Street, New York, NY34.233714308958767 -106.769408560765446.051509808958766 -148.07800256076544 62.415918808958764 -65.460814560765442